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It is generally known that pan-sharpening is fundamentally a PAN-guided multispectral (MS) image super-resolution problem that involves learning the nonlinear mapping from low-resolution (LR) to high-resolution (HR) MS images. Since an infinite number of HR-MS images can be downsampled to produce the same corresponding LR-MS image, learning the mapping from LR-MS to HR-MS image is typically ill-posed and the space of the possible pan-sharpening functions can be extremely large, making it difficult to estimate the optimal mapping solution. To address the above issue, we propose a closed-loop scheme that learns the two opposite mapping including the pan-sharpening and its corresponding degradation process simultaneously to regularize the solution space in a single pipeline. More specifically, an invertible neural network (INN) is introduced to perform a bidirectional closed-loop: the forward operation for LR-MS pan-sharpening and the backward operation for learning the corresponding HR-MS image degradation process. In addition, given the vital importance of high-frequency textures for the Pan-sharpened MS images, we further strengthen the INN by designing a specified multiscale high-frequency texture extraction module. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods qualitatively and quantitatively with fewer parameters. Ablation studies also verify the effectiveness of the closed-loop mechanism in pan-sharpening. The source code is made publicly available at https://github.com/manman1995/pan-sharpening-Team-zhouman/.

Face authentication usually utilizes deep learning models to verify users with high accuracy. However, it is vulnerable to various attacks that cheat the models by manipulating the digital counterparts of human faces. So far, lots of liveness detection schemes have been developed to prevent such attacks. Unfortunately, the attacker can still bypass them by constructing sophisticated attacks. We study the security of existing face authentication services and typical liveness detection approaches. Particularly, we develop a new type of attack, i.e., the low-cost 3D projection attack that projects manipulated face videos on a 3D face model, which can easily evade these face authentication services and liveness detection approaches. To this end, we propose FaceLip, a novel face liveness detection scheme on mobile devices, which utilizes lip motion patterns built upon well-designed acoustic signals to enable a strong security guarantee. The unique lip motions for each user are unforgeable because FaceLip verifies the patterns by analyzing acoustic signals that are dynamically generated according to random challenges, which ensures that our signals for liveness detection cannot be manipulated. We prototype FaceLip on off-the-shelf smartphones and conduct extensive experiments under different settings. Our evaluation with 44 participants validates the effectiveness and robustness of FaceLip.

• Efficient dual-driven synergistic thermal (0.3 sun and 12 V, 137.9 °C) conversion. • On-demand thermotherapy, rapid deicing and antibacterial. • A facile and efficient in situ chemical-biological polymerization method. • Flexible and highly integrated multifunctional wearable textiles. • Enable precise and rapid monitoring and identification of human health conditions. The development of multifunctional textiles is an effective strategy to improve the quality of human life. Normal single-mode heaters and strain sensors have been developed, but their low integration leads to multiple devices being installed on the garment, which greatly increases the weight of the garment and thus reduces its wearability. Here, bio-enzymatic polymerization and a simple shaking deposition method were used to prepare poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and copper(II) sulfide (CuS) onto the surface of the elastic nylon fabrics, which endowed the fabrics with excellent dual-mode heating properties and sensitive sensing properties, and used to develop highly integrated multifunctional and smart mountaineering clothing. In electro-driven heating mode, low-voltage (6 V) and high-voltage (12 V) heating can be used for joint heat therapy and active rapid deicing, respectively. In photo-driven heating mode, low intensity (0.3 sun) and high intensity (1.5 sun) heating can be used for joint heat therapy and rapid antibacterial, respectively. In addition, the fabric has the ability of dual-mode synergistic heating, and the surface temperature of the fabric can exhibit an ultra-high temperature of 137.9 °C under the external stimulation of 0.3 sun and 12 V. The fabric will greatly enhance the deicing and antibacterial efficiencies under the synergistic effect. This work provides a facile strategy for the fabrication of flexible and highly integrated multifunctional electronic devices, and therefore has great potential for the design and development of all-in-one multifunctional electronic devices such as personal thermal management, soft robotics, and human-computer interaction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is primarily responsible for ineffective tumor treatment and uncontrolled tumor progression. Pyroptosis-based immunogenic cell death (ICD) therapy is an ideal strategy to overcome TME heterogeneity and obtain a satisfactory antitumor effect. However, the efficiency of current pyroptosis therapeutics, which mainly depends on a single endogenous or exogenous stimulus, is limited by the intrinsic pathological features of malignant cells. Thus, it is necessary to develop a synergistic strategy with a high tumor specificity and modulability. Herein, a synergistic nanoplatform is constructed by combining a neutrophil camouflaging shell and a self-synergistic reactive oxygen species (ROS) supplier-loaded polymer. The covered neutrophil membranes endow the nanoplatform with stealthy properties and facilitate sufficient tumor accumulation. Under laser irradiation, the photosensitizer (indocyanine green) exogenously triggers ROS generation and converts the laser irradiation into heat to upregulate NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, which further catalyzes β-Lapachone to self-produce sufficient endogenous ROS, resulting in amplified ICD outcomes. The results confirm that the continuously amplified ROS production not only eliminates the primary tumor but also concurrently enhances gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis, initiates an ICD cascade, re-educates the heterogeneous TME, and promotes a systemic immune response to suppress distant tumors. Overall, this self-synergistic nanoplatform provides an efficient and durable method for redesigning the immune system for targeted tumor inhibition.

Video deblurring is a challenging task because only input blurry sequences are available. To further constrain the optimization process, existing methods explore various additional information, e.g., events, depth, and sharpness prior. However, they consume large computational costs or generate unpleasant visual results due to the insufficient exploitation of spatio-temporal information. In this work, we propose a novel spatio-temporal sharpness map learned by a prior-based generation network implicitly. The proposed generation network blends both spatial and temporal sharpness priors in a blurry sequence, while few extra parameters are added. We show that the proposed map has better spatial continuity and guidance for video deblurring than the previous methods. Furthermore, different from the simply concatenation in the previous work, we allow the sharpness map to accommodate to more effective video deblurring via a dual-stream network. Specifically, the network is decomposed by two branches, namely the inter-frame and intra-frame reconstructions. The inter-frame reconstruction obtains the sharp patches of consecutive frames from the sharpness map to restore textures well. Meanwhile, the intra-frame branch is responsible for recovering structures of the latent frame, where a novel histogram statistical method is developed to quantify and count textures in the features under the modulation of the sharpness map. Quantitative and qualitative experiments successfully validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Pattern lock is widely used for user authentication in mobile devices due to its simplicity and ease of remembering. However, it is vulnerable to various attacks, e.g., shoulder surfing attacks. In this paper, we propose FingerPattern, a novel enhanced pattern lock authentication system by using friction sound as a second authentication factor. When the user inputs the pattern by swiping his/her fingertip on the screen, the friction sound is generated based on the user's fingerprint and is unique. Thus, FingerPattern can identify and rule out the illegality by utilizing fingerprint-dependent friction sound even if the adversary has inferred the pattern. By this method, FingerPattern secures pattern lock without the need for a change in user unlocking habits. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FingerPattern can identify legitimate users with 97.5% TAR in one attempt and defend against various attacks (e.g., only 16.8% FAR in five attempts even if the adversary can clearly spy on the user's unlocking process). FingerPattern can be incorporated into the existing pattern lock of mobile devices, which is cost-free. Furthermore, a user experience study shows that FingerPattern is well-received by users.

Pan-sharpening is essentially a panchromatic (PAN)-guided super-resolution process, primarily focused on enhancing multispectral image quality. This methodology intricately incorporates the high-frequency derived from texture-rich PAN images into the low-resolution multispectral (LRMS) counterparts. However, current spatial-domain techniques frequently face challenges in accurately restoring texture details, while frequency-domain methods lack efficient interaction with spatial domains, thus restricting the overall model performance. In response to these challenges, we introduce a novel high-frequency wavelet network that capitalizes on the spatial–frequency interaction and frequency division capabilities inherent in wavelet transform. In particular, our approach consists of two fundamental modules: the wavelet-inspired fusion block (WFB) and the high-frequency enhancement block (HEB). The former is inspired by wavelet lifting schemes, enabling the fusion of frequencies and facilitating information exchange across various subbands. The latter harnesses wavelet’s frequency division attributes to enhance high-frequency information learning. Comprehensive experiments over multiple satellite datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in both quantitative and qualitative assessments. Moreover, our model showcases exceptional generalization capabilities in real-world scenarios. Code is available at https://github.com/alexhe101/WINet.

Purpose: Vegetation restoration is an effective measure for improving soil fertility in areas prone to water and soil erosion. However, how soil bacterial communities respond to changes in soil fertility remains unclear. Methods: The 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers in a vegetation restoration site and a soil erosion site located in the same area were chosen as the focus of this research. Results: The results showed that vegetation restoration significantly improved the soil fertility index of the soil erosion area. The vegetation restoration measures not only increased the bacterial abundance in the soil erosion area but also improved the bacterial diversity of the 0–10 cm soil layer in the soil erosion area. Vegetation restoration increased the bacterial abundance and Shannon index in the soil erosion area by increasing the clay and alkaline nitrogen contents. After vegetation restoration, the bacterial community composition in the soil erosion area changed from being dominated by Chloroflexi to being dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. We also found that alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the soil was the dominant factor causing the transformation of the soil bacterial community composition during the vegetation restoration process at the soil erosion site. Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes can be used as indicators of soil fertility changes in the process of vegetation restoration in soil erosion areas. Conclusions: Therefore, vegetation restoration plays a role in restoring the stability of degraded soil ecosystems.

The study aims to compare retrospectively three clinically applied methods for the diagnostic performance of cystic renal masses (CRMs) by contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and contrast‐enhanced computer tomography (CECT) with Bosniak classification system. A total of 52 cases of Bosniak II–IV CRMs in 49 consecutive patients were diagnosed from January 2013 to July 2022 and their data were analyzed. All patients had been subjected to CEUS and CECT simultaneously. Pathological diagnoses and masses stability were used as standard references to determine whether lesions were malignant or benign. Then 49 CRMs only with pathologic results were classified into group 1 and 2. A total of 52 CRMs in 49 enrolled patients were classified into 8 category II, 16 category IIF, 15 category III, and 13 category IV by CEUS (EFSUMB 2020), 10 category II, 13 category IIF, 16 category III, and 13 category IV by CEUS (V2019), while 15 category II, 9 category IIF, 13 category III, and 15 category IV by CECT (V2019). Pathological results and masses stability longer than 5 years follow‐up performed substantially for CEUS (EFSUMB 2020), CEUS (V2019), and CECT (V2019) (kappa values were 0.696, 0.735, and 0.696, respectively). Among 49 pathologic approving CRMs, wall/septation thickness ≥4 mm, wall/septation thickness, presence of enhancing nodule and the diameter were found to be statistically significant for malignancy. Twenty‐two malignant masses were correctly diagnosed by CEUS (V2019), while 21 malignant masses were both correctly diagnosed by CEUS (EFSUMB 2020) and CECT (V2019), and 1 mass was misdiagnosed. Bosniak classification of EFSUMB 2020 version might be as accurate as version 2019 CEUS and version 2019 CECT in diagnosing CRMs, and CEUS is found to have an excellent safety profile in dealing with clinical works.

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ABSTRACT A series tests on concrete and mortar cylinders under cyclic uniaxial loading were carried in this study to investigate the effect of internal stress-induced cracks on their mechanical properties. [...]

Liveness detection has been widely applied in face authentication systems to combat malicious attacks. However, existing methods purely depending on visual frames become vulnerable once visual perception is not reliable. The emerging face spoof and forge techniques urge the systems to exploit the defensive potential of non-visual modalities. To tackle this challenge, we introduce SonarGuard, a system combining ultrasonic and visual information to achieve robust liveness detection on mobile devices. More specifically, SonarGuard simultaneously extracts micro-doppler signatures from ultrasound reflections and motion trajectories from video frames both corresponding to the user’s lip movement. To further confirm the collected ultrasonic and visual information is not derived from malicious audio/video attacks, we consolidate the system via introducing a cross-modal matching mechanism, which demands the inherent consistency between these two modalities. Extensive experiments on a new dataset collected with existing mobile devices demonstrate that the proposed system could achieve average classification error rate of 0.91% under presentation attacks. This result indicates that SonarGuard can boost the security of face authenfication systems in real world usage without additional hardware modification.

Thermal resistance at a soft/hard material interface plays an undisputed role in the development of electronic packaging, sensors, and medicine. Adhesion energy and phonon spectra match are two crucial parameters in determining the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR), but it is difficult to simultaneously achieve these two parameters in one system to reduce the ITR at the soft/hard material interface. Here, we report a design of an elastomer composite consisting of a polyurethane–thioctic acid copolymer and microscale spherical aluminum, which exhibits both high phonon spectra match and high adhesion energy (>1000 J/m2) with hard materials, thus leading to a low ITR of 0.03 mm2·K/W. We further develop a quantitative physically based model connecting the adhesion energy and ITR, revealing the key role the adhesion energy plays. This work serves to engineer the ITR at the soft/hard material interface from the aspect of adhesion energy, which will prompt a paradigm shift in the development of interface science.

Pan-sharpening aims to super-solve low-spatial resolution multiple spectral (MS) images with the guidance of high-resolution (HR) texture-rich panchromatic (PAN) images. Recently, deep-learning-based pan-sharpening approaches have dominated this field and achieved remarkable advancement. However, most promising algorithms are devised in one-way mapping and have not fully explored the mutual dependencies between PAN and MS modalities, thus impacting the model performance. To address this issue, we propose a novel information compensation and integration network for pan-sharpening by effective cross-modality joint learning in this work. First, the cross-central difference convolution is employed to explicitly extract the texture details of the PAN images. Second, we implement the compensation process by imitating the classical back-projection (BP) technique where the extracted PAN textures are employed to guide the intrinsic information learning of MS images iteratively. Subsequently, we devise the hierarchical transformer to integrate the comprehensive relations of stage-iteration information from spatial and temporal contexts. Extensive experiments over multiple satellite datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method to the existing state-of-the-art methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/manman1995/pansharpening.

Pansharpening is a procedure that fuses high-resolution panchromatic (PAN) images and low-resolution multispectral (LMS) images to derive high-resolution multispectral (HMS) images. Despite its rapid development, most existing pansharpening techniques integrate the information of PAN and LMS invariantly in the spatial dimension, ignoring the uneven spatial dependence of restoring HMS with the aid of PAN information and resulting in ineffective fusion results. In this work, we propose an uncertainty-aware adaptive pansharpening network (UAPN) that integrates PAN information spatial variantly to restore LMS information with an uncertainty mechanism. Specifically, we first estimate the epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties together, which model the spatial -variant distributions of restoring the LMS image to the HMS image. Then, we introduce uncertainty-conditioned adaptive convolution (UAC) to adaptively integrate LMS and PAN information, where its parameters are spatially variable by conditioning on the uncertainty estimations. Furthermore, we propose a multistage uncertainty-driven loss function to explicitly force the network to concentrate on restoring challenging areas of the LMS image. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our UAPN with fewer parameters and FLOPs, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods both qualitatively and quantitatively on multiple satellite datasets. The code is available at https://github.com/keviner1/UAPN.

The goal of pan-sharpening is to produce a high-spatial-resolution multispectral (HRMS) image from a low-spatial-resolution multispectral (LRMS) counterpart by super-resolving the LRMS one under the guidance of a texture-rich panchromatic (PAN) image. Existing research has concentrated on using spatial information to generate HRMS images, but has neglected to investigate the frequency domain, which severely restricts the performance improvement. In this work, we propose a novel pan-sharpening approach, named multiscale dual-domain guidance network (MSDDN) by fully exploring and exploiting the distinguished information in both the spatial and frequency domains. Specifically, the network is inborn with multiscale U-shape manner and composed by two core parts: a spatial guidance subnetwork for fusing local spatial information and a frequency guidance subnetwork for fusing global frequency domain information and encouraging dual-domain complementary learning. In this way, the model can capture multiscale dual-domain information to help it generate high-quality pan-sharpening results. Employing the proposed model on different datasets, the quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that our method performs appreciatively against other state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches and comprises a strong generalization ability for real-world scenes. The source code is available at https://github.com/alexhe101/MSDDN.

Mobile two-factor authentication (TFA), which uses mobile devices as a second security layer of protection to online accounts, has been widely applied with the proliferation of mobile phones. Currently, many studies propose to use acoustic fingerprints as the second factor. However, these solutions ignore the variations of the extracted static acoustic fingerprints incurred by the acoustic propagation process, which we show can be leveraged to develop an enhanced man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack to compromise the security strength of these systems, while hiding the traces of the attacking devices. To address this newly-uncovered vulnerability, we propose SoundID, a secure and novel authentication system that introduces a dual challenge-response design through the acoustic signals of the enrolled phone and the login device. Specifically, the enrolled phone first evaluates its proximity to the login device by the similarity of their audio recordings, and then the login authentication server compares the calculated dynamic acoustic fingerprint with the one received from the enrolled phone. To the best of our knowledge, SoundID is the first scheme that extracts dynamic acoustic fingerprints and can effectively defend against the enhanced MITM attack. SoundID combines the benefits of unpredictable influencing factors of acoustic propagation processes and the stable frequency response of the acoustic hardware, whose high complexity prevents attackers from predicting or impersonating them. We build a prototype of SoundID with off-the-shelf smartphones to validate its robustness and effectiveness. Our results show that SoundID is user-friendly and achieves over 96.62% accuracy with an equal error rate around 4.27%.

PIN authentication is widely used on mobile devices due to its usability and simplicity. However, it is known to be susceptible to shoulder surfing attacks, where an adversary spies the user’s PIN by direct human observation or camera-based recording. This paper proposes PressPIN, a novel enhanced PIN authenticator on mobile devices by sensing pressures from the user’s finger. Since pressure-sensitive touch screens are unavailable on most phones, we leverage the structure-borne propagation of sounds to estimate the pressure on the screen. When the user inputs the PINs, the pressure is extracted from each number to form the $n$n-bit pressure code, where $n$n corresponds to the length of the PIN sequence. The pressure code is difficult to be inferred by snooping or videotaping, and increases the entropy of passwords. In this way, PressPIN provides a low-cost, user-friendly, and more secure solution resistant to shoulder surfing attacks. Our extensive experiments with 30 participants and three types of smartphones demonstrate that PressPIN can authenticate legitimate users with high accuracy (e.g., as high as 96.7% within two trials), and is robust to various types of attacks (e.g., only 2.5% attack success rate even when the adversary can observe the legitimate user’s PIN sequence and finger pressing clearly). Additionally, PressPIN requires no additional hardware (e.g., the pressure sensor) and can be readily integrated into existing authentication systems of mobile devices.

Voice authentication has been increasingly adopted for sensitive operations on mobile devices. While voice biometrics can distinguish individuals by their spectral features (such as voiceprints), they are known to be prone to spoofing attacks, where malicious attackers can use pre-recorded or synthesized samples from legitimate users or impersonate the speaking style of the targeted user to deceive the voice authentication system. In this paper, we design and implement a novel software-only anti-spoofing system on smartphones. Our system leverages the pop noise, which is generated by the user’s oral airflow when speaking the passphrase close to the microphone. The pop noise is delicate and subject to user diversity, making it hard to be recorded by replay attacks beyond a certain distance or to be imitated precisely by impersonators. Specifically, we design a new pop noise detection scheme to pinpoint pop noises at the phonemic level, based on which we establish a theoretical model to calculate the sound pressure level from the speech signal in order to get the estimated pressure signal, and then analyze the consistency with the actual pressure signal extracted from the pop noise. Furthermore, we calculate the similarity score of the unique sequences which describe the individually unique relationship between pop noises and phonemes to resist spoofing attacks. Our evaluation on a dataset of 30 participants and three smartphones shows that our system achieves over 94.79% accuracy. Our system requires no additional hardware and is robust to various factors including authentication angle, authentication distance, the length of passphrase, ambient noise, etc.

Various deep neural networks (DNNs) have been constructed to inject the spatial information of the panchromatic (PAN) image into the low spatial resolution multispectral (LR MS) image. However, most of them ignore the local dissimilarity (LD) prior between MS and PAN images, which has a negative influence on the fused image. Considering the above-mentioned issues, we propose a deep multiscale LD network (DMLD-Net) to learn the LD prior at different scales and enhance the spatial and spectral information in the fused image better. Specifically, we first synthesize a downsampled PAN image from the original PAN image to match the scale of the LR MS image. Then, an LD metric is designed to calculate the dissimilarity map between the two images in feature space. According to the learned dissimilarity map, we use an LD-guided attention block (LDGAB) to suppress the impact of LD, which filters out the dissimilar information in the features of the PAN image. To learn the LD prior between MS and PAN images sufficiently, the multiscale architecture is considered and we infer the dissimilar maps hierarchically and inject filtered features into the LR MS image progressively. Finally, the fused image is generated by a reconstruction block. Through the LD learning at different scales, reasonable spatial information is extracted from the PAN image, by which the distortions in the fused image caused by LD can be reduced efficiently. Extensive experiments are conducted on the GeoEye-1 and WorldView-2 datasets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DMLD-Net in terms of spatial and spectral preservation. The code is available at https://github.com/RSMagneto/DMLD-Net.

Noninflammatory apoptosis is transformed into inflammatory pyroptosis by activating caspase‐3 to lyse gasdermin E (GSDME), and this process can be used as an effective therapeutic strategy. Thus, a selective and powerful inducer of activated caspase‐3 plays a vital role in pyroptosis‐based cancer therapy. Herein, a human cell membrane vesicle‐based nanoplatform (HCNP) is designed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). HCNP is modified with vesicular stomatitis virus G‐protein (VSVG) to anchor nano‐photosensitizers on the tumor cell membrane. Photosensitizers are bonded to HCNP by clicking chemical reaction as pyroptosis inducers. The results show that HCNP effectively disrupts the mitochondrial function of cells by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon laser irradiation; concomitantly, GSDME is cleaved by activated caspase‐3 and promotes pyroptosis of lung cancer cells. Here an effective intervention strategy is proposed to induce pyroptosis based on light‐activated PDT. A human cell membrane vesicle‐based nanoplatform (HCNP) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is designed, modified with vesicular stomatitis virus G‐protein (VSVG) to anchor nano‐photosensitizers on tumor cell membranes. Upon laser irradiation, HCNP generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting mitochondrial function and cleaving gasdermin E (GSDME) via caspase‐3, inducing pyroptosis in lung cancer cells. This study presents a light‐activated PDT strategy.

Developing efficient catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and pollutant degradation is a promising approach to address energy and environmental pollution issues. S-scheme heterojunctions exhibit strong redox capabilities and rapid charge separation rates, presenting enormous potential in realizing such dual-functional reaction systems. In this paper, the core-shell Cu2-xS@Zn0.5Cd0.5S (Cu2-xS@CZS) with S-scheme heterojunction was constructed by traditional hydrothermal reaction. The hydrogen production rate of Cu2-xS@CZS-2 is the best (20.73 mmol g−1h−1), which is 692 times and 4.82 times that of pure Cu2-xS and Zn0.5Cd0.5S. Furthermore, Cu2-xS@CZS-2 catalyst achieved a removal efficiency of 98.1 % for TC within 180 minutes under visible light. This study demonstrates a transition metal sulfide photocatalyst capable of efficiently harnessing solar energy for the production of clean energy and the remediation of water environments.

AbstractThe immersed tube tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Link spans a total length of approximately 6.7 km and is currently the longest concrete immersed highway tunnel in the world. The maximum depth of the tunnel is 45 m, which enables the smooth navigation of 300,000 tons of fully loaded tankers through the waterway above. Accordingly, the construction of the immersed tube tunnel of the Hong Kong Zhuhai-Macao Link is regarded as one of the most challenging tunnel projects in the world due to the poor geological conditions, the remarkable length of the tunnel section, the harsh construction conditions at sea, and the complicated stresses on the structures in the transition sections between the artificial islands and the immersed tunnel segments. In this context, several innovations were implemented in the design, production and installation of the immersed tube segments, providing valuable engineering experience and a unique example of engineering technology for the construction of undersea tunnels worldwide.

The Research Group of the “Internet Literature Development Report” (the Report), with members including experts and scholars from the Literary Study Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, has looked into the development of Internet literature from an academic research perspective and kept ongoing attention on the topic. The Report seeks to highlight the national emphasis on making China a culturally strong nation, strengthen the national position of promoting mainstream cultures, broaden the international perspective of Internet literature as it develops, and enhance the world-oriented vision of Chinese Internet literature. Led by national policies, the Report focuses on the current development situation of the Internet literature industry, analyzes its development problems, and predicts industry development trends. The Report studies and evaluates the 2020 achievements in Internet literature in a factual and thorough manner. It aims to provide information for Internet literature creators, readers, operators, administrators, and overseas Internet literature stakeholders, so that they can draw inspiration for creation, reference, or better management.

Thermoelectric devices (TEDs) exhibit much application potential in thermal camouflage and encrypted display recently, requiring that TEDs possess large responsivity, high resolution and rapid response with flexible configuration design, which are hardly realized by the traditional complex fabrication process. In this work, an innovative laser integrated manufacturing technology including double-side-printing selective laser melting (D-SLM) and selective laser ablation (SLA) is developed for the construction of the dynamic thermal platform based on micro TEDs. Through experimentally determining the laser process window assisted by external temperature field regulation, a flat p-type film can be directly transformed from n-type Bi2Te3film by D-SLM. Thus, high-precision p-n patterns without metal joints are obtained from a single locally modified film, whose thermoelectric properties are further boosted by increasing energy density and introducing a post-annealing process. Then, a dynamic thermal platform with designable shapes and small dimensions can be fabricated rapidly whose working principle is also demonstrated. The thermal platform with 4*4 arrays exhibits imaging function with a pixel size of 2 mm×2 mm, a temperature difference of ∼3 K, and a fast response time of 0.143 s. This work offers an exciting yet effective approach to fabricating TEDs for dynamic thermal programmable information displays.

Developing an efficient photocatalyst for CO2conversion to chemical fuels that maximizes the utilization of solar energy, particularly near-infrared light, remains a persistent challenge. Meanwhile, it is difficult to suppress the H2evolution during the photocatalytic process. Herein, Cu/C@Bi/C grafted on the surface of 3D g-C3N4(NCN) can serve as a highly durable and active catalyst for photothermal synergistic catalytic CO2reduction under full-spectrum solar irradiation in solid-liquid-gas three-phase interfaces, wherein the Cu/C@Bi/C serves as a harvesting-near-infrared light nanoreactor and an electron transport bridge for the enhancement of the interface local temperature and the efficient transfer of photoinduced electrons. As a result, the hybrid catalyst shows excellent photothermal catalytic activity of CO2to CO (169.26 μmol·g−1·h−1) and CO2to CH4(1.94 μmol·g−1·h−1), outperforming the majority of the conventional photocatalysts, whereas the competitive reaction of H2evolution can be inhibited. This study presents a feasible approach for the efficient utilization of solar energy by harnessing near-infrared light through nano-reactors, thereby providing a viable strategy for photothermal catalytic CO2reduction.

Natural fabrics are gradually becoming the ideal substrate for flexible smart wearable devices due to their excellent moisture absorption, softness, and skin-friendliness. However, the bonding fastness of the conductive layer and the corresponding durability during service have not yet been well satisfied. In this report, we successfully prepared a smart wearable multifunctional protective cotton fabric with microbreathing monitoring and rapid-photothermal antibacterial abilities of Cinnamomum camphorabark microstructure, by combining chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HACC) with MXene nanosheets through electrostatic self-assembly. Impressively, MXene nanosheets and HACC established a strong interaction using the electrostatic attraction, endowing the fiber surface with ordered nanosheets. Meanwhile, the fabric decorated with MXene/HACC retains its original characteristics of outstanding breathability and softness, and its conductivity exhibits noticeable stability in terms of resistances to oxidation, washing, various solvents, and long-term bending cycles. On the basis of the principle of adsorption and release of water molecules in the MXene multilayer structures, the MXene/HACC fabric could accurately monitor the physiological health activities of users according to their breathing frequency and depth. Benefiting from the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, the MXene/HACC shows encouraging photothermal conversion ability, photothermal stability under long time irradiation, washing resistance, and cycle stability. In addition, the fabric achieved an antibacterial efficiency of nearly 100% against Gram-negative Escherichia coliand Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureuswithin 5 min under an irradiation intensity of 400 mW/cm2. More importantly, after 10 washes, the antibacterial efficiency against the two bacteria could still reach 99.975% and 99.98%, respectively. This multifunctional protective MXene/HACC cotton fabric is expected to play a unique role in the new generation of smart wearable microbreathing sensing and against to bacterial attack, and shows a broad application prospect.

Enzymes as biocatalysts have attracted extensive attention. In addition to immobilizing or encapsulating various enzymes for combating the easy loss of enzymatic activity, strengthening the enzymatic activity upon light irradiation is a challenge. To the best of our knowledge, the work of spatiotemporally modulating the catalytic activity of artificial-natural bienzymes with a near-infrared light irradiation has not been reported. Inspired by immobilized enzymes and nanozymes, herein a platinum nanozyme was synthesized; subsequently, the platinum nanozyme was grafted on the body of laccase, thus successfully obtaining the artificial-natural bienzyme. The three-dimensional structure of the artificial-natural bienzyme was greatly different from that of the immobilized enzyme or the encapsulated enzyme. The platinum nanozyme possessed excellent laccase-like activity, which was 3.7 times higher than that of laccase. Meanwhile, the coordination between the platinum nanozyme and laccase was proved. Besides, the cascaded catalysis of artificial-natural bienzyme was verified with hydrogen peroxide as a mediator. The enzymatic activities of artificial-natural bienzyme with and without near-infrared light irradiation were, respectively, 46.2 and 29.5% higher than that of free laccase. Moreover, the reversible catalytic activity of the coupled enzyme could be manipulated with and without a near-infrared light at 808 nm. As a result, the degradation rates of methylene blue catalyzed by the coupled enzyme and the platinum nanozyme were higher than that of laccase. Furthermore, accelerating polymerization of the dopamine was also demonstrated. Briefly, this facile strategy may provide a universal approach to control the catalytic activity of other natural enzymes.

The construction of a phase junction photocatalyst can significantly enhance the photocatalytic performance with high selectivity for CO2reduction. In this study, an S-scheme junction Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CoWO4semiconductor with the coupling of a twin crystal Cd0.5Zn0.5S homojunction and CoWO4was designed through a hydrothermal method, which could convert CO2to CO with high efficiency under visible-light illumination. Cd0.5Zn0.5S–10%CoWO4exhibited the optimal performance and its CO yield and selectivity were up to 318.68 μmol·g–1and 95.90%, respectively, which were 4.54 and 1.62 times higher than that of twin crystal Cd0.5Zn0.5S. Moreover, the Cd0.5Zn0.5S homojunction with a zinc-blende and wurtzite phase and the S-scheme phase junction of Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CoWO4enhanced the property of CO2adsorption and accelerated the detachment of photogenerated carriers. The combination of photogenerated holes in Cd0.5Zn0.5S and the electrons of CoWO4can retain the reduction sites to improve photocatalytic performance. This study provides a neoteric concept and reference for the construction of the S-scheme phase junction.

Two-dimensional material titanium carbide (Ti3C2TxMXene) has been widely used for building diverse functional materials; however, the disadvantages of unsatisfactory yield and low concentration during the preparation process generally limit its large-scale promotion. In the present work, an MXene dispersion with enhanced yield (90%), high concentration (45 mg/mL), and excellent dispersibility was successfully prepared. Subsequently, the active MXene nanosheets were effectively in situ deposition onto the silk fiber by means of dip-coating, relying on van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. The obtained MXene-decorated silk fabric (MXene@silk) exhibits satisfactory electrical conductivity (170 mS/cm), excellent photothermal and electrothermal conversion properties, especially dual-drive energy conversion, rapid thermal responses, and long-term functional stability. Furthermore, UV protection factor of the fabric, and its antibacterial efficiency against Gram-negative Escherichia coli(E. coli) within 20 min of contact reach over 110 and 99%, respectively, demonstrating remarkable UV resistance and rapid photothermal antibacterial ability. Meanwhile, the fabric of MXene@silk still retains the original characteristics of breathability, softness, and skin-friendly properties compared to the untreated. The multifunctional fabric constructed through a facile and high-yield strategy shows a noticeable potential applying to smart textiles to meet people’s multipurpose needs in the future.

A rational design of a novel ternary-shelled nanotube is attractive in photocatalytic water splitting. Herein, ZnIn2S4nanosheets were in situgrown on the surface of MIL-88A-derived Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) to fabricate ternary-shelled nanotubes (ZIS@Ni–Fe LDH) viaa self-assembly strategy. Characterization indicates that the ZIS@Ni–Fe LDH heterostructure exhibits a high surface area and a well-defined ternary-shelled hollow structure. The optimal heterostructure presents a remarkably improved photocatalytic hydrogen production rate (2035.81 μmol g–1h–1) compared with bare ZnIn2S4and MIL-88A-derived Ni–Fe LDH under visible light illumination. The effect of ZnIn2S4loading on the photocatalytic performance and stability of ZIS@Ni–Fe LDH is systematically studied. The ZIS@Ni–Fe LDH heterostructure can make better use of the inner space, provide abundant reactive sites, improve light harvesting, accelerate interfacial electron transfer, and further promote photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Based on the electrocatalytic performance, the probable photocatalytic mechanism and the electron transfer pathway can be proposed. Our work provides a facile and efficient strategy to construct ternary-shelled heterojunction photocatalysts.

Developing efficient catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and pollutant degradation is one of the most ideal methods to address energy and environmental pollution issues. To address the challenges of energy crisis and environmental issues, a hollow spherical g-C3N4/Mn0.25Cd0.75S (HCNS/MCS) heterostructure was constructed and characterized. The unique morphology and appropriate band gap of the hollow carbon nitride sphere (HCNS) make it a promising photocatalytic material. The growth of Mn0.25Cd0.75S solid solution on HCNS enhances the spatial separation of photo-generated charges at the HCNS/MCS interface, thereby promoting electron transfer and reaction kinetics. Under visible light irradiation, the HCNS/MCS exhibited the highest H2production activity (31.34 mmol·g−1·h−1), which was 2.8 times that of pure MCS and 224 times that of pure HCNS. Moreover, the HCNS/MCS photocatalyst achieved a removal rate of 94% for tetracycline within 180 min under visible light, involving the •OH and •O2-radicals and following the proposed type-Ⅱ mechanism. This work contributes to the design of highly efficient photocatalytic materials with synergistic effects for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and organic pollutant degradation.

Photocatalytic CO2reduction into renewable fuels by sustainable and clean solar energy can be considered as an ideal option to decrease the atmospheric CO2level and fulfill the energy requirements. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with high surface area, tunable composition as well as exposed active sites have received enormous attention for photocatalytic CO2reduction. Herein, a novel NiAl-LDH/Ti3C2Txnanosheet (NiAl-LDH/TNS) with a core–shell structure was synthesized via an in situ hydrothermal method, and 2D NiAl-LDH coupled with the 2D Ti3C2Txnanosheet to form a Schottky junction can suppress the back-diffusion of electrons and facilitate the transfer of charge carriers. Benefiting from the feature, the optimized sample with the additive Ti3C2Txamount of 75 mg (NiAl-LDH/TNS-75) has the photocatalytic CO2reduction conversion rate of CO (2128.46 μmol h–1g–1) with the selectivity of CO (90.2%) under visible-light irradiation, which is about 8.6 times higher than that of pristine NiAl-LDH. This work provides a new insight into the construction of novel 2D semiconductor photocatalysts.

The design of the photocatalytic materials has made a great of remarkable progress in the area of the enhancement photocatalytic activity, but there are still lots of problems such as wide band gap, low utilization of sunlight, low quantum efficiency and poor stability, which further limit the extensive practical applications. Thus, it is a hot research topic and key scientific problem to be solved that how to design and prepare the catalysts, which can respond to visible and near-infrared light in sunlight. Inspired by efficient nonlinear optical upconversion materials, upconversion-based nanocomposites can indirectly broaden the absorption ranges of semiconductors by converting the captured long-band visible and near-infrared incident light into high-energy short-band visible or ultraviolet light, which can be adopted as the promising candidate in wide-spectral-light-activating photocatalytic materials coupling with conventional semiconductors. According to our recent works and literature reports, recent review summarizes the research progress of photocatalytic materials with upconversion effect on photolysis of water for hydrogen production, degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants, reduction of CO2and photodynamic therapy. The prepared nanocomposites can suppress the recombination of electrons and holes, and greatly improve the photocatalytic efficiency by the synergistic effect. It maybe stimulates a great interest in rational design and preparation of efficient full-spectrum photocatalytic systems and their wide application in solar energy conversion.

Numerous studies of relationship between epigenomic features have focused on their strong correlationacross the genome, likely because such relationship can be easily identified by many established methods for correlation analysis. However, two features with little correlation may still colocalize at many genomic sites to implement important functions. There is no bioinformatic tool for researchers to specifically identify such feature pairs. Here, we develop a method to identify feature pairs in which two features have maximal colocalization minimal correlation (MACMIC) across the genome. By MACMIC analysis of 3306 feature pairs in 16 human cell types, we reveal a dual role of CCCTC-binding factor(CTCF) in epigenetic regulation of cell identity genes. Although super-enhancers are associated with activation of target genes, only a subset of super-enhancers colocalized with CTCF regulate cell identity genes. At super-enhancers colocalized with CTCF, CTCF is required for the active marker H3K27acin cell types requiring the activation, and also required for the repressive marker H3K27me3in other cell types requiring repression. Our work demonstrates the biological utility of the MACMIC analysis and reveals a key role for CTCF in epigenetic regulation of cell identity. The code for MACMIC is available at https://github.com/bxia888/MACMIC.

Pure silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel exhibits poor elasticity and low water retention ability, owing to the compact crystalline structure and high content of hydrophobic amino acids. Herein, a composite double-network hydrogel of SF and tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid (mHA) was constructed, via the laccase-catalyzed coupling reactions between the phenolic hydroxyl groups from SF and mHA chains. The obtained hydrogel exhibits improved structural stability and flexibility compared to pure SF hydrogel. Meanwhile, the swelling ratio, mechanical property, drug loading, and release behaviors can be readily regulated by alcoholization, altering pH value, and ionic strength of soaking solutions. Increasing pH values promoted the swelling capacity of SF/mHA hydrogel, resulting in an efficient loading of cationic drugs and sustained release of anionic drugs as well. The addition of inorganic salts reduced electrostatic repulsion in the hydrogel scaffold, accompanying with a noticeable improvement of toughness. Furthermore, alcohol treatment induced conformation changes of fibroin protein, and the composite hydrogel achieved a higher fracture and improved elasticity. The present work provides a biological alternative to regulate the mechanical behavior, drug loading, and sustained release capacity of the SF-based hydrogel.

AbstractAs one of the world's longest spanning wooden arch bridge with glued laminated timber, the Xuhong Bridge, is located in Suzhou, China. The innovation of this bridge lies in its use of high-hardness wood and its skillful combination of a new truss arch structural system that utilizes glued laminated timber technology and modern joint construction. This innovation has achieved a beautiful configuration and efficient structural performance, allowing the span of the Xuhong Bridge to reach 90 m. The design using these new technologies has broken through the traditional design concepts and technical challenges observed in the construction of long-span wooden bridges. Furthermore, the bridge is low-carbon product and environmentally friendly, representing a new trend in the construction of long-span spatial structures.

In the past few decades, countless organic and inorganic pollutants caused serious environmental problems all over the world. One way to remove or degrade pollutants in the environment is to use oxidizing agents. Photocatalytic technology uses unlimited solar energy to efficiently oxidize and remove organic pollutants. Recently, perylene diimide (PDI)-based nanomaterials have been widely used in photocatalytic degradation. However, there are no reviews on the use of PDI-based composites to remove organic pollutants from contaminated water. Therefore, a review paper is needed to fully understand the current status and prospects of this field. The main purpose of this work is to highlight the recent progress of PDI-based photocatalysts in the removal of organic pollutants. In this review, the basic molecular design and properties of PDI molecules are first described. Then, strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity of PDI are summarized. The system factor and water chemistry affecting the photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant removal are also discussed. Lastly, the stability and future challenges of PDI-based composites are briefly discussed.

The conserved microRNA396 (miR396) is involved in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress response in multiple plant species through regulating its targets, Growth Regulating Factor(GRF) transcription factor genes. However, the role of miR396 has not yet been characterized in perennial monocot species. In addition, the molecular mechanism of miR396-mediated abiotic stress response remains unclear. To elucidate the role of miR396 in perennial monocot species, we generated transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) overexpressing Osa-miR396c, a rice miRNA396 gene. Transgenic plants exhibited altered development, including less shoot and root biomass, shorter internodes, smaller leaf area, fewer leaf veins, and epidermis cells per unit area than those of WT controls. In addition, transgenics showed enhanced salt tolerance associated with improved water retention, increased chlorophyll content, cell membrane integrity, and Na+exclusion during high salinity exposure. Four potential targets of miR396 were identified in creeping bentgrass and up-regulated in response to salt stress. RNA-seq analysis indicates that miR396-mediated salt stress tolerance requires the coordination of stress-related functional proteins (antioxidant enzymes and Na+/H+antiporter) and regulatory proteins (transcription factors and protein kinases). This study establishes a miR396-associated molecular pathway to connect the upstream regulatory and downstream functional elements, and provides insight into the miRNA-mediated regulatory networks. A small molecule, miR396, plays a big role in how plants respond to salt stress, a growing constraint on global crop yield. Salt stress prevents plants from absorbing nutrients, causes oxidative stress, and destroys key cellular machinery; some plants cope better than others. Hong Luo at Clemson University in South Carolina, USA and coworkers investigated how creeping bentgrass handles high salinity, focusing on the microRNA miR396, previously implicated in salt tolerance. Artificially elevating miR396 improved bentgrass’ salt tolerance. Further investigation showed that miR396 triggered increases in proteins that pump excess salt out of cells, others that prevent water loss, and antioxidant production. miR396 was found to be a master regulator that orchestrates many lines of defense against excess salt. Understanding how these pathways are activated and integrated could help in breeding more salt-tolerant crops.

Developing an efficient strategy for regulating thermal rectification is a challenging problem. In this study, we present a heat conduction model to investigate the regulation of thermal rectification on random networks by depositing nanoparticles. We find that increasing the amount of deposited nanoparticles D or decreasing the deposition region ratio S amplifies the thermal rectification effect. Furthermore, we confirm that the thermal rectification effect of the network is more significant than that of a regular lattice with equal D. Finally, we provide a comprehensive explanation of the simulation results by analyzing the interface thermal resistance and calculating the phonon spectrum. These interesting findings have potential implications for thermal management and energy storage. • We reveal the impact of nanoparticles on complex networks on thermal rectification. • We unveil the mechanism of thermal rectification by interfacial thermal resistance. • Our results provide new ideas for more effective and convenient thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth ions can serve as the focal point of electron capture states, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of separating photogenerated carriers, which is an effective strategy for boosting the photocatalytic efficiency of metal sulfides. Despite this, the efficient doping all at once remains a challenge. In this research, we successfully synthesized highly dispersed Er-doped CuInS2nanosheet-connected nanoblocks (Er-CIS) using the facile molten salt method. Erbium ornamentation over CuInS2exhibits the enhanced photocatalytic activities and the faster reaction rate for the hydrogen generation and the reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation. Specifically, the optimal 5%Er-CIS displays a 2.0-fold and 4.89-fold increase in the ability to produce hydrogen and reduce Cr(VI), respectively, in comparison to that of pristine CuInS2. The upgrading results of photocatalytic activities can be attributed to multiple effects of Er ornamentation over CuInS2: 1) the substitution of Er atoms for CuInS2nanosheet-connected nanoblocks structure broadens the absorption range of visible light and further promotes the efficiency of separating the carriers; 2) the excellent hydrophilicity behavior for Er doping is propitious to lower the energy barrier for H2O dissociation and promote the generation and the transformation of protons; 3) furthermore, DFT calculations and photoelectrochemical measurements demonstrate that the presence of high dispersed Er effectively enhances the liberation of electrons and augments the active surface area. This finding presents a facile method for activating metal sulfides by incorporating rare earth elements to improve photocatalytic efficiency. This discovery highlights the activated photocatalytic behavior of metal sulfides through facile molten salt approach with the use of rare earth.

Micro thermoelectric devices are expected to further improve the cooling density for the temperature control of electronic devices; nevertheless, the high contact resistivity between metals and semiconductors critically limits their applications, especially in chip cooling with extremely high heat flux. Herein, based on the calculated results, a low specific contact resistivity of ∼10–7Ω cm2at the interface is required to guarantee a desirable cooling power density of micro devices. Thus, we developed a generally applicable interfacial modulation strategy via localized surface doping of thermoelectric films, and the feasibility of such a doping approach for both n/p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3films was demonstrated, which can effectively increase the surface-majority carrier concentration explained by the charge transfer mechanism. With a proper doping level, ultralow specific contact resistivities at the interfaces are obtained for n-type (6.71 × 10–8Ω cm2) and p-type (3.70 × 10–7Ω cm2) (Bi,Sb)2Te3layers, respectively, which is mainly attributed to the carrier tunneling enhancement with a narrowed interfacial contact barrier width. This work provides an effective scheme to further reduce the internal resistance of micro thermoelectric coolers, which can also be extended as a kind of universal interfacial modification technique for micro semiconductor devices.

Advances in next-generation soft electronic devices, soft robotics, and biomedical devices rely on developing highly deformable, self-healable, adhesion, and thermally conductive elastomers or their composites. However, multifunctional composite elastomers that simultaneously possess these properties remain a daunting challenge. Here, we report a poly (thioctic acid)/aluminum composite elastomers to solve this problem based on multiple hydrogen-bonded interactions. The multiple hydrogen bonds provide the poly (thioctic acid)/aluminum composite elastomers with enhanced adhesion and a stretchable covalent adaptive network, leading to excellent extensibility (331 %), high adhesion energy (1327 J/m2), and excellent self-healing efficiency (93 %). The presence of aluminum fillers ensures enhanced thermal conductivity (1.73 W/(m·K)) of the composite elastomers. This work shows a promising approach to the design of functional composite elastomers for next-generation soft electronic devices.

ABSTRACTFollowing the approval of Cervarixfor the immunization of girls and women in China against high-risk human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, a non-interventional post-authorization safety study was performed. A multi-center prospective cohort study assessed safety following Cervarixvaccination of Chinese girls and women aged 9–45 years between 31 May 2018 and 3 December 2020. Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs), potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs), and pregnancy-related outcomes were collected up to 12 months from the third immunization or 24 months from the first immunization, whichever came first. Among 3,013 women who received 8,839 Cervarixdoses, 167 (5.5%) reported ≥ 1 any AEFI, and 22 (0.7%) reported 40 serious AEFIs. During the 30 days after each dose, 147 women (4.9%) reported 211 medically attended AEFIs, including 3 serious AEFIs reported by 1 woman (0.03%). One woman reported a pIMD. Cervarixwas inadvertently administered to 65 women (2.2%) within 60 days before conception or during pregnancy. Of these women, 34 (52.3%) gave birth to live infant(s) with no apparent congenital anomalies, and 1 (1.5%) woman gave birth to a live infant with a congenital anomaly. No serious AEFIs or pIMDs were considered to be related to the vaccination. In Chinese women aged 9–45 years, immunization with the Cervarixthree-dose schedule was well tolerated. Overall, no safety concerns were identified, although rare adverse events may have been missed due to the study sample size.Clinical trial registration: NCT03438006.

Flexible humidity sensors are widely used in many fields, such as environmental monitoring, agricultural soil moisture content determination, food quality monitoring and healthcare services. Therefore, it is essential to measure humidity accurately and reliably in different conditions. Flexible materials have been the focusing substrates of humidity sensors because of their rich surface chemical properties and structural designability. In addition, flexible materials have superior ductility for different conditions. In this review, we have summarized several sensing mechanisms, processing techniques, sensing layers and substrates for specific humidity sensing requirements. Aadditionally, we have sorted out some cases of flexible humidity sensors based on different functional materials. We hope this paper can contribute to the development of flexible humidity sensors in the future.

The introduction of metal–organic framework materials into photocatalysts is considered to be an effective strategy for improving the transfer and separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. In the present study, we demonstrate the delicate construction of NH2-UiO-66/ZnIn2S4(NU66/ZIS) composites as bifunctional photocatalysts with the degradation efficiency of malachite green (98%) and the hydrogen evolution rate of a 10% NU66/ZIS composite reaching up to 2199 μmol h–1g–1. The characterization of unique ZIS/NU66 shows that it can efficiently facilitate the separation and transfer of light-induced charges and exposed rich active sites for photocatalyst redox reaction. Moreover, the results of vitro cytotoxicity assay suggest that NU66/ZIS composites are potential safety photocatalysts to the environment and human beings. Furthermore, the DFT calculation indicates that the Zr site of NU66 and In site of ZnIn2S4interface should be the main active center in NU66/ZIS heterojunctions.