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Byline: Xiao-Ling. Xu, Yi-Ping. Zhang, Yun. Fang, Dan. Su, Wei. Chen, Jian-Guo. Feng, Zhu-Peng. Li, Wei-Min. Mao Purpose: Genetic polymorphisms of ribonucleotidereductase M1 (RRM1) was a DNA repair gene, which [...]

Ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE) is a critical parameter in estimating CO2uptake by vegetation from climatological and satellite data. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics and biophysical regulations of ecosystem‐level LUE are not well understood, resulting in large uncertainties in the estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) using LUE‐based models. In this study, we used eddy covariance to explore spatiotemporal variations and controls of LUE in four contrasting forest ecosystems (savanna, tropical rainforest, subtropical evergreen forest, and subalpine coniferous forest). Based on 27 site years of data, we found that (1) the multiyear mean LUE was 0.063, 0.251, 0.247, and 0.140 g C· mol photon−1in the four contrasting ecosystems, respectively; (2) the LUE in the wet season (May–October) was higher than that in the dry season in all studied ecosystems; (3) the leaf area index controlled GPP and LUE significantly and explained 74%, 29%, 54%, and 36% of the variation in GPP and 51%, 19%, 41%, and 54% of the variation in LUE in the four contrasting ecosystems, respectively; (4) path analysis revealed the critical roles of GPP and vapor pressure deficit in controlling LUE in these four forest ecosystems; and (5) under warming scenarios, LUE may decrease in savanna but increase in the other three ecosystems, while decreasing precipitation (P) may reduce LUE in the ecosystems studied. This study improves our understanding of the influence of biophysical factors on LUE and demonstrates how LUE changes with variations in temperature, soil moisture, and leaf area index, thereby improving estimations of large‐scale carbon exchange/cycling. Evergreen broad‐leaved forest (EBF) ecosystem shows higher LUE than subalpine coniferous/savanna ecosystemsThe vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and leaf area index (LAI) largely determine the variability in LUEWarming might decrease LUE in the savanna ecosystem and may increase LUE in the other three ecosystems

Accurate estimation of regional and global patterns of ecosystem respiration (ER) is crucial to improve the understanding of terrestrial carbon cycles and the predictive ability of the global carbon budget. However, large uncertainties still exist in regional and global ER estimation due to the drawbacks of modeling methods. Based on eddy covariance ER data from 132 sites in China from 2002 to 2020, we established Intelligent Random Forest (IRF) models that integrated ecological understanding with machine learning techniques to estimate ER. The results showed that the IRF models performed better than semiempirical models and machine learning algorithms. The observed data revealed that gross primary productivity (GPP), living plant biomass, and soil organic carbon (SOC) were of great importance in controlling the spatiotemporal variability of ER across China. An optimal model governed by annual GPP, living plant biomass, SOC, and air temperature (IRF‐04 model) matched 93% of the spatiotemporal variation in site‐level ER, and was adopted to evaluate the spatiotemporal pattern of ER in China. Using the optimal model, we obtained that the annual value of ER in China ranged from 5.05 to 5.84 Pg C yr−1between 2000 and 2020, with an average value of 5.53 ± 0.22 Pg C yr−1. In this study, we suggest that future models should integrate process‐based and data‐driven approaches for understanding and evaluating regional and global carbon budgets. With China already committing to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, an accurate assessment of land carbon sink and its flux rate in China is an increasingly important area in global change ecology. In this essay, a high‐efficiency and accurate simulation method was introduced in this field; This method is particularly useful in the assessment of carbon sink and its flux rate in China by combining with reliable observation flux data. Using this new method, a reliable and reasonable value of carbon flux (ecosystem respiration) was obtained. Meanwhile, that method provides a better understanding of the mechanism governing the spatiotemporal variability of carbon flux. Therefore, this present study has gone some way toward enhancing our understanding of a comprehensive assessment and analysis of land carbon sink in China. A model integrating ecological knowledge and machine learning was established to estimate ecosystem respiration (ER) in ChinaThe spatiotemporal patterns of ER are significantly affected by productivity, plant biomass, soil organic carbon, and air temperatureChina's ER was estimated to be 5.53 ± 0.22 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C yr−1) on average for the years 2000–2020 A model integrating ecological knowledge and machine learning was established to estimate ecosystem respiration (ER) in China The spatiotemporal patterns of ER are significantly affected by productivity, plant biomass, soil organic carbon, and air temperature China's ER was estimated to be 5.53 ± 0.22 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C yr−1) on average for the years 2000–2020

Bone metastasis is frequently associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The diagnosis and follow-up of bone metastatic patients usually relies on skeletal X-ray and bone scintigraphy, which are time-consuming and costly. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum alkaline phosphatase offers clinical value in predicting the clinical response and survival outcome for skeletal metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

C19H18N2O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a= 9.832(2) Å, b= 10.590(2) Å, c= 17.794(3) Å, α= 77.080(3)°, β= 81.720(4)°, γ= 64.958(3)°, V= 1633.7(5) Å3, Z= 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0634, wRref(F2) = 0.1964, T= 296 K.

Finding the new type of sustainable and green energy is the key point to solve the problem of energy shortage and meet the requirement of intelligent roadway. Technologies of harvesting energy from the roadway environment have been paid more and more attention. To promote the research and development of energy harvesting from roadway, technical approach and research status of energy harvesting from roadway are reviewed. Development direction and hot issues in the future are proposed for utilizing multiple kinds of integrated energies.

This study examined effects of various blending ratio of desalinated water and tap water on iron release. Pipe rig tests were conducted to simulate and demonstrate iron release in response to water quality changes. Results show that compare to conventional treated water, desalinated water has a pronounced effect on the iron release in ductile iron pipe; increasing fractions of desalinated water in the blends result in higher total iron release. An increase in pH from 8.0 to 10.0 after 24 hours was found due to alkaline substances (like calcium oxide) releasing from the cement mortar lining and the poor buffering capacity of desalinated water.

At present, resources and environment situation is not optimistic in our country, therefore, the 11th five-year plan outline points out "energy conservation and emissions reduction. The use of solar energy, wind energy, hydrogen and other clean energy power generation technology continues to advance, at the same time, the use of idle energy for power generation is increasing attention. When the car passes through the deceleration strip, it can make the idle energy into power, which is very much in line with the concept of energy saving and emission reduction. This article will introduce the present situation and development prospect of road deceleration strip to generate power.

Preoperative elevation of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) is reportedly associated with poor prognosis in several types of cancer. This study investigated the role of serum CRP as a prognostic factor in early‐stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The preoperative serum CRP levels were measured in 156 newly diagnosed pT1–2N0M0 patients using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between serum CRP levels and other clinical parameters were analyzed. Multivariate analyses were performed to find prognostic markers using Cox's proportional hazards model. CRP concentrations were within the normal range in 117 (75%) individuals, but were elevated in 39 (25%) patients. Serum CRP levels were significantly correlated with the tumor length (p= 0.032), depth (T classification, p= 0.0157), or histologic grade (p= 0.034). The overall 5‐year survival rates were 76.3% and 50.2% in the low‐ and high‐CRP groups, respectively (p= 0.005). By multivariate analyses, the elevated serum CRP level was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor survival (hazard ratio = 2.131; p= 0.007), regardless of tumor classification or other prognostic factors. In conclusion, preoperative, high serum CRP is an independent determinant of poor prognosis in early‐stage ESCC.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of a single subcutaneous injection of pegylated filgrastim with daily filgrastim as a prophylaxis for neutropenia induced by commonly used chemotherapy regimens. Fifteen centers enrolled 337 chemotherapy-naive cancer patients with normal bone marrow function. All patients randomized into AOB and BOA arms received two cycles of chemotherapy. Patients received a single dose of pegylated filgrastim 100 µgkg in cycle 1 (AOB) or cycle 2 (BOA) and daily doses of filgrastim 5 µgkgday in cycle 1 (BOA) or cycle 2 (AOB). Efficacy and safety parameters were recorded. The primary end point was the rate of protection against grade 4 neutropenia after chemotherapy defined as the rate at which the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) remained >0.5×109l throughout the entire cycle. Ninety-four percent of patients receiving pegylated filgrastim or filgrastim did not develop grade 4 neutropenia. The incidence of ANC<1.0×109l was 16.0 (50313) after support with either pegylated filgrastim or filgrastim. The incidences of febrile neutropenia and antibiotic administration were similar in both groups. Notably, faster ANC recovery was observed with pegylated filgrastim support. The ANC nadir was also earlier with pegylated filgrastim (day 7) support than with filgrastim support (day 9), although the depth of nadir was not significantly different. A single subcutaneous injection of pegylated filgrastim 100 gkg provided adequate and safe neutrophil support comparable with daily subcutaneous injections of unmodified filgrastim 5 gkgday in patients receiving commonly used standard-dose mild-to-moderate myelosuppressive chemotherapy regimens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) genetic polymorphisms and the clinical efficacy of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).A total of 135 chemonaive patients with unresectable advanced NSCLC were treated with gemcitabine/platinum regimens. The polymorphisms of MTHFRC677T, ERCC1C8092A, and ERCC1C118T were genotyped using the TaqMan methods.The overall response rate was 28.9%. Patients with MTHFRCC genotype had a higher rate of objective response than patients with variant genotype (TT or CT) (41.2% versus 19.1%, P=0.01). Median time to progression (TTP) of patients with MTHFRCC genotype was longer than that of patients with variant genotype (7.6 months versus 5.0 months, P=0.003). No significant associations were obtained between ERCC1C118T and C8092A polymorphisms and both response and survival.Our data suggest the value of MTHFRC677T polymorphism as a possible predictive marker of response and TTP in advanced NSCLC patients treated with gemcitabine/platinum.

Based on the model–data comparison at the eddy-covariance observation sites from CarboEastAsia datasets, we report the current status of the terrestrial carbon cycle modeling in monsoon Asia. In order to assess the modeling performance and discuss future requirements for both modeling and observation efforts in Asia, we ran eight terrestrial biosphere models at 24 sites from 1901 to 2010. By analyzing the modeled carbon fluxes against the CarboEastAsia datasets, the strengths and weaknesses of terrestrial biosphere modeling over Asia were evaluated. In terms of pattern and magnitude, the carbon fluxes (i.e., gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange) at the temperate and boreal forest sites were simulated best, whereas the simulation results from the tropical forest, cropland, and disturbed sites were poor. The multi-model ensemble mean values showed lower root mean square errors and higher correlations, suggesting that composition of multiple terrestrial biosphere models would be preferable for terrestrial carbon budget assessments in Asia. These results indicate that the current model-based estimation of terrestrial carbon budget has large uncertainties, and future research should further refine the models to permit re-evaluation of the terrestrial carbon budget.Based on the model–data comparison at the eddy-covariance observation sites from CarboEastAsia datasets, we report the current status of the terrestrial carbon cycle modeling in monsoon Asia. In order to assess the modeling performance and discuss future requirements for both modeling and observation efforts in Asia, we ran eight terrestrial biosphere models at 24 sites from 1901 to 2010. By analyzing the modeled carbon fluxes against the CarboEastAsia datasets, the strengths and weaknesses of terrestrial biosphere modeling over Asia were evaluated. In terms of pattern and magnitude, the carbon fluxes (i.e., gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange) at the temperate and boreal forest sites were simulated best, whereas the simulation results from the tropical forest, cropland, and disturbed sites were poor. The multi-model ensemble mean values showed lower root mean square errors and higher correlations, suggesting that composition of multiple terrestrial biosphere models would be preferable for terrestrial carbon budget assessments in Asia. These results indicate that the current model-based estimation of terrestrial carbon budget has large uncertainties, and future research should further refine the models to permit re-evaluation of the terrestrial carbon budget.

AbstractThe datasets of net ecosystem CO2exchange (NEE) were acquired from 21 forests, 3 grasslands, and 3 croplands in the eastern part of Asia based on the eddy covariance measurements of the international joint program, CarboEastAsia. The program was conducted by three networks in Asia, ChinaFLUX, JapanFlux, and KoFlux, to quantify, synthesize, and understand the carbon budget of the eastern part of Asia. An intercomparison was conducted for NEE estimated by three gap-filling procedures adopted by ChinaFLUX, JapanFlux, and KoFlux to test the range of uncertainty in the estimation of NEE. The overall comparison indicated good agreement among the procedures in the seasonal patterns of NEE, although a bias was observed in dormant seasons depending on the different criteria of data screening. Based on the gap-filled datasets, the magnitude and seasonality of the carbon budget were compared among various biome types, phenology, and stress conditions throughout Asia. The annual values of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration were almost proportional to the annual air temperature. Forest management, including clear-cutting, plantation, and artificial drainage, was significant and obviously affected the annual carbon uptake within the forests. Agricultural management resulted in notable seasonal patterns in the crop sites. The dataset obtained from a variety of biome types would be an essential source of knowledge for ecosystem science as well as a valuable validation dataset for modeling and remote sensing to upscale the carbon budget estimations in Asia.

The outlast rayon fabric reduce perspiration, prevent overheated, maintain cool, increase comfort, and can reduce the surface temperature when the weather is oppressive. The Outlast plain elastic and the jersey knitting fabric is designed and developed. Cautions that in weaves, pre-treating and dyeing process are pointed out. So it provides a theoretical basis for researcher to develop comfort textiles having smart temperature regulation function.

Hemp fiber has many excellent properties, but there are certain difficulties in spinning yarn because the fiber is hard and its cohesion is small. Cotton fiber is soft and its length, fineness is uniform therefore has excellent spin ability and can compensate for the shortage of hemp fiber. We developed the knitted fabrics that have moisture absorption and dry-fast properties using the hemp/cotton blended yarn and discussed weft knitting, dying as well as finishing processes. This shell fabric has special performance such as moisture absorption and air permeability, anti-mildew and antibacterial, anti-ultraviolet ray, antistatic, ecological health ect, which is the ideal sports and summer fabric.

The relationships among the n, ap , and f of the SiCp /Cu composite material produced by powder metallurgy and extrusion have been investigated. The cutting force F of this material is also discussed in this paper by the measuring of the three cutting factors of n, ap, and f, applying the dislocation theory and the electron microscope analysis of the cutting surface and sub-surface. The differences are analyzed between the SiCp/Cu composite materials, QSn6-6-3. H59-1and the copper cutting surface and the sub-surface. The forming of mechanism, the function of SiCp in the cutting process and the influence on the cutting surface quality are also analyzed. This research has shown: because the SiCp particles prevent the dislocation moving, the dislocation groups are formed on the SiC/Cu interface, and the stress concentration is produced, the typical brittle separation appears in the SiC/Cu composite material cutting process. In addition, the cutting force increases with the depth of cut and feed increasing and decreases while the cutting speed increases.

Nnumerical tests on three-dimensional failure process of rock samples containing vertical wall semi-arched tunnel with and without reinforcing are carried out with Mechsoft’s RFPA-Parallel system running on Lenovo 1800 Cluster, reproducing zonal disintegration phenomenon within rockmass around deep tunnels, and then the deep tunnel reinforcing influences on zonal disintegration within rockmass around tunnel is analyzed. Numerical results indicate that deep tunnel reinforcing does not change the general nature to form zonal disintegration phenomenon, but it can improve the stability of the tunnel wall.

The filling construction of permeable geosynthetic tubes is considered. First, an analytical approach is developed to determine the internal pressure, tension and shape of the cross section of a geosynthetic tube based on its volume. An analytical solution for the drainage rate of the tube is then derived. The course of the filling construction is divided into several time intervals and the volume of the tube after each interval is obtained from the equilibrium of flow calculated from the drainage rate and filling rate. The validity of our analytical approach is tested by comparing our results with previously published experimental result. The results of this comparison indicate that our method is applicable for simulating the filling construction of permeable geosynthetic tubes.

C25H23N5O4, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a= 8.157(2) Å, b= 9.262(2) Å, c= 15.465(4) Å, α= 87.887(4)°, β= 89.803(4)°, γ= 72.727(4)°, V= 1114.9(5) Å3, Z= 2, Rgt(F)= 0.0755, wRret(F2)= 0.184, T= 298 K.

Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V is a near alpha titanium alloy strengthened by solid solution with Al and other components. In this study, a series of experiments on tool wear and surface integrity in high speed milling (HSM) of this alloy were carried out. The tool lives under different cutting speeds were studied and the corresponding empirical equation of tool life was derived. Additionally, the wear mechanism of cutting tools was also discussed. Finally, surface integrity, including surface roughness, metallograph, work hardening and residual stresses, were examined and analysed. The result shows that good surface quality of workpiece could be obtained in HSM of the alloy.

The goal of this article is to summarize very recent technologic advances in neurophysiologic monitoring and to illustrate their potential benefit to critical care medicine.

Embryonic day 14 rat cerebral cortex-derived precursors were expanded with FGF2 and labeled with BrdU prior to being transplanted into the kainic acid-lesioned adult rat spinal cord. While these precursors give rise to cells with neuronal, astrocytic and oligodendroglial phenotypes in vitro, they remained largely undifferentiated up to 12 weeks in vivo. Numerous BrdU-labeled cells were found in injured gray matter, and also lining the dilated central canal that sometimes accompanies these lesions. BrdU-labeled cells never co- expressed Map2ab, rarely co-expressed GFAP but often co-expressed nestin, even after 12 weeks in vivo. These observations suggest that the environment of the kainic acid-injured spinal cord is not hostile to transplanted embryonic cerebral cortex-derived precursors, but also is not conducive to their neuronal differentation.

ABSTRACTOur previous work showed that the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan could induce an erosive polyarthritis and spondylitis in BALB/c mice and the G1 globular domain of the aggrecan (G1) contained the arthritogenic region. To elucidate whether autoreactive T cells to G1 are expressed in rheumatoid arthritis patients, we analyzed the frequency of human G1-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of five rheumatoid arthritis patients and tried to establish G1-reactive T cell lines from these rheumatoid arthritis patients. The results showed that the G1-specific T cells in PBL were detectable at the range of 4.97 ± 0.5 × 10−6in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have also generated 15 G1- specific T lymphocyte lines from these pateints with a standard split-well method. All these cells expressed fine specificity to human recombinant G1, but not to unrelated antigen. All the 15 lines expressed a pan-T cell marker and 13 of them selectively used the αβ T cell receptor. Two of them used γδ T cell receptor. The 13 of these T cell lines was CD4 positive. One line expressed CD8. One line expressed both CD4 and CD8. Moreover, 14 out of 15 lines expressed the Th-1 cytokine profile, characterized by interferon- γ positivity and IL-4 negativity. No Th-2 type cell line was generated. These data provide strong evidence in favor of the presence of autoreactive T cells in the rheumatoid arthritis pateints. What is the mechanism(s) that these autoreactive T cells attack self-target and whether these G1- specific, Th-1 type T cell lines can induce arthritis in immune deficiency mice are currently under investigation.

•Useless hand syndrome (UHS) is often associated with multiple sclerosis (MS).•UHS is clumsiness of complex finger movements and loss of manual dexterity.•UHS is commonly due to lesions in the posterior columns of the upper cervical cord.•UHS may be the first demyelinating event in MS or may occur in pre-existing MS.•Normal EMG/NCV and central somatosensory pathway dysfunction may signal UHS and MS.

C19H17FN2O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a= 7.8593(19) Å, b= 10.3322(18) Å, c= 10.9747(19) Å, α= 108.914(18)°, β= 92.931(3)°, γ= 99.544(3)°, V= 826.1(3) Å3, Z= 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0431, wRref(F2) = 0.1170, T= 296.15 K.

C19H17BrN2O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a= 8.3979(11) Å, b= 10.4083(14) Å, c= 11.1696(15) Å, α= 69.270(2)°, β= 89.401(2)°, γ= 73.709(2)°, V= 872.1(2) Å3, Z= 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0422, wRref(F2) = 0.1138, T= 296.15 K.

C25H19N5O3S, monoclinic, P21/c(no. 14), a= 16.715(2) Å, b= 11.2677(15) Å, c= 12.6490(17) Å, β= 110.818(2)°, V= 2226.7(5) Å3, Z= 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0424, wRref(F2) = 0.1037, T= 296 K.

C18H15FN2O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a= 7.8272(8) Å, b= 9.6662(10) Å, c= 10.9834(12) Å, α= 107.859(2)°, β= 92.559(2)°, γ= 99.415(2)°, V= 776.31(14) Å3, Z= 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0407, wRref(F2) = 0.1187, T= 296 K.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the leading cause of death from trauma in infants and young children. An AHT animal model was developed on 12-day-old mice subjected to 90° head extension-flexion sagittal shaking repeated 30, 60, 80 and 100 times. The mortality and time until return of consciousness were dependent on the number of repeats and severity of the injury. Following 60 episodes of repeated head shakings, the pups demonstrated apnea and/or bradycardia immediately after injury. Acute oxygen desaturation was observed by pulse oximetry during respiratory and cardiac suppression. The cerebral blood perfusion was assessed by laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) using a PeriCam PSI system. There was a severe reduction in cerebral blood perfusion immediately after the trauma that did not significantly improve within 24 h. The injured mice began to experience reversible sensorimotor function at 9 days postinjury (dpi), which had completely recovered at 28 dpi. However, cognitive deficits and anxiety-like behavior remained. Subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage, damage to the brain-blood barrier and parenchymal edema were found in all pups subjected to 60 insults. Proinflammatory response and reactive gliosis were upregulated at 3 dpi. Degenerated neurons were found in the cerebral cortex and olfactory tubercles at 30 dpi. This mouse model of repetitive brain injury by rotational head acceleration-deceleration partially mimics the major pathophysiological and behavioral events that occur in children with AHT. The resultant hypoxia/ischemia suggests a potential mechanism underlying the secondary rotational acceleration-deceleration-induced brain injury in developing mice.

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a common injury on the battlefield and often results in permanent cognitive and neurological abnormalities. We report a novel compact device that creates graded bTBI in mice. The injury severity can be controlled by precise pressures that mimic Friedlander shockwave curves. The mouse head was stabilized with a head fixator, and the body was protected with a metal shield; shockwave durations were 3 to 4 milliseconds. Reflective shockwave peak readings at the position of the mouse head were 12 ± 2.6 psi, 50 ± 20.3 psi, and 100 ± 33.1 psi at 100, 200, and 250 psi predetermined driver chamber pressures, respectively. The bTBIs of 250 psi caused 80% mortality, which decreased to 27% with the metal shield. Brain and lung damage depended on the shockwave duration and amplitude. Cognitive deficits were assessed using the Morris water maze, Y-maze, and open-field tests. Pathological changes in the brain included disruption of the blood-brain barrier, multifocal neuronal and axonal degeneration, and reactive gliosis assessed by Evans Blue dye extravasation, silver and Fluoro-Jade B staining, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry, respectively. Behavioral and pathological changes were injury severity-dependent. This mouse bTBI model may be useful for investigating injury mechanisms and therapeutic strategies associated with bTBI.

An automatic image-reconstruction method is presented, based on the use of a mathematical morphology operator. Variable structural elements along multiple directions are adopted for image convolution, and then all of the corresponding convolved images are stacked to obtain a final result. To investigate its efficiency, both simulated images and raw CCD images, produced by a trial observation using a 45-cm telescope, are tested. With this method, the influence of degradation in astrometric CCD images is reduced, and the position accuracy of background stars is distinctly improved. This method will contribute significantly to optical data reduction and high-order precision astrometry.

Annexin A1 (ANXA1) has been suggested to be a mediator of the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids and more recently an endogenous neuroprotective agent. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of ANXA1 in a model of contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we report that injections of ANXA1 (Ac 2-26) into the acutely injured spinal cord at 2 concentrations (5 and 20 μg) inhibited SCI-induced increases in phospholipase A2 and myeloperoxidase activities. In addition, ANXA1 administration reduced the expression of interleukin-1β and activated caspase-3 at 24 hours, and glial fibrillary acidic protein at 4 weeks postinjury. Furthermore, ANXA1 administration significantly reversed phospholipase A2-induced spinal cord neuronal death in vitro and reduced tissue damage and increased white matter sparing in vivo, compared to the vehicle-treated controls. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed that ANXA1 administration protected axons of long descending pathways at 6 weeks post-SCI. ANXA1 administration also significantly increased the number of animals that responded to transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. However, no measurable behavioral improvement was found after these treatments. These results, particularly the improvements obtained in tissue sparing and electrophysiologic measures, suggest a neuroprotective effect of ANXA1.

The effect of spinal canal narrowing and the timing of decompression after a spinal cord injury were evaluated using a rat model.