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‘CP 15‐2516’ (Reg. no. CV‐215, PI 703029) sugarcane cultivar, a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp., was developed jointly by USDA‐ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League. CP 15‐2516 was released in June 2022 for commercial cultivation on the Florida organic (muck) soils due to its high cane and sucrose yields, commercial recoverable sucrose (CRS), and economic index (EI). CP 15‐2516 originated from CPX13‐1630, a cross between a female parent (CP 95‐1039) and a male parent (‘CP 06‐2400’). CP 15‐2516 is resistant to brown rust, orange rust, and Sugarcane mosaic virusstrain E. CP 15‐2516 harbors the Bru1 marker associated with brown rust resistance. CP 15‐2516 is moderately resistant to leaf scald and ratoon stunt disease, smut, and yellow leaf. Based on the results of three harvest cycles over five locations in Stage 4 on muck soils, cane and sucrose yields of CP 15‐2516 were 10.48% (181.31 Mg ha−1) and 11.49% (18.62 Mg ha−1) respectively, higher (P< .05) than those of the reference cultivar ‘CP 96‐1252’. Compared with CP 96‐1252, the EI of CP 15‐2516 was significantly (P< .05) higher by 15% (3233 ha−1). The mean cane fiber content of CP 15‐2516 was 138.7 kg Mg−1and was 1% to 8% higher than the reference cultivars (‘CP 00‐1101’, CP 96‐1252, and ‘CPCL 05‐1201’). CP 15‐2516 flowers intermittently during January in Florida's climate. CP 15‐2516 has a better freeze tolerance than commercial reference cultivars CP 00‐1101 and CP 96‐1252. CP 15‐2516 is expected to positively contribute to the profitability and sustainability of the Florida sugarcane industry. CP 15‐2516 sugarcane cultivar was released for commercial production on organic soils in Florida.Sucrose and cane yields of CP 15‐2516 were equivalent to or higher than those of reference cultivars.CP 15‐2516 was resistant and moderately resistant to economically significant diseases.CP 15‐2516 showed better cold tolerance than reference cultivars.

An extended crystal plasticity model and an optimized neural network are established to investigate the mechanical behavior of CoCrNiSi0.3C0.048Medium entropy alloy (MEA) with a three-level hierarchical precipitation structure under dynamic compressive deformation at a variety of ranges of strain rates. The interaction between the matrix and first-level precipitates is described by a presented hybrid representative volume element RVE model, involving the effects of volume fraction (Vf), radius and geometric distribution on heterogeneous deformation. Effects of second- and third-level precipitates are realized through the extended crystal plasticity constitutive model, reflecting the motion mechanism of dislocations near the precipitates in the form of initial slip resistance. Meanwhile, this study investigates the influence of the presence of primary precipitates on the initiation of slip systems within special grains with Goss or S orientations in the matrix. Additionally, it provides a more in-depth explanation of the underlying principles behind the suppression of Goss texture formation by the precipitates from the perspective of slip systems analysis. The changing of volume fractions affects flow stress evolution. Avoiding suffering from expensive computational consumption by the crystal plasticity finite element method, an artificial neural network model optimized through a genetic algorithm, is presented to predict stress-strain responses and texture evolution results under varying compression strain rates. A reliable dataset derived from crystal plasticity finite element models and experimental results is utilized to train, test, and validate the genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network model. This model demonstrates good prediction capability in dynamic mechanical behavior and texture evolution, showcasing the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed neural network model. Compared to the CPFEM method, neural network models can greatly improve computational efficiency.

Recent studies confirmed that introducing nanoprecipitates as strengthening phase into high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is an extremely effective means to achieve the excellent strength-ductility synergy. In this work, we successfully created a dual nanoscale precipitate structure in a Co-free Ni2.5CrFeAl0.3Ti0.2HEA by controlling thermo-mechanical process. Compared to the recrystallized alloy, homogeneous L12precipitates in FCC matrix and heterogeneous L12/BCC precipitates near grain boundaries were formed in the aged alloys. The dual-nanoprecipitate structure induces a long-range back stress during deformation process, effectively contributing to a balance of high strength and good ductility at 298K. Especially, the mechanical properties of the recrystallized and aged alloys are dramatically improved without strength-ductility tradeoff, showing a multiple-stage strain-hardening behavior at 77 K. In the aged alloys, the nanoprecipitates shorten the mean free path of dislocation movement to effectively induce the precipitation strengthening appreciably depending on the precipitation size. Different from planar dislocations slip dominated by stacking faults at 298K, multiple stacking fault networks and deformation twins were activated sequentially with increasing the tensile strain, thus forming a dynamic Hall-Petch effect at 77K. The current work could help to understand the correlation between mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms in precipitation-strengthening HEAs, and the transformation of these deformation mechanisms provide an insight for developing outstanding-performance HEAs through trigging various hardening modes.

Details of a method for the preparation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, with reinforced low density polyethylene composites, are presented. Ultrasonic vibration, solution casting and melt mixing methods were used in the process.

Background: We evaluated vorasidenib (VOR), a dual inhibitor of mIDH1/2, in patients with mIDH1/2 glioma (Phase 3; NCT04164901). Methods: Patients with residual/recurrent grade 2 mIDH1/2 oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma were enrolled (age ≥12; Karnofsky Performance Score ≥80; measurable non-enhancing disease; surgery as only prior treatment; not in immediate need of chemoradiotherapy). Patients were stratified by 1p19q status and baseline tumor size and randomized 1:1 to VOR 40 mg or placebo (PBO) daily in 28-day cycles. Endpoints included imaging-based progression-free survival (PFS), time to next intervention (TTNI), tumor growth rate (TGR), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), neurocognition and seizure activity. Results: 331 patients were randomized (VOR, 168; PBO, 163). The median age was 40.0 years. 172 and 159 patients had histologically confirmed oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma, respectively. Treatment with VOR significantly improved PFS and TTNI. Median PFS: VOR, 27.7 mos; PBO, 11.1 mos (P=0.000000067). Median TTNI: VOR, not reached; PBO, 17.8 mos (P=0.000000019). Treatment with VOR resulted in shrinkage of tumor volume. Post-treatment TGR: VOR, -2.5% (95% CI: -4.7, -0.2); PBO, 13.9% (95% CI: 11.1, 16.8). HRQoL and neurocognition were preserved and seizure control was maintained. VOR had a manageable safety profile. Conclusions: VOR was effective in mIDH1/2 diffuse glioma not in immediate need of chemoradiotherapy.

‘CP 12‐1417’ (Reg. no. CV‐203, PI 698897) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) was released in June 2019 for commercial cultivation on organic soil (Histosols) in Florida. CP 12‐1417 was developed through collaborative research conducted by the USDA‐ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, and it was released commercially by the Florida Sugarcane Variety Committee in June 2019. CP12‐1417 is the result of a cross CPX 09‐0511 made between CP 02‐2065 (female parent) and a collection of pollen donors (a polycross). Higher cane and sugar yields than the reference checks (‘CP 96‐1252’ with highest acreage in Florida and ‘CP 00‐1101’ with high sucrose concentration) in organic soil and complete or partial resistance to several important sugarcane diseases in Florida made CP 12‐1417 an ideal candidate for commercial release. Cane yield in CP 12‐1417 was 17 and 27% higher than in CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101, respectively. Similarly, sugar yield in CP 12‐1417 was 23 and 22% higher than in CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101, respectively. Economic index in CP 12‐1417 was 35 and 19% higher than in CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101, respectively. Based on natural infestation and artificial inoculation disease data, CP 12‐1417 is resistant to brown rust (tested positive for Bru1 marker), orange rust, leaf scald, and smut and moderately resistant to ratoon stunting disease, Sugarcane mosaic virus, and Sugarcane yellow leaf virus. CP 12‐1417 has poor freeze tolerance. Sugarcane cultivar CP 12‐1417 was released for organic soil in Florida.CP 12‐1417 has higher cane and sugar yield than the reference checks.CP 12‐1417 is completely or partially resistant to economically important sugarcane diseases.

‘CP 11‐1640’ (Reg. no. CV‐199, PI 695085) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA–ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., and released by the Florida Sugarcane Variety Committee (FSVC) to growers for commercial cultivation on mineral (sand) soils in Florida in June 2019. It was selected from a polycross made at Canal Point on 2 Jan. 2009 with Canal Point sugarcane breeding line CP 01‐2390 (female parent). Its male parent was unknown and could be any one of the clones used in the polycross. CP 11‐1640 was released by FSVC because of its high cane and sucrose yields, acceptable commercial recoverable sucrose, and resistance to brown rust, orange rust, leaf scald, Sugarcane mosaic virusstrain E (mosaic), and smut. Based on the results of 12 harvests with three crops (plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon) at four locations in final‐stage replicated yield trials on sand soils and compared with reference cultivars (CL 88‐4730, CP 96‐1252, CPCL 97‐2730), CP 11‐1640 had significantly higher cane yield (13.4–16.9%), sucrose yield (12.0–12.8%), and economic index (10.9–16.9%) than CL 88‐4730 and CPCL 97‐2730 and did not differ from CP 96‐1252 in any of these traits. Cane fiber content of CP 11‐1640 (138.9 kg Mg−1) was equivalent to that of CL 88‐4730 but slightly higher than that of CP 96‐1252 and CPCL 97‐2730. CP 11‐1640 was considered to be moderately tolerant to freezing among 18 genotypes tested.

Sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) cultivar ‘CP 11‐1956’ (Reg. no. CV‐198, PI 695075) was released in June 2018 for commercial cultivation on organic (muck) soils in Florida. This cultivar was developed through a collaborative cultivar development program of the USDA–ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, based at Canal Point, FL. The parents of CP 11‐1956 are CP 03‐2188 (female) and CP 01‐2459 (male). CP 11‐1956 was released because of its excellent combination of disease resistance against major sugarcane diseases and cane and sugar yields that are similar to reference cultivars that are major commercial cultivars in Florida. CP 11‐1956 is considered resistant to brown rust, orange rust, ratoon stunting disease, smut, and mosaic. This cultivar is also moderately resistant to leaf scald and yellow leaf disease. Cane and sugar yields of CP 11‐1956 are similar to the reference cultivar CP 96‐1252 that has occupied the largest acreage in Florida for several years. CP 11‐1956 had poor freeze tolerance compared with several reference cultivars.

The mite alimentary canal contains plenty of microbiota. It is accepted that some of the microbial products function as adjuvants to speed up immune responses.

ABSTRACTThe high-P content in convert slag limits its recycling in the steelmaking process. The P could be removed out of the slag as gas when the convert slag is reduced by reductants, such as carbon. Through the experiments and thermodynamic calculations, one of the main dephosphorization products is determined to be P2as the converter slag being reduced by C. In the experiments, the reduction driving force of P2O5is greater than that of FeO; while the actual Gibbs free energy of P2O5is lower than that of FeO at a high temperature in the atmosphere of flowing N2. The dephosphorization of converter slag conforms to the interface chemical reaction model, and a model was established to describe the dephosphorization process in this study. The results indicate the apparent activation energy of the dephosphorization reaction is 165.78 kJ mol−1and the dephosphorization reaction is controlled by the mass transfer of reactants in the slag.

‘CP 11‐2248’ (Reg. no. CV‐193, PI 692134) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp.) was developed by the USDA–ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., and released to Florida growers for organic (muck) soils in June 2018. CP 11‐2248 was developed from a polycross made at Canal Point, FL, on 16 Dec. 2009, with a breeding line CP 06‐2664 as the female parent. The male parent was unknown and could be any one of the clones used in the polycross. CP 11‐2248 was released for commercial use as an improved sugarcane cultivar because of its acceptable levels of resistance or tolerance to brown rust, orange rust, smut, leaf scald, and mosaic. CP 11‐2248 was moderately susceptible to ratoon stunting disease and Sugarcane yellow leaf virusin Florida. Based on the results of 19 harvests of three crops (plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon) in the final‐stage (i.e., Stage 4) replicated yield trials carried out at seven locations with muck soils in Florida, CP 11‐2248 had equivalent or slightly higher sucrose yield than check cultivars CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101. CP 11‐2248 may be poor in response to freezing temperatures based on the field tests in north Florida for temporal sucrose deterioration.

‘CP 09‐1385’ (Reg. no. CV‐194; PI 691535) sugarcane, a complex hybrid of Saccharumspp., was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA–ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League. It was selected from a biparental cross made at the USDA–ARS Sugarcane Field Station in Canal Point, FL, in December 2006 using the cultivars ‘CP 01‐2459’ as the female parent and ‘CP 00‐2188’ as the male parent. CP 09‐1385 was superior to the check cultivars ‘CL 88‐4730’, ‘CP 89‐2143’, and ‘CP 78‐1628’ on sand soils on the basis of cane and sucrose yields, and economic index (i.e., overall profitability). On muck soils, CP 09‐1385 showed superior cane and sucrose yields, and economic index compared with checks CP 78‐1628, CP 89‐2143, and ‘CP 00‐1101’. CP 09‐1385 is resistant to brown rust and showed resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virusunder artificial inoculation. It is moderately resistant to orange rust, smut, and Sugarcane yellow leaf virus. This new cultivar is moderately susceptible to leaf scald on muck soils but moderately resistant on sand soils. CP 09‐1385 is moderately susceptible to ratoon stunting disease. These susceptibility levels are within an acceptable range for commercial production. Last, CP 09‐1385 demonstrates moderate to low tolerance to freezing conditions. This cultivar was released in June 2016 to be commercially cultivated in Florida on muck and sand lands.

The zinc-ion hybrid capacitor, as a novel energy storage system with outstanding electrochemical performance, low cost, and high safety, has attracted widespread research attention. In this work, we report a hetero-structured composite material, C2N@MXene, obtained by alternately stacking porous carbon material C2N with MXene nanosheets. Theoretical calculations and a series of ex-situ characterizations reveal that the introduction of MXene nanosheets not only exposes more active sites of C2N, but also significantly enhances the conductivity and stability of the overall composite material, thereby achieving excellent electrochemical energy storage performance. Consequently, as a cathode material for zinc-ion hybrid capacitors, C2N @MXene achieves a high specific capacity of 240 mA h g−1at 0.1 A g−1and exhibits outstanding rate performance from 1 to 20 A g−1. And the capacitance retention rate remains as high as 94 %, after 10000 cycles of charge-discharge at a current density of 5 A g−1. Moreover, based on the C2N @MXene electrode, flexible zinc ion micro-capacitor with high area-specific capacity of 264 mF cm−2was fabricated using laser cutting technology. We believe that this work provides new research strategies for developing high-performance zinc-ion hybrid capacitors.

Heterogeneous ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations are reported for a site on the eastern margin of Beijing, China, during the period 4 May to 4 June 2018. INP concentrations were measured continuously at −20, −25, and −30 °C in a repeating cycle by a newly developed, automated continuous flow diffusion chamber, and reached concentrations as high as 2800 sL−1during dust‐impacted periods. Study average concentrations were 70 ± 70, 230 ± 290, and 430 ± 500 sL−1at −20, −25, and −30 °C. There was no clear relationship between pollution periods, identified based on fine‐mode particle concentration increases, and INP concentrations or characteristics. Other anthropogenic emissions, such as non‐combustion industrial or agricultural activities play an unresolved role. High concentrations of particles occur over China from varied sources, but we know very little about how they affect clouds. We measured particles in the outside air that can freeze water droplets in clouds, which is important in determining how clouds affect climate and when and where they produce rain and snow. These measurements were made nearly autonomously and continuously, over a month, with a newly modified instrument, which exposes particles to cold cloud conditions to determine the proportion that freeze. The concentrations of freezing nuclei measured in Beijing, China in spring are at the highest end of values reported. We report the first continuous flow diffusion chamber measurements of ice nucleating particle concentrations in Beijing, China, for a 1‐month periodIce nucleating particle concentrations were strongly impacted by desert dust transport and had a mixed response to submicron particle concentrationsIce nucleating particle concentrations at −30 °C reached 2,800 L−1during a dust‐impacted period

For the calculation of gravity disturbance in the Earth’s external gravity field, the Stokes-Pizzetti integral is a commonly used method. However, when the target point approaches the Earth’s surface, such problems as singularity and discontinuity arise due to the Stokes kernel structure itself. To settle the problems, firstly the reason for singularity and discontinuity was discussed, and then modification was made to the integral formula, by which the singularity at the surface point is eliminated. Finally the non-singular integral formulas for the calculation of disturbing gravity were derived. In numerical experiments, an area in China was selected to test the modified formula. Numerical results show that the modified formula performs much better than classical Stokes-Pizzetti integral formula when dealing with the calculation of the radial component of gravity disturbance near the Earth’s surface.

For the modelling and determination of the Earth’s external gravity potential as well as its second-order radial derivatives in the space near sea surface, the surface layer integral method was discussed in the paper. The reasons for the applicability of the method over sea surface were discussed. From the original integral formula of disturbing potential based on the surface layer method, the expression of the radial component of the gravity gradient tensor was derived. Furthermore, an identity relation was introduced to modify the formula in order to reduce the singularity problem. Numerical experiments carried out over the marine area of China show that, the modi-fied surface layer integral method effectively improves the accuracy and reliability of the calculation of the second-order radial gradient component of the disturbing potential near sea surface.

ABSTRACTThe refractory absorption bar is inserted into the submersed nozzle by a stopper to absorb the inclusion flowing through the nozzle and increase the cleanness of liquid steel during the continuous casting process. Based on the high-temperature hot-state experiment, the influence of the groove structure of the absorption bar on the inclusion absorption rate in liquid steel is analysed. Experimental result shows that when the groove direction of the absorption bar is perpendicular to the rotating direction, the optimal groove depth is 3 mm, the maximum thickness of the absorption layer is 362.9 μm and the maximum absorption velocity is 0.19 μm s−1; when the groove direction of the absorption bar is parallel to the rotating direction, the optimal groove depth is 2 mm, the maximum thickness of absorption layer is 404.3 μm and the maximum absorption velocity is 0.22 μm s−1. When the groove depth is determined, the absorption rate when the groove direction of the absorption bar is parallel to the rotating direction is higher than that when the groove direction of the absorption bar is perpendicular to the rotating direction. In addition, the number of grooves on the absorption bar is positively proportional to the absorption capability. An inclusion absorption capability model is established based on the multiple regression method and the absorption capabilities of different absorption bars are evaluated. This experiment has provided significant data supporting smelting of clean steel.

The high rate of charge carrier recombination greatly limits the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). In this contribution, body center cubic indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITO NPs) as electronic pumps are directly formed on g-C3N4via a facile one-pot method. The hydrogen production rate of Pt/ITO/g-C3N4is 3.3 times as high as that of Pt/g-C3N4under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation. The excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance should be attributed to the close contact of well-dispersed ITO NPs with g-C3N4in the prepared ITO/g-C3N4and in situ formation of Pt onto ITO NPs, leading to accelerated photogenerated electron transfer from g-C3N4to Pt through ITO pumps for hydrogen generation. In the present work, we successfully demonstrate a high-performance Pt/ITO/g-C3N4system for visible light hydrogen evolution, and the essential role of ITO NPs as the electronic pumps for efficient photogenerated electron transfer could be informative for designing efficient systems for solar hydrogen generation.

A rapid and effective means to clean and disinfect premises is needed by the poultry industry. We hypothesized that commercially available foaming disinfectants and cleaners applied via a compressed air foam system (CAFS) may be used to significantly reduce aerobic bacteria in a commercial caged layer complex. Six field trials were conducted to evaluate current industry cleaning and disinfection protocols and the proposed CAFS application. A commercially available chlorinated alkaline foaming cleaner (CHL/ALK) was applied in trials 1 and 2 by CAFS to one half of the house, and the other half of the house was not treated. The entire house was then washed with a high-pressure water rinse (HPWR). A commercially available peroxyacetic acid (PAA) in trials 3 and 4 or a 14% glutaraldehyde (HI GLUT)/2.5% quaternary ammonia (QAC) blended disinfectant in trials 5 and 6 was applied by CAFS to one half of a washed house. The remainder of the house was then treated with a 7% glutaraldehyde (LO GLUT)/26% QAC, which was spray-applied to cages by the integrator. Environmental swabs of drinker cups and cage floors were collected pre- and post-treatment to determine if aerobic bacteria were reduced. The HPWR and the CHL/ALK treatments did not consistently reduce bacteria on treated surfaces. Significant differences were observed with each of the CAFS applications of the PAA product, resulting in bacterial reductions of 1.83 to 2.27 log10cfu/sample. Although inconsistent, differences (P< 0.05) were observed with the spray application of the 0.4% (v/v) LO GLUT/QAC with bacterial reductions of 0.42 to 2.15 log10cfu/sample on both surfaces. The CAFS application of the 1.6% (v/v) HI GLUT/QAC resulted in bacterial reductions (P< 0.05) of 3.11 to 3.78 log10cfu/sample. These data suggest that the application of 3.0% (v/v) PAA or a 1.6% (v/v) HI GLUT/QAC via CAFS may be used to consistently and significantly reduce aerobic bacteria in a commercial layer complex.

The variations of plasma sheet proton properties during magnetospheric substorms at Earth and Mercury are comparatively studied. This study utilizes kappa distributions to interpret proton properties at both planets. Proton number densities are found to be around an order of magnitude higher, temperatures several times smaller, and κ values broader at Mercury than at Earth. Protons become denser and cooler during the growth phase, and are depleted and heated after the dipolarizations in both magnetospheres. The changes of κ at Earth are generally small (<20%), indicating that spectrum‐preserving processes, like adiabatic betatron acceleration, play an important role there, while variations of κ at Mercury are large (>60%), indicating the importance of spectrum‐altering processes there, such as acceleration due to nonadiabatic cross‐tail particle motions and wave‐particle interactions. This comparative study reveals important intrinsic properties on the energization of protons in both magnetospheres. Earth and Mercury are the only two planets possessing global intrinsic magnetic fields among the four inner planets, which are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, within the solar system. The interactions between the intrinsic magnetic fields and the continual flow of high‐speed solar wind from the Sun form similar magnetospheres at the two planets, although the scale of the magnetosphere is much smaller at Mercury than at Earth. Magnetospheric substorms, a result of solar wind–magnetosphere coupling, occur in both magnetospheres. Comparative study of a similar process between different planets is meaningful as it can help us in understanding the specific process further as well as help us in understanding the intrinsic properties of the magnetospheres. This research paper characterizes the proton properties of magnetospheric substorms of both planets, revealing that different mechanisms control the behavior of protons during the magnetospheric substorms of the two planets. Proton number densities are an order of magnitude higher, temperatures several times smaller, and κ values broader at Mercury than at EarthProtons become denser and cooler during the growth phase, and are depleted and heated after the substorm dipolarizations at both planetsκ changes are <20% at Earth, implying spectrum‐preserving accelerations, and >60% at Mercury, implying spectrum‐altering accelerations

Premedication in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for higher lesions detection rate has not been well studied so far. This study aimed to confirm whether premedication could improve the detection rate of early cancer or precancerous lesions and mucosal visibility. From July 2015 to December 2015, 7200 participants from 6 centers were screened by endoscopy with one of the 4 following premedications randomly: (1) water (group D); (2) pronase (group A); (3) simethicone (group B); (4) pronase and simethicone (group C). Early cancer and precancerous lesions detection rates were taken as the primary endpoints, and mucosal visibility was taken as the secondary endpoint. They were compared among four groups to determine different premedication effects in terms of different anatomical sites. Trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; the registration number is ChiCTR-IOR-17010985. The upper gastrointestinal overall precancerous lesion detection rates among four groups were 8.7, 8.4, 10.0, and 10.3%, the overall early cancer detection rates were 1.3, 1.4%, 1.5, and 1.6%, both without significant difference (p= 0.138 and 0.878). However, the visibility score distributions between control group (D) and premedication groups (A, B, and C) were all statistically significant, with all anatomical sites pvalues < 0.001. Subgroup analyses, from 2 centers without screening before, also showed significant difference in esophageal (3.9, 3.3, 4.5, and 8.4% with p= 0.004) and overall (7.0, 5.5, 7.3, and 12.0% with p= 0.004) precancerous lesion detection rate. Premedication with pronase and simethicone may not increase lesion detection rates but could significantly increase the upper gastrointestinal mucosal visibility.

A dipolarization front (DF) is known as the leading edge of an earthward high‐speed flow with a sharp enhancement in the northward magnetic field (Bz). Analysis of an event observed by Cluster shows that the behavior of oxygen ions (O+) around the DF is very different from protons (H+). After the crossing of the DF, the O+density decreases more gradually than H+. The distance between the density minimum of O+and the DF layer is ~4 times longer than that of H+, which is close to their gyroradii ratio with the same energy. A flux dropout is observed in the O+energy spectrum, whose energy dependence indicates that ions with higher energies can reach locations farther tailward of the DF. Similar variations are also seen in studies of 22 events in which a common pattern of ion properties is obtained by performing a superposed epoch analysis. Finally, using backward tracing test‐particle simulations, we reproduce the characteristics of the flux dropout and verify that the time dependence of the dropout is highly correlated with the gyromotion of different energy O+behind the DF. All these results provide a further understanding of ion dynamics associated with DFs and suggest that the observed O+ions are reflected within a half gyromotion in the central plasma sheet. The reflection of oxygen ions at the dipolarization front is studied in both observations and simulationsA flux dropout could be observed in the O+spectrum, whose contour is energy dependent and highly correlated with the gyromotion of different energy O+O+can extend to a further position after the DF due to its larger gyro‐radius than that of H+with the same energy

In 2015, the second cycle of the CONCORD programme established global surveillance of cancer survival as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems and to inform global policy on cancer control. CONCORD-3 updates the worldwide surveillance of cancer survival to 2014.

The rolling force model was the core factor for the control system of the cold rolled sheet, the prediction accuracy affect the final flatness and the strip thickness directly. A novel approach for the rolling force prediction of cold rolled sheet was first proposed based on the plastic mechanics, in which the cylindrical velocity field was used to analyze the metal flow in the deformation region by the upper bound analysis in this paper. The analysis solution of rolling torque, rolling force and stress state coefficient are obtained by minimizing the total power which contain the internal plastic power, frictional power, shear power and tense power. Moreover, the effects of frictional factor, reduction ratio and the tense on the location of neutral point and stress state coefficient are discussed, respectively, and the validity of the proposed model was verified by comparing with the traditional models. The calculation process was programed and applied in the control system of one 1450 mm cold tandem mill successfully, the prediction results was in good agreement with the actual measured ones, and deviation proportion in the range of ±10.0% reached 97.3%, it can meet the requirements of the control system in cold rolling process.

47-4744 JC571 MARC Stammers, Neil. Human rights and social movements. Pluto, 2009. 286p bibl index ISBN 9780745329123, $95.00; ISBN 9780745329116 pbk, $32.50 Stammers (Univ. of Sussex) argues that social movements [...]

The morphologic features of inclusions are expressed with fractal dimension, the growth rate of collision between condensed inclusions and refractory surface are calculated using Matlab software, and then such the theoretical calculation results are verified with water simulation experiments, in order to analyse growth of condensed inclusions induced by collision of the refractory surface; it is shown from the results: The probability of collision between condensed inclusions and refractory surface can be expressed as (S + Smax − r)/(a + Smax); within a cycle of 0.02 s, the maximum movable displacement of less-than-50 μm inclusions is 35.8 μm, and the collision growth rate decreases by 10−1times over conventional collision growth rate. The obvious increase appears in the growth rate of turbulence collision, and such the rate is much higher than Brown collision and Stokes collision, as the main reason why refractory surface inclusion layer increases gradually.

Adaptive responses to stressful stimuli involving behavioral, emotional and metabolic changes are orchestrated by the nervous and endocrine systems. Adipose tissue has been recognized as a highly active metabolic and endocrine organ, secreting adipokines that operate as hormones to mediate the crosstalk with other organs including the brain. The role of adipose tissue in sensing and responding to emotional stress and in behavioral regulation, however, remains largely unknown. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key transcriptional factor controlling adipokine gene expression. Here we show that chronic social defeat stress decreases messenger RNA and protein levels of PPARγ in adipose tissue of susceptible but not resilient mice, which was correlated with social avoidance behavior. A corresponding reduction in adipose adiponectin production was observed in susceptible mice. Rosiglitazone, a blood–brain barrier-impermeant PPARγ-selective agonist, elicited antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behavioral effects in wild-type mice, with a concurrent increase in plasma adiponectin levels. These effects of rosiglitazone were absent in mice lacking adiponectin but having normal PPARγ expression in adipose tissue and brain. Moreover, pretreatment with the PPARγ-selective antagonist GW9662 blocked rosiglitazone-induced adiponectin expression and antidepressant/anxiolytic-like effects. Together, these results suggest that the behavioral responses to rosiglitazone are mediated through PPARγ-dependent induction of adiponectin. Our findings support an important role for the adipose PPARγ-adiponectin axis in susceptibility to stress and negative emotion-related behaviors. Selectively targeting PPARγ in adipose tissue may offer novel strategies for combating depression and anxiety.

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of involutional blepharoptosis in a nationwide representative sample in Korea.MethodsCross-sectional study 20 941 Korean men and women 40 years of age and older who participated in last 2 years (2008 and 2009) of the 4th wave of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV and the first 2 years (2010 and 2011) of KNHANES V. Ocular examinations were performed by ophthalmologists trained in procedure and grading methods, and blepharoptosis was defined as a marginal reflex distance <2 mm on either eye.ResultsThe prevalence of involutional blepharoptosis in the Korean adult was 13.5% (95% CI: 12.1%, 14.9%). It was increasing along with aging (5.4% among 40’s and 32.8% in people over 70 years old). A statistically significant negative association between levator function and blepharoptosis was found. With right eye, while only 5.4% (95% CI: 4.5%, 6.2%) had blepharoptosis among people whose levator function was excellent (≥12 mm), 71.4% (95% CI: 60.0%, 85.9%) of people whose levator function was poor (≤4 mm) had blepharoptosis. Hypertension, diabetes, higher body mass index (BMI), and lower education had statistically significant association with blepharoptosis adjusting all other confounders.ConclusionsThe distribution and proportional changes of levator function and marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) with aging implicate a contributory role of muscular degeneration. Strong association with hypertension, diabetes, BMI, and education level suggests that etiology of involutional blepharoptosis would be multifactorial and further investigation would be necessary to determine precise mechanism and contribution of factors.

Objectives:This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the positive role of treadmill training (TMT) in locomotor recovery.Methods:GSE52763 microarray data were downloaded from GEO database, which was collected from the lumbar spinal cord samples of three groups of mice: mice subjected to contusive injury and killed 1 week after injury (I1), mice subjected to injury and killed 3 weeks after injury (I3), and mice subjected to injury and TMT beginning at week 1 and lasting until week 3 (T3). Differential expression analysis between I3 and I1, between T3 and I1 and between T3 and I3 were performed by T-test using R/LIMMA. Genes with |log2FC (fold change)|>0.58 and P-value<0.05 were considered as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Specific I3 vs I1 DEGs and T3 vs I1 DEGs were screened. Then TMT-induced specific DEGs were subject to functional and pathway enrichment analysis using DAVID online tool. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis was also carried out using the STRING database.Results:Finally, 82 upregulated DEGs and 297 downregulated DEGs were found specifically induced by TMT. Specific upregulated DEGs were mostly enriched in response to organic substance and morphogenesis-related events, and specific downregulated DEGs were related to positive regulation of transcription. ATP2A1, PRKACA, ITPR2 and so on had high connection degree in the PPI network of the specific upregulated DEGs; FOS, GSK3B and so on had high degrees in the PPI network of the specific downregulated DEGs.Conclusion:ATP2A1, C-FOS and GSK3B may have critical roles in the positive role of TMT in locomotor recovery.

The optical power emitting from the cavity facet of blue InGaN-based laser diodes (LDs) is measured to investigate the efficiency droop. The efficiency droop behavior of blue InGaN-based LDs near the threshold is confirmed in our experiments. From measurements of optical power at different wavelengths, it is analyzed that the droop behavior of LDs can be ascribed to the efficiency reduction of longer wavelengths. The efficiency of longer wavelengths is subject to the carrier occupation process in quantum levels. In addition, it is found that the droop behavior may be largely affected by the relatively large threshold current of InGaN-based LDs and the screening effect of polarization, and it can be suppressed by stimulated emission.

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is highly expressed in various cancers and is correlated with poorer outcome in breast and other cancers. Here we tested the role of targeting RAGE by multiple approaches in the tumor and tumor microenvironment, to inhibit the metastatic process. We first tested how RAGE impacts tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms using either RAGE overexpression or knockdown with short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RAGE ectopic overexpression in breast cancer cells increased MEK-EMT (MEK-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) signaling, transwell invasion and soft agar colony formation, and in vivopromoted lung metastasis independent of tumor growth. RAGE knockdown with multiple independent shRNAs in breast cancer cells led to decreased transwell invasion and soft agar colony formation, without affecting proliferation. In vivo, targeting RAGE shRNA knockdown in human and mouse breast cancer cells, decreased orthotopic tumor growth, reduced tumor angiogenesis and recruitment of inflammatory cells, and markedly decreased metastasis to the lung and liver in multiple xenograft and syngeneic mouse models. To test the non-tumor cell microenvironment role of RAGE, we performed syngeneic studies with orthotopically injected breast cancer cells in wild-type and RAGE-knockout C57BL6 mice. RAGE-knockout mice displayed striking impairment of tumor cell growth compared with wild-type mice, along with decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, tumor angiogenesis and inflammatory cell recruitment. To test the combined inhibition of RAGE in both tumor cell-intrinsic and non-tumor cells of the microenvironment, we performed in vivotreatment of xenografted tumors with FPS-ZM1 (1 mg/kg, two times per week). Compared with vehicle, FPS-ZM1 inhibited primary tumor growth, inhibited tumor angiogenesis and inflammatory cell recruitment and, most importantly, prevented metastasis to the lung and liver. These data demonstrate that RAGE drives tumor progression and metastasis through distinct tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms, and may represent a novel and therapeutically viable approach for treating metastatic cancers.

Alkali metals are one of the important factors promoting the degradation of coke in blast furnace. Previous studies usually focused on the properties of coke affected, respectively, by K and Na separately, while K and Na will simultaneously affect coke performance in the actual production of blast furnace. Through simulating the actual situation where coke is affected by K and Na vapours simultaneously in blast furnace, the evolution of coke structure and thermal properties (CRI, CSR) after alkalisation with different proportions of K and Na vapours are revealed in this study. Results showed that coke structure was broken when the proportion of alkali vapours reached 3%, and coke fine formation rate increased with the increase of K vapour, indicating that K vapour caused a great damage to coke structure; CRI of coke reached the highest and CSR the lowest when K/Na ratio was 3/7. It was observed with SEM/energy dispersive spectrometer that K and Na existed in both mineral matters and carbon matrix; nepheline, generated when coke reacted with alkaline (K, Na) vapours, was determined by XRD. The content of K and Na in nepheline is dependent on the ratio of alkaline (K, Na).

49-4055 DR590 MARC Ungor, Ugur Umit. The making of modern Turkey: nation and state in eastern Anatolia, 1913-50. Oxford, 2011. 303p bibl index alp ISBN 019960360X, $125.00; ISBN 9780199603602, $125.00 [...]

ABSTRACTDwarfing rootstocks are regularly used to cultivate apples in apple-producing countries, including China. Here, we investigated how the use of different dwarfing interstocks affects the growth vigour, morphology, and physical and biochemical indices of Huahong apple saplings. This information was used to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in dwarfing. We found that the degree to which trees were dwarfed differed (63%–83%) with different dwarfing interstocks. Preliminary correlation analysis and factor analysis showed that internode length and the number of root tips represented the main morphological indices for evaluating the dwarfing effects of dwarfing interstocks. In addition, shoot water potential, net photosynthetic rate, indole-3-acetic acid oxidase activity and starch content could be used as physiological and biochemical indices for evaluating the degree of dwarfing. These data provide important insights about the dwarfing mechanisms of dwarfing interstocks to help improve the cultivation methods used for apple production.

The effects of Al composition in p‐type AlGaN electron blocking layer (EBL) on electron leakage and device performance in InGaN‐based quantum well (QW) laser diodes (LDs) are numerically investigated in connection with the depth of QWs. It is found that the effectiveness of EBL in blocking electron leakage depends much on Al content in EBL and In content in InGaN QWs. It is effective for low‐In‐content InGaN QW LDs to add moderate Al in AlGaN EBL, while it is hardly helpful and even harmful for high‐In‐content InGaN QW LDs to increase Al content. In addition, it is found that too much Al in EBL is unfavorable for all LDs due to the downward conduction band‐bending in the last quantum barrier (LQB) layer.

This study focuses on weld quality evaluation by electrode voltage in small-scale resistance spot welding of titanium alloy. Voltage curve could be divided into four stages based on the variation characteristic. The single voltage peak was detected as combined effects of increasing bulk material resistivity and nugget size. Variations of voltage curve shape, voltage peak and failure load were more sensitive to welding current than electrode force. A generalised regression neural network was proposed to evaluate weld quality using features extracted from voltage signal. A discrete Hopfield neural network was also applied for electrode voltage recognition. The recognised voltage patterns were found effective in identifying different quality levels. A real-time and on-line quality monitoring system could be developed.

Airborne microorganism level is an important indoor air quality indicator, yet it has not been well documented for laying-hen houses in the United States. As a part of the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply (CSES) environmental monitoring project, this study comparatively monitored the concentrations and emissions of airborne total and Gram-negative (Gram−) bacteria in three types of commercial laying-hen houses, i.e., conventional cage (CC), aviary (AV), and enriched colony (EC) houses, over a period of eight months covering the mid and late stages of the flock cycle. It also delineated the relationship between airborne total bacteria and particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10). The results showed airborne total bacteria concentrations (log CFU/m3) of 4.7 ± 0.3 in CC, 6.0 ± 0.8 in AV, and 4.8 ± 0.3 in EC, all being higher than the level recommended for human environment (3.0 log CFU/m3). The much higher concentrations in AV arose from the presence of floor litter and hen activities on it, as evidenced by the higher concentrations in the afternoon (with litter access) than in the morning (without litter access). The overall means and standard deviation of airborne total bacteria emission rates, in log CFU/[h-hen] (or log CFU/[h-AU], AU = animal unit or 500 kg live weight) were 4.8 ± 0.4 (or 7.3 ± 0.4) for CC, 6.1 ± 0.7 (or 8.6 ± 0.7) for AV, and 4.8 ± 0.5 (or 7.3 ± 0.5) for EC. Both concentration and emission rate of airborne total bacteria were positively related to PM10. Gram−bacteria were present at low concentrations in all houses; and only 2 samples (6%) in CC, 7 (22%) samples in AV, and 2 (6%) samples in EC out of 32 air samples collected in each house were found positive with Gram−bacteria. The concentration of airborne Gram−bacteria was estimated to be <2% of the total bacteria. Total bacteria counts in manure on belt (in all houses) and floor litter (only in AV) were similar; however, the manure had much more Gram−bacteria than the litter. The results point out the need to mitigate airborne total bacteria in laying-hen houses, especially in AV houses.

In this paper, the control requirement of the air path system of a Heavy Duty (HD) diesel engine which was equipped with a High Pressure (HP) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), a Variable-Geometry Turbocharger (VGT), and an Electric Turbocharge Assist (ETA) is discussed. A Three-Input-Three-Output (3130) multivariable control structure is proposed. The engine dynamic model required for controller design was obtained using system identification and the controller was tuned by solving an Hoo optimization problem. The engine experimental test results show that this 3130 closed-loop control system has excellent tracking performance, disturbance rejection performance, and gain scheduling capability. The control system has been demonstrated to work with a practical ETA device to make a substantial improvement to engine transient performance.

Passivation treatments in NaOH, H2SO4and HCl were conducted in order to improve the oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2at 500°C. The oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2passivated in NaOH was the greatest of any treatments due to the formation of an amorphous film during passivation treatment, which became dense, crystalline and seemingly highly protective during oxidation. The detrimental phase transformation of TiO2was limited by doping with SiO2. Different levels of corrosion happened during passivation treatment in H2SO4and HCl, which is harmful to oxidation resistance.

We take a unified approach to study the open set lattices of various subspaces of the spectrum of a multiplicative lattice L. The main aim is to establish the order isomorphism between the open set lattice of the respective subspace and a sub-poset of L. The motivating result is the well known fact that the topology of the spectrum of a commutative ring R with identity is isomorphic to the lattice of all radical ideals of R. The main results are as follows: (i) for a given nonempty set S of prime elements of a multiplicative lattice L, we define the S-semiprime elements and prove that the open set lattice of the subspace S of Spec(L) is isomorphic to the lattice of all S-semiprime elements of L; (ii) if L is a continuous lattice, then the open set lattice of the prime spectrum of L is isomorphic to the lattice of all m-semiprime elements of L; (iii) we define the pure elements, a generalization of the notion of pure ideals in a multiplicative lattice and prove that for certain types of multiplicative lattices, the sub-poset of pure elements of L is isomorphic to the open set lattice of the subspace Max(L) consisting of all maximal elements of L.

In order to enhance the optical confinement and to reduce the vertical electron leakage current of InGaN‐based multiple quantum well (MQW) laser diodes, a 2 nm GaN/5 nm In0.05Ga0.95N composite layer is designed as the last barrier layer between the MQW and AlGaN blocking layer in the p‐region. The device simulation shows that the laser diode then has a lower threshold current and a higher output light power under same injection current than the conventional laser diodes without such a composite barrier layer. It is found that the thickness of InGaN has little influence on the P–Icharacteristic, while the In composition significantly changes the threshold current and output light power properties of laser diodes, which is attributed to the enhanced optical confinement and reduced vertical electron leakage current escaping from active region to p‐doped region. The influences of the two parameters to modal gain are analyzed, too.

49-1540 JC330 2010-278547 MARC Lachmann, Richard. States and power. Polity, 2010. 234p bibl index ISBN 9780745645384, $69.95; ISBN 9780745645391 pbk, $22.95 Sociologist Lachmann (SUNY, Albany), focusing on the rise of [...]