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The heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can prevent effective treatment, emphasizing the need for more effective therapies. Herein, we employed arsenene nanosheets coated with manganese dioxide and polyethylene glycol (AMPNs) for the degradation of Pin1, which is universally overexpressed in HCC. By employing an “AND gate”, AMPNs exhibited responsiveness toward excessive glutathione and hydrogen peroxide within the tumor microenvironment, thereby selectively releasing AsxOyto mitigate potential side effects of As2O3. Notably, AMPNs induced the suppressing Pin1 expression while simultaneously upregulation PD-L1, thereby eliciting a robust antitumor immune response and enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy. The combination of AMPNs and anti-PD-1 synergistically enhanced tumor suppression and effectively induced long-lasting immune memory. This approach did not reveal As2O3-associated toxicity, indicating that arsenene-based nanotherapeutic could be employed to amplify the response rate of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy to improve the clinical outcomes of HCC patients and potentially other solid tumors (e.g., breast cancer) that are refractory to anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy.

Copper and copper alloy are commonly used to fabricate ship propellers and sealing valves that encounter harsh corrosion and wear. To improve their service life, Cu coating and Cu–AlN composite coatings with different volume content of AlN (10%, 20%, 30%) were prepared by cold spraying. The investigation focused on analyzing the coatings’ microstructure, microhardness, resistance to wear, and corrosion. Results show that the composite coatings with AlN have fewer pores and denser microstructure than the Cu coating. The coating demonstrates a relatively low deposition efficiency, resulting in the attainment of only 3.8 vol% of AlN when the feedstock AlN powder content was 30 vol%. The microhardness of Cu-3.8AlN coating is 159.7 HV, about 53.1% higher than that of Cu coating. The specific wear rate of Cu-3.8AlN coating is reduced by about 73.5% compared to that of Cu coating, measuring at 1.69 × 10−3mm3/(N·m). Compared with other coatings, Cu-3.8AlN has the highest corrosion resistance (Ecorr = −0.199 V, Icorr = 1.2 μA/cm2, Rct = 3200 Ω·cm2). The Cu-3.8AlN coating exhibits superior wear and corrosion resistance among the four coatings, attributed to its highest level of densification and the presence of AlN particles.

Pressure is a critical component of preparation processes regardless of its magnitude, whether it is a few megapascals, such as in metal squeeze casting, or thousands of megapascals, such as in the experimental preparation of amorphous materials, quasicrystals and nanocrystals. Spinodal decomposition and ordering are two common forms of unstable phase transformation in solid solutions. Reasonable regulation of these two transformations can effectively control microstructures and improve properties. Therefore, the study of solid solution instability under the effect of ultrahigh pressure is of great significance for regulating the properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). From this perspective, CoCrFeNiAl HEAs were prepared under pressures of ambient pressure, 4 GPa and 7 GPa. Both solid spinodal decomposition and ordering of the BCC structure were detected when CoCrFeNiAl HEAs are solidified at ambient pressure. Nevertheless, after high-pressure solidification, liquid‒liquid phase spinodal decomposition occurred. One phase was rich in (Fe, Cr), and the other phase was rich in (Ni, Al). Both phases experienced solid spinodal decomposition during cooling. Discontinuous precipitates were generated in the (Ni, Al)-rich solid phase, each with a size of approximately 1.4 μm. Furthermore, a graphic thermodynamic model was established to reveal the solidification behavior. After solidification at 7 GPa, the corrosion rate of the alloy decreased by 98.3 %; that is, the high pressure greatly improved the corrosion resistance of the alloy. This improvement was attributed to the influences of high pressures on the dynamics of spinodal decomposition processes.

To enhance the mechanical properties and service temperature of TiAl alloy, the dual-scale Ti2AlC particles reinforced TiAl composites were successfully designed and fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS), utilizing pre-alloyed Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr powder and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The TiAl composites exhibited a fully lamellar structure, with micro-laminated Ti2AlC particles formed at grain boundaries and nano-laminated Ti2AlC particles precipitated at the interfaces of α2and γ lamellae by adding 0.5 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The TiAl composites exhibited excellent mechanical properties at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The ultrahigh tensile strength of TiAl composite was 599.6 MPa at 800 °C which was improved by 28.3 % compared with TiAl matrix, while the fracture strain remained 4.2 % without sacrifice. These superior mechanical properties were mainly attributed to the refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and the formation of dual-scale Ti2AlC particles. Moreover, the dual-scale Ti2AlC particles reinforced α2and γ lamellar interfaces and lamellar colony boundaries resulting in improvement of strength and toughness simultaneously. The TiAl composite was reinforced by dual-scale Ti2AlC particles, which expected to further break the property limitation of TiAl alloy and expanded its application at high temperature.

The equiatomic TiNbZrTaHf alloy was successfully rolled at room temperature with the reduction of ~ 85%. The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated after cold working and annealing. It was determined that the recrystallization temperature of the TiNbZrTaHf alloy between 850 and 900 °C. Complete recrystallization and normal grain growth occurred, the high stability of single phase was maintained after annealing at 1000, 1200, and 1400 °C. But the precipitated phase appeared after long term annealing, as seen after 500 h at 1000 °C. After cold working, the tensile strength and the elongation of TiNbZrTaHf were 1137 MPa and 25.1%, respectively. The annealed alloy has a high tensile strength (σb= 863 MPa) and ductility (εe= 28.5%). Moreover, the oxidation of TiNbZrTaHf alloy at elevated temperatures has a significant impact on its mechanical properties. The poor oxidation resistance of TiNbZrTaHf can accelerate tensile failure by inducing fractures at grain boundaries.

Polydopamine (PDA) is an excellent polymer with abundant chemical properties, such as broadband light absorption, surface redox activities, hydrophilic surface, chemical coupling, and adsorption capacities toward cation molecules/ions. Herein, we synthesized the PDA/CdS hybrid material by employing PDA nanoparticles as the substrate via hydrothermal reactions at various temperatures. Results indicate that the chelation between Cd2+ions and the PDA substrate can facilitate the heterogeneous nucleation of CdS nanoparticles to obtain the uniform dispersion status on the PDA surface. PDA/CdS was then employed to study the photocatalytic–adsorption activities in removing rhodamine B (RhB), where CdS and PDA primary served as the photocatalyst and adsorption matrix, respectively, under xenon lamp irradiation. The capacity of PDA nanoparticles toward RhB adsorption is reduced along with the increased hydrothermal temperature because of an elevated carbonization degree, while the photocatalytic activity and resistance to photocorrosion of CdS nanoparticles are improved. The synergistic effect between photocatalysis and adsorption is significant for RhB removal. Finally, we demonstrate that the extremely complex surface chemical properties of PDA can infer the photocatalytic–adsorption behavior of PDA/CdS greatly by the experiments with sacrificial agents and the pre-illumination process.

The thermal conductivity and microhardness of the high-pressure solidified Al–Si-Fe-Mg alloys can be significantly improved by a large number of solute atoms precipitated and hence released the lattice distortion after aging for 12?h. And the a-Al lattice constant does not change significantly during the aging treatment from 12?h to 24?h, indicating the alloy released less lattice distortion. The interface between the precipitated phase and the a-Al matrix gradually evolved into an incoherent relationship with the extension of aging time, which has a greater hindering effect on the thermal conductivity of the alloy, and the amount of precipitated phase will be the primary factor in decreasing the thermal conductivity of the alloy at this point.

The thermal conductivity and microhardness of the high-pressure solidified Al–Si-Fe-Mg alloys can be significantly improved by a large number of solute atoms precipitated and hence released the lattice distortion after aging for 12 h. And the α-Al lattice constant does not change significantly during the aging treatment from 12 h to 24 h, indicating the alloy released less lattice distortion. The interface between the precipitated phase and the α-Al matrix gradually evolved into an incoherent relationship with the extension of aging time, which has a greater hindering effect on the thermal conductivity of the alloy, and the amount of precipitated phase will be the primary factor in decreasing the thermal conductivity of the alloy at this point.

Developing highly active and cost-effective electrocatalysts is critical for enhancing the intrinsic performance of electrocatalytic water splitting. Oxoanion-based compounds, such as phosphates and molybdates, have emerged as promising electrocatalysts owing to their advantageous properties of nontoxicity, low price, and strong water adsorption ability. However, their relatively inferior activity has impeded extensive investigation into electrochemical applications. Herein, an amorphous phosphate-adsorbed and RuNi-doped molybdate (RuNiMo-P) composite is synthesized on nickel foam (NF) support by using a simple two-step method. Significantly, an acidic solution of phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12), containing a low concentration of Ru, can etch the NF, contributing to the in situ growth of the RuNi-doped molybdate precursor. Subsequent phosphating ensures the surface formation of the amorphous phosphate layer due to abundant oxygen in the precursor. The strong structural interaction between RuNi-doped molybdate and amorphous phosphate in RuNiMo-P prompts an enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, delivering an overpotential of 38 mV at a current density of −10 mA cm–2, a Tafel slope of 53 mV dec–1, and good stability in an alkaline medium. Characterizations after HER reveal that RuNi doping, partial dissolution of phosphate and molybdate species, and newly formed NiOOH nanosheets can expose active sites, facilitate charge transfer, and modify electronic structures, thereby improving the HER performance effectively.

The effects of solidification pressures on microstructure, thermal conductivity, and mechanical property of Al–11.7Si–0.4Fe–0.2Mg alloy are investigated. The results demonstrate that the solid solution of Si in the α-Al matrix is raised from 0.76 at.% to 5.60 at.%, the formation of primary silicon and Al–Fe–Si–Mg phase is hindered, and the second phase is refined with the increasing of solidification pressure. The mechanical property of Al–Si–Fe–Mg alloy solidified under 3 GPa has remarkably been enhanced by refinement of the second phase and solid solution strengthening effect. The thermal conductivity of the alloys decreased by increased lattice distortion under high solidification pressure.

The influence of temperature on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of directionally solidified (DS) Ti47Al2Cr2Nb alloy was investigated in detail. Tensile tests and single-edge notched bending tests were performed in the temperature range of room temperature (≈25 °C) to 900 °C. The results revealed that both the yield strength and tensile strength of DS alloy specimens were insensitive to temperature until 850 °C. The yield strength and tensile strength at room temperature were found to be 500 MPa and 610 MPa, respectively, which were close to those at 850 °C (i.e., 534 MPa and 575 MPa). The ductility increased with the increase in temperature and the ductile-brittle transition (elongation >5%) occurred in the temperature range of 700–800 °C. Furthermore, the fracture toughness initially increased with the increase in temperature and reached the maximum value of 45 MPa m1/2 at 850 °C, followed by a decrease. It is worth emphasizing that the DS Ti47Al2Cr2Nb alloy exhibited a brittle trans-lamellar fracture at room temperature, which was similar to cleavage fracture. On the other hand, the fracture at high temperatures was influenced by the propagation and coalescence of microcracks at the lamellar interface, similar to micro-void accumulation fracture.

Novel lightweight Al0.5NbTi3VxZr2(x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) refractory high entropy alloys were synthesized by vacuum arc melting. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al0.5NbTi3VxZr2alloys were analyzed. All Al0.5NbTi3VxZr2alloys have a single BCC structure, and the addition of V does not change the microstructure of the alloys. At elevated temperatures, V1.0 alloy shows good phase stability, and the compressive yield strength of V1.0 alloy is 898 MPa at room temperature, 706 MPa at 873 K, and 110 MPa at 1073 K, respectively. Al0.5NbTi3VxZr2alloys reveal excellent compression deformability, all samples can be compressed to more than 50% strain at room and elevated temperatures without fracture. At room temperature, V1.0 alloy still possesses the best tensile properties, with the yield strength of 694 MPa. The enhancement strength is due to the addition of V element with small atomic radius, which is caused by a variety of strengthening mechanisms, including solid solution strengthening and grain refinement strengthening. Most of the reported Al–Nb–Ti–V–Zr system refractory high entropy alloys have poor deformability at room temperature, and most of the work is focused on their compression properties. The Al0.5NbTi3VxZr2refractory high entropy alloys prepared in the present work not only have excellent compression deformability, but also excellent tensile properties. Our present study not only promotes the development of toughening Al–Nb–Ti–V–Zr system refractory high entropy alloys to challenge engineering applications, but also provides guidance for the design of lightweight high temperature materials with a variety of strengthening mechanisms.

Sound wettability is the prerequisite for reliable joining of dissimilar metals. Surface textures prefabricating is a promising method to improve the surface properties of metals. Hence, surface textures with different line spacings were conducted on DP980 steel by nanosecond pulsed laser. This study investigated the laser-induced wetting behaviors of AlSi5 on surface processed DP980 steel substrates. The wettability of liquid AlSi5 presented anisotropy on textured surface, which was inhibited in perpendicular direction of the groove and promoted in parallel direction. Enhanced diffusion behavior and interfacial reaction were caused by surface textures. The absent Si-rich zone at triple lines (contact lines of solid-liquid-gas phase during wetting processes) of textured samples decreased the surface energy of droplets. Moreover, surface textures effectively reduced the normalized free energy, which provided greater driving force for spreading. However, the energy barriers caused by groove texture deteriorated the wettability in vertical direction. This method provided the possibility for the directional optimization of surface wettability, which laid the foundation for joining of dissimilar metals.

Cronobacter sakazakii(C. sakazakii), a food-borne pathogen, can cause severe intestinal diseases, such as intestinal damage and necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death in neonates and infants through its adhesion to intestinal epithelium cells by protein-protein interaction and translocation across the intestinal barrier. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of adhesion, translocation, and pathogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to screen and validate the outer membrane proteins of C. sakazakiicapable of adhering to the surface of intestinal cells through biotinylated protein adhesion and LC-MS/MS identification. A total of 319 proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of ligand proteins in metabolism-related processes and catalytic activity. The identified 37 outer membrane proteins and 41 proteins of unknown subcellular localization or function mainly enriched in five protein-protein interaction clusters. Ten of these outer membrane/unknown proteins were selected to test their roles on C. sakazakiiadhesion and invasion of intestinal cells by silencing the encoding gene expression and nine of the ten proteins, Protein_26/30/34/38/42/98/104/194/282, were shown to be critical in this process. This study contributes to the understanding of proteins involved in the host adhesion process by C. sakazakiias well as the mechanisms for its translocation across the intestinal barrier.

Electroless plating is a commonly used method to enhance the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and decorative performance of aluminum alloys. However, in electroless plating processes, it is customary to maintain the solution temperature at levels exceeding 85 °C, a critical condition that ensures a sufficiently rapid deposition rate and thereby fosters the formation of high-performance coatings. Conventional immersion pretreatments with zinc and palladium result in lower deposition rates at low temperatures. This study shows that a copper immersion layer with microporous channels can facilitate the electroless plating process for aluminum alloys at lower temperatures. Through a redox reaction in a Cu2+-containing solution at 70 °C, a copper immersion layer with a microporous structure could be created on an aluminum alloy. The microporous channels between the copper immersion layer and the aluminum alloy create electrochemical corrosion cells in the plating solution, accelerating the electroless plating process. The Ni-P coating obtained after pretreatment by copper immersion has a higher hardness (578 HV) and a lower corrosion current density (0.55 μA cm−2). This work provides a practical method to rapidly fabricate high-performance Ni-P coatings at intermediate temperatures (70 °C–75 °C).

Due to its unique high conductivity and flexibility, the two-dimensional MXene material (Ti3C2Tx) is expected to possess great potential in the thermoelectric field. However, the low thermoelectric performance from high thermal conductivity and a low Seebeck coefficient has limited its practical application. In this report, we demonstrate the uniform growth of ZnO layers on the laminar Ti3C2Txmembrane by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Benefiting from the low-temperature deposition characteristics of the ALD technique, the ZnO@Ti3C2Txcomposite films maintain the basic apparent morphology of the original films after the deposition. We reveal that the Schottky barrier formed between ZnO and Ti3C2Txexhibits an energy-filtering effect, significantly enhancing the Seebeck coefficient to result in more than a double increase in the power factor. Meanwhile, the strong phonon-interface scattering between ZnO and Ti3C2Txis found to reduce the thermal conductivity of the composite films by a factor of four as compared to pure Ti3C2Txones, further improving the overall thermoelectric properties of the ZnO@Ti3C2Txcomposite films. Our investigation provides an ALD-based strategy for growing wide band gap layers on the narrow band gap films to improve the thermoelectric performance of various MXene materials.

Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) is a subtype of maxillary sinusitis (MS). It is actually inflammation of the maxillary sinus that secondary to adjacent infectious maxillary dental lesion. Due to the lack of unique clinical features, OMS is difficult to distinguish from other types of rhinosinusitis. Besides, the characteristic infectious pathogeny of OMS makes it is resistant to conventional therapies of rhinosinusitis. Its current diagnosis and treatment are thus facing great difficulties. The multi-disciplinary cooperation between otolaryngologists and dentists is absolutely urgent to settle these questions and to acquire standardized diagnostic and treatment regimen for OMS. However, this disease has actually received little attention and has been underrepresented by relatively low publication volume and quality. Based on systematically reviewed literature and practical experiences of expert members, our consensus focuses on characteristics, symptoms, classification and diagnosis of OMS, and further put forward multi-disciplinary treatment decisions for OMS, as well as the common treatment complications and relative managements. This consensus aims to increase attention to OMS, and optimize the clinical diagnosis and decision-making of OMS, which finally provides evidence-based options for OMS clinical management.

Silicon nitride ceramics (Si3N4) and (TiB + Y2O3)/titanium matrix composites (TMCs) were brazed using a multilayered filler consisting of AgCu foils and Cu foam. The microstructure and formation mechanism of the TMCs/Si3N4joint were studied. The results showed that the TMCs/Si3N4joint consisted of TMCs/TiCu + TiCu2/Ag(s, s) + Cu(s, s)/TiCu + Ti5Si3+ TiN/Si3N4ceramic. The reaction layer consisting of TiN and Ti5Si3formed first on the Si3N4ceramic side is crucial for the joining the TMC and Si3N4. The influence of brazing temperature on the microstructure evolution and mechanical performance of the TMCs/Si3N4joint was discussed. Element diffusion was intensified by increasing the brazing temperature, which reduced the Cu(s, s) and enlarged the Ti-Cu compounds. At 820 ℃, the Ag-Cu eutectic structure was uniformly distributed into the brazing seam, which improved the performance of the joint. The shear strength reached a maximum of approximately 165.0 MPa. At higher brazing temperatures, the Cu foam collapsed, the Ti-Cu intermetallics increased, the brittleness was aggravated, and the shear strength of the joint decreased.

TiAl composite with core-shell structure was in-situ synthesized incorporating BN nanosheets and graphene oxide into TiAl alloy using SPS, and the hot deformation behaviors were subsequently investigated on a Gleeble-1500D thermal simulation machine. The microstructural evolution and the influence of ceramic particles on hot deformation were revealed using OM, SEM, TEM, and EBSD. The results demonstrated a refined microstructure of TiAl composite induced by ceramic particles providing extra nucleation sites for DRX, contributing to lower flow stress, with peak stresses of 387 and 360 MPa for TiAl alloy and TiAl composite deformed at 1200 °C/1s-1, respectively. Moreover, dislocation slip was inhibited by ceramic particles leading to dislocation pile-up, facilitating the nucleation and growth of DRX at lamellar colony boundaries and α2/γ interfaces. Notably, the "shell" composed of TiB2and Ti2AlN nanoparticles coordinated the deformation of lamellar colonies with different orientations, improving the hot workability of TiAl composite.

Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb and TiC/Ti matrix composites were successfully joined using Ti-28Ni eutectic filler metal at different brazing temperatures. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were systematically studied. The results showed that the joints all showed integral interfaces and the microstructures of the joints for 980 °C/15 min were detected as Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb/α2-Ti3Al + τ3-Al3NiTi2/α2-Ti3Al/Ti(s,s) + δ-Ti2Ni + TiC/Ti matrix composites. As brazing temperature increased, continuous Ti2Ni layer diminish and Ti2Ni phase became more discrete. However, α2-Ti3Al rich layer has thickened which deteriorates the properties of the joints. The highest shear strength achieved 469.5 MPa as the joint brazed at 1010 °C for 15 min. The evolution of microstructures brazed with different temperatures was studied and its relationship with the shear strength was also revealed in details.

•ZrB2-SiC ceramic and TiAl alloy was brazed using Cu-based amorphous filler.•Formation mechanism of the joint was discussed in detail.•Shear strength depends on the brittle compounds in the joint.

Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb and TiC/Ti matrix composites were successfully joined using Ti–28Ni eutectic filler metal at different brazing temperatures. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were systematically studied. The results showed that the joints all showed integral interfaces and the microstructures of the joints for 980°C/15min were detected as Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb/α2-Ti3Al+τ3-Al3NiTi2/α2-Ti3Al/Ti(s,s)+δ-Ti2Ni+TiC/Ti matrix composites. As brazing temperature increased, continuous Ti2Ni layer diminish and Ti2Ni phase became more discrete. However, α2-Ti3Al rich layer has thickened which deteriorates the properties of the joints. The highest shear strength achieved 469.5MPa as the joint brazed at 1010°C for 15min. The evolution of microstructures brazed with different temperatures was studied and its relationship with the shear strength was also revealed in details.

•ZS and In 600 are brazed with AgCu and AgCu-Cu foam filler, respectively.•Shear strength of joint is improved with the addition of Cu foam.•Residual stress of the joint is decreased with Cu foam as interlayer.

The purpose of this work was to describe and discuss the fundamental issues involved in brazing of Hastelloy N to Hastelloy N superalloy using pure Ti foil at 1333 K for different soaking time (1∼90 min). A detailed electron microscopy examination (transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) was performed to study the microstructure of the joint. The mechanical performance of the joint was evaluated by a shear test. Results show that the brazed joint obtained could be described as Hastelloy N/Zone 1/Zone 2/Zone 1/Hastelloy N. The Zone 1 whose constitution was hardly affected through modifying the soaking time was produced because of the eutectic melting of Cr9Mo21Ni20and Ni3Ti intermetallics. The constitution of Zone 2, however, was very sensitive to the joining condition. Among the soaking time under investigation, the highest joint average shear strength obtained was 350.4 MPa. The strength of the joint, as revealed, was closely related with the microstructure in the Zone 2. When the Hastelloy N superalloy was brazed for different soaking time, the microstructural evolution in the joint was clarified and its relationship with mechanical performance was built. The work will contribute to understand the brazeability of the Hastelloy series alloys and then broaden their applications.

Efficient electrocatalyst is essential to develop water splitting technology for large-scale hydrogen production, especially using bifunctional earth-abundant alternative catalysts under alkaline and neutral conditions. NiFe-based oxides have promising activity towards the oxygen evolution (OER). However, they usually show unsatisfactory performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), due to their large particle size with limited active sites and poor conductivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of sulfur-incorporated NiFe2O4nanosheets on nickel foam (S-NiFe2O4/NF), composed of ultra-small nanoparticles (~ 2nm), by a facile confined growth strategy with the assistance of thiourea. Due to the favorable 3D hierarchical structure, the self-supported electrocatalyst endows abundant active sites, high electrical conductivity and rapid mass transfer, thereby achieving remarkable catalytic performance for overall water splitting under alkaline and neutral conditions. Specifically, the optimal S-NiFe2O4/NF electrode requires only 1.65 and 1.95V to deliver a current density of 10mAcm−2in 1.0M KOH and 1.0M PBS, respectively, outperforming that of the commercial Pt/C as well as its counterparts (i.e. S-NiO/NF, S-Fe3O4/NF and pure NiFe2O4/NF). In addition, the synthesis strategy developed here can be applied to other mixed transition metal oxides with similar morphology and structure for various applications, such as supercapacitors, metal-air batteries, and photocatalysis.

The structural disruption of mechanical barrier and dysfunction of immune barrier in intestinal, are important factors, that aggravate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To tackle this challenge, a multifunctional nanozyme capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting ferroptosis or T cells differentiation for IBD therapy is here reported. In this work, zero‐valence selenium‐enriched Prussian blue nanozymes (Se‐HMPB nanozymes) are prepared via the hard template method. PB nanozymes with multi‐enzyme activities can effectively scavenge various ROS in inflammatory tissues. Meanwhile, the presence of selenium element endows the glutathione peroxidase activity of Se‐HMPB nanozymes, which can inhibit ferroptosis and reverse the lipid peroxidation of intestinal epithelial cells to protect the intestinal mechanical barrier in ulcerative colitis (UC) model. In addition, selenium supplementation can realize efficient inhibition on the differentiation of T cells in Crohn's disease (CD) model, regulating the intestinal immune barrier. Thus, the Se‐HMPB nanozymes reconstructed intestinal barrier via inhibiting ferroptosis and T cells differentiation in UC and CD models, depicting great potential to alleviate IBD. Selenium‐enriched Prussian blue nanozymes, prepared via mimicking “hard template method,” are explored as a high‐efficiency nanoagent capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting ferroptosis/T cells differentiation for inflammatory bowel disease therapy.

This study aims to comprehensively determine the influence of high pressure on the microstructure and corrosion properties of a designed high-entropy alloy (Al3Cr2Mo2SiTi2). By characterizing the microstructure and morphology of the alloy, we have confirmed that the intermetallic compound volume fraction decreases and the peritectic reaction occurs during the solidification process of the alloy under 4 GPa. Moreover, the intermetallic compound phase A1 changes from (Ti, Mo)5Si3(K1 phase) at ambient pressure to (Ti, Mo) Si2at 4 GPa, and the volume fraction of the Cr-rich (C1 phase) phase increases from 20% to 64%. This special transformation, induced by high pressure, significantly optimizes the corrosion resistance of the alloy.

Urea oxidation reaction (UOR), with a low thermodynamic potential, offers great promise for replacing anodic oxygen evolution reaction of electrolysis systems such as water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, etc., thus reducing the overall energy consumption. To promote the sluggish kinetics of UOR, highly efficient electrocatalysts are required, and Ni-based materials have been widely investigated. However, most of these reported Ni-based catalysts suffer from large overpotentials, as they generally undergo self-oxidation to form NiOOH species at high potentials, which act as catalytically active sites for UOR. Herein, Ni-doped MnO2(Ni-MnO2) nanosheet arrays were successfully prepared on nickel foam. The as-fabricated Ni-MnO2shows distinct UOR behavior with most of the previously reported Ni-based catalysts, as urea oxidation on Ni-MnO2proceeds before the formation of NiOOH. Notably, a low potential of 1.388 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode was required to achieve a high current density of 100 mA cm–2on Ni-MnO2. It is suggested that both Ni doping and nanosheet array configuration are responsible for the high UOR activities on Ni-MnO2. The introduction of Ni modifies the electronic structure of Mn atoms, and more Mn3+species are generated in Ni-MnO2, contributing to its outstanding UOR performance.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are considered to be one of the most attractive energy storage systems due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, high safety and high energy density. However, the uncontrollable Zn dendrites impose limitations on the durability of ZIBs. Herein, a three-dimensional Fe-Ni (3DP-FeNi) alloy with uniform and small pores, good wettability and high hydrogen evolution overpotential is prepared by electrochemically dealloying reaction in molten salts and further used as a host for Zn (3DP-FeNi@Zn) metal anode. The 3DP-FeNi@Zn anode exhibits a high stripping/plating coulombic efficiency of 98.8% and stable cycling over 700 h at 0.5 mA cm−2without dendrite formation, which is superior to that of bare Zn and Ni foam loaded Zn (Ni@Zn). Furthermore, when 3DP-FeNi@Zn anode is coupled with porous carbon loaded I2(PC@I2) cathode, the full battery of 3DP-FeNi@Zn//PC@I2can yield a capacity of 123.3 mAh g−1(on the basis of I2) after 5000 cycles at 1 A g−1without short circuit in comparison to less than 870 cycles for batteries built on bare Zn and Ni@Zn. This work provides an effective strategy to improve the cycling stability of ZIBs anode.

Background Inflammation has been shown to be an integral component of allergic rhinitis (AR). However, there is no n worth debate regarding this fact in nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). Some studies have suggested that exclusion of inflammation is indicative of NAR and other studies have indicated that most of the NAR patients have some degree of inflammation. Recently, it has been shown that the level of immunoglobulin free light chains (IgFLCs) in serum is increased in some autoimmune diseases and airway inflammation. This study was designed to show whether IgFLC is associated with non–IgE-mediated rhinitis to reveal the relationship between the expression of IgFLC and activation of mast cells and eosinophils.Methods Thirty patients with IgE-mediated AR and 30 patients with NAR and 30 healthy persons as control were involved this study. The total IgE, IgFLC, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) in serum, and nasal secretions were assayed, respectively. For identifying the expression cells of IgFLC in nasal mucosa, the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for kappa-FLC, gamma-FLC, ECP, and MCT were performed on 30 specimens. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of kappa-FLC, gamma-FLC, and MCT was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results IgFLCs (kappa/lambda) levels in serum and nasal secretion were significantly increased in AR patients and NAR patients. The ECP and MCT levels in serum and nasal secretion were significantly enhanced in AR and NAR patients when compared with healthy control subjects (p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between IgFLC (kappa/lambda) and MCT n nasal secretion of patients with NAR, but only IgFLC (kappa-FLC was associated with MCT in AR. There was no correlation between IgFLC and ECP in nasal secretion. In serum expression level, there was a positive correlation between IgFLC (kappa) and ECP in AR or IgFLCs (lambda) and ECP in NAR. IHC staining showed that FLC+cells were significantly increased in AR and NAR mucosa, kappa-FLC was mainly expressed in epithelial cells, and lambda-FLC was mainly expressed in subepithelial cells. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of lambda-FLC was mainly localized in mast cells in NAR nasal mucosa (45%).Conclusion These findings suggest strongly that IgFLC may play an important role in inducing local nasal mucosa inflammation especially those in AR and NAR.

Hot workability of a forged beta gamma Ti–44Al–6Nb–1Mo-0.3 (B, Y, La, Ce) alloy was studied on a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation machine under variable conditions. The flow stress and microstructural evolution were analyzed carefully after deformed at variable conditions (deformed to different strains holding 30s then continue to deform to ε = 0.6; deformed to ε = 0.2 holding 5s, 10s, 60s, 120s respectively, and then continue to deform to ε = 0.6). All true stress–strain curves showed typical work hardening and flow softening features indicating that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was the dominating softening mechanism under variable hot deformation conditions. Lamellar colonies transformed into γ phase through DRX under normal continuous deformation conditions, which was because that the γ-DRX and B2-DRX were triggered at all stage. However, the γ→α phase transformation (PT) was observed when the discontinuous two-step deformation was carried out. The deformation residual stress was significantly reduced with the appearance and growth of α phase. The results show that uniform equiaxed DRX grains can be obtained by increasing of strain and holding time at the first stage during two-step hot deformation.

Background Minimal persistent inflammation (MPI) is considered another piece of the complex puzzle of allergic inflammation. Although some studies regarding MPI have been reported, no study has evaluated the effects of MPI on the structure changes at the site of allergic reaction. This study investigates whether long-time MPI during allergic rhinitis (AR) results in some features of tissue remodeling in the nasal mucosa.Methods An animal model of MPI was developed by repeated nasal challenge with low concentration of ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized guinea pigs. The models were assessed by allergic symptom after antigen challenge, eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 expression on nasal epithelial cells. The histopathological changes in nasal mucosa were determined by Alcian blue—periodic acid–Schiff and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 was examined by immunofluorescence under a confocal laser scan microscope.Results When sensitized animals were challenged with the low concentration of 0.01% OVA, the symptom of sneezing disappeared, but there were still mild eosinophils infiltration and weak ICAM-1 expression, which indicated the success of MPI models. Moreover, the number of goblet cells and the percentage area of collagen deposition were both mildly increased. The expression of MMP-9 and TGF-β1was also weakly elevated.Conclusions We have successfully established MPI models and proved long-time MPI may result in mild features of remodeling in the nasal mucosa, which provide new insights into the unexpected potential effects of MPI on the structural changes.

Antibacterial Hydrogels In article number 2100722by Zhengbao Zha and co‐workers, a blue polyvinyl alcohol‐iodine hydrogel with thermochromic and laser‐triggered liquefaction properties, originated from the dynamic interaction between iodine and polyvinyl alcohol, is explored as an effective alternative to conventional iodophor for safe and controllable management of multidrug‐resistance bacterial‐infected open wounds.

Iodophor (povidone‐iodine) has been widely used for antibacterial applications in the clinic. Yet, limited progress in the field of iodine‐based bactericides has been achieved since the invention of iodophor. Herein, a blue polyvinyl alcohol‐iodine (PAI) complex‐based antibacterial hydrogel is explored as a new generation of biocompatible iodine‐based bactericides. The obtained PAI hydrogel maintains laser triggered liquefaction, thermochromic, and photothermal features for highly efficient elimination of bacteria. In vitro antibacterial test reveals that the relative bacteria viabilities of Escherichia coli(E.coli) and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) incubated with PAI hydrogel are only 8% and 3.8%, respectively. Upon single injection of the PAI hydrogel, MRSA‐infected open wounds can be efficiently healed in only 5 days, and the healing speed is further accelerated by laser irradiation due to the dynamic interaction between iodine and polyvinyl alcohol, causing up to ∼29% of wound area being closed on day 1. In addition, a safe threshold temperature of skin scald (∼45 °C) emerges for PAI hydrogels because of thermochromic properties, avoiding thermal injuries during irradiation. In addition, no observed toxicity or skin irritation is observed for the PAI hydrogel. This work expands the category of iodine‐based bactericides for safe and controllable management of infected wounds. Blue polyvinyl alcohol‐iodine hydrogel with thermochromic and laser triggered liquefaction properties originated from the dynamic interaction between iodine and polyvinyl alcohol is explored as an effective alternative to conventional iodophor for safe and controllable management of multidrug‐resistance bacterial‐infected open wounds.

Nanozymes have become a new generation of antibiotics with exciting broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and negligible biological toxicity. However, their inherent low catalytic activity limits their antibacterial properties. Herein, Cu single-atom sites/N doped porous carbon nanoparticles (Cu SASs/NPC) are successfully constructed for photothermal-catalytic antibacterial treatment by a pyrolysis-etching-adsorption-pyrolysis (PEAP) strategy. Cu SASs/NPC have stronger peroxidase-like catalytic activity, glutathione (GSH)-depleting function, and photothermal property compared with non-Cu-doped NPC, indicating that Cu doping significantly improves the catalytic performance of nanozymes. Cu SASs/NPC can effectively induce peroxidase-like activity in the presence of H2O2, thereby generating a large amount of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which have a certain killing effect on bacteria and make bacteria more susceptible to temperature. The introduction of near-infrared (NIR) light can generate hyperthermia to fight bacteria, and enhance the peroxidase-like catalytic activity, thereby generating additional •OH to destroy bacteria. Interestingly, Cu SASs/NPC act as GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px)-like nano-enzymes, which can significantly deplete GSH in bacteria, thereby significantly improving the sterilization effect. PTT-catalytic synergistic antibacterial strategy produces almost 100% antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli(E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). In vivoexperiments show a better PTT-catalytic synergistic therapeutic performance on MRSA-infected mouse wounds. Overall, our work highlights the wide antibacterial and anti-infective bio-applications of the Cu single-atom-containing catalysts.

High niobium content TiAl alloys and Al2O3ceramics were successfully joined using novel Nb particle-reinforced Ag–Cu composite filler. The changes in microstructure brazing at different temperatures were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The corresponding mechanical properties were studied by shear tests. The results showed that the brazed joints prepared at 900 °C can be divided into three zones. The typical microstructure of the brazed joints is high niobium content TiAl/AlCuTi + AlCu2Ti/Ag(s,s)+Cu(s,s)+Nb/Ti3(Cu,Al)3O/Al2O3. The brazing temperature was shown to have a significant influence on the microstructure and reaction layer thickness. After brazing at 810 °C, macrodefects could be observed in the brazing seam. At higher brazing temperatures, brazed joints without any defects were obtained. The addition of Nb particles and the suitable thickness of the Ti3(Cu,Al)3O reaction layer are the main reasons for the high shear strength. When brazing at temperatures higher than 900 °C, the volume fraction of the brittle AlCu(Ti, Nb) phase was increased and a thick Ti3(Cu,Al)3O reaction layer was formed, which deteriorated the shear strength of the joint. The maximal shear strength joint reached 228 MPa at 870 °C for 10 min, which is a substantial increase compared with conventional brazing processes.

Tadpole-shaped Au nano-particles with controllable tails are successfully fabricated by simply using laser fragmentation of separated Au nano-spheres in liquid. The optimum laser power densities (1.5–3??GW/cm^2) can enable part of the individual Au nano-sphere to be re-melted, released, and ultra-rapidly recondensed/crystallized on the outside of the original region. We find that the length of the tail in a tadpole-shaped Au nano-particle significantly increases from about 10 to 25 nm by increasing the laser power density. Benefiting from the unique structural features, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption spectra of the tadpole-shaped Au nano-particles become broader by increasing the tail length. Moreover, the LSPR absorption band also exhibits a noticeable red shift from about 520 to 650 nm. Our results provide a convenient and valuable strategy to fabricated novel anisotropic-shaped nano-structures with fascinating properties.