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•Markers of B cell-related immunity are altered by acute exercise and exercise training.•B cell counts and levels of secretory and plasma immunoglobulin A are among the most exercise-responsive markers.•The large heterogeneity concerning study populations and exercise regimens and the poor study quality and reporting of results hamper evidence-based conclusions on the impact of exercise on B cell-related immunity.•Alternative markers (e.g., immunoglobulin free light chains), subpopulations of B cells and functional outcomes of B cell-related immunity should be included more frequently in future exercise studies.

Physical exercise both during and after curative cancer treatment has been shown to reduce side effects. Evidence in the metastatic cancer setting is scarce, and interventions that improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are much needed for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The multinational randomized controlled PREFERABLE-EFFECT trial assessed the effects of exercise on fatigue and HRQOL in patients with MBC. In total, 357 patients with MBC and a life expectancy of ≥6 months but without unstable bone metastases were recruited at eight study centers across five European countries and Australia. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to usual care (control group, n= 179) or a 9-month supervised exercise program (exercise group, n= 178). Intervention effects on physical fatigue (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)-FA12 scale) and HRQOL (EORTC QLQ-C30 summary score) were determined by comparing the change from baseline to 3, 6 (primary timepoint) and 9 months between groups using mixed models for repeated measures, adjusted for baseline values of the outcome, line of treatment (first or second versus third or higher) and study center. Exercise resulted in significant positive effects on both primary outcomes. Physical fatigue was significantly lower (−5.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), −10.0 to −0.6), Bonferroni–Holm-adjusted P= 0.027; Cohen's effect size, 0.22) and HRQOL significantly higher (4.8 (95% CI, 2.2–7.4), Bonferroni–Holm-adjusted P= 0.0003; effect size, 0.33) in the exercise group than in the control group at 6 months. Two serious adverse events occurred (that is, fractures), but both were not related to bone metastases. These results demonstrate that supervised exercise has positive effects on physical fatigue and HRQOL in patients with MBC and should be recommended as part of supportive care.

•Predictors of six-month change in physical and mental HRQoL were investigated.•Predictors were assessed at clinic entry for a three-week rehabilitation stay.•Physical HRQoL and depressive mood predicted six-month change in physical HRQoL.•Mental HRQoL and time since diagnosis predicted six-month change in mental HRQoL.•The regression models explained 18.6 % (physical) and 26.8 % (mental) of the variance.

•Only 12 studies was found of which 10 studies focused on cytokines, 1 study focused on adipokines, and 1 study included both cytokines and adipokines.•There is no strong evidence that confirms a positive or negative effect of exercise on cytokine or adipokine in MS patients, yet this research in plagued by methodological weaknesses.•In relation to cytokines or adipokines, no studies reported harmful effects of exercise.•Regular physical activity did not lead to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines or adipokines as well as disease severity.

•Inpatient energy management education (IEME) + HIIT was compared to usual care•IEME + HIIT was not superior regarding HRQoL (Physical and Mental Component Scales)•IEME + HIIT had higher scores in VȮ2peak, self-efficacy and some HRQoL subscales•IEME + HIIT had lower scores in anxiety•Between-group differences were significant for single time-points and outcomes

Overweight and obesity increase multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility, disease severity, and disability progression. Kynurenine pathway (KP) dysregulation is present in overweight and obesity, and in MS. Since the effect of overweight and obesity on KP dysregulation in persons with MS (pwMS) remains to be established, this study primarily aims to explore the effect of overweight and obesity on the serum KP metabolic profile in pwMS.

•Changes in verbal learning were higher in those persons with MS conducting HIIT.•Baseline cognitive status and exercise regime may impact changes of verbal learning.•Baseline cognitive status and EDSS may impact changes of visuospatial memory.

Fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms of persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) but has limited treatment options. Aerobic capacity and endurance training have been discussed as relevant factors to improve fatigue. However, over the last decades, results have been equivocal. This secondary analysis of two pooled parallel group RCTs of three weeks of endurance training (high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT)) for pwMS aimed to (I) reproduce reported associations between aerobic capacity and fatigue on a cross-sectional and interventional level . The analysis further aimed to (II) investigate intervention effects on fatigue in a severely fatigued subgroup and (III) analyze differences in changes of fatigue between peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) responders and non-responders.

To date, studies examining the effect of exercise on neurotrophic factors in MS are contradictory, and this may be explained, in part, by moderators such as disability status. To investigating the effect of a 12-week (3sessions/week) supervised multimodal exercise program on neurotrophic factors levels.