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China's energy service demand statistics for the passenger transport sector only cover travel activities for business purpose. The incomplete data have made it very difficult to conduct long-term scenario analysis for this sector. Thus, this study develops a methodology by refining and combining vehicle activity and travel behavior methods. By taking advantage of the two methods, the extent of uncertainty in estimates can be reduced. A detailed description of China's energy service demand in the passenger transport sector for the years 2013, 2015, and 2017 are produced. Results show that there is a significant underestimation of total passenger transport turnover in governmental statistics. After reevaluation, the total passenger turnover doubled and increased by 146%, 167%, and 187%, resulting in national total passenger turnover of 6783, 8031, and 9406 billion passenger kilometers in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively. The majority of missing statistics are caused by not accounting for non-operational road transport, which is dominated by private vehicles. After adjustment, the road sector share in total passenger turnover grew substantially from 30% to 40% to approximately 75%, with the proportion of urban travel continuing to increase. We found that without complete data on China's passenger turnover, it may result in more than three-fold overestimation for future travel demand, leading to inaccurate projections with much higher energy consumption and CO2emissions. It is therefore very important to have a detailed and precise calculation of energy service demand in the passenger transport sector. The estimation framework and step-by-step process can also be applied to other developing countries which are confronting similar statistical issues.

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in mammalian plasma and is often used as a model to understand the adhesion behavior of proteins on surfaces. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is used to non-destructively and dynamically detect the chemical change information between the protein and the surface during the adhesion process, which is especially suitable for in-situ measurement of samples in water. Therefore, the adhesion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the surface in H2O and D2O is investigated by ATR-FTIR technology, which effectively avoids the interference of the characteristic peak of deformation vibration of liquid H2O (1645 cm−1) on the amide I band of BSA. Sodium alginate, a polysaccharide widely present in the ocean, is introduced into the BSA solution to explore the changes in the adhesion process of proteins on the surface of ZnSe, and polarized ATR-FTIR spectra are also collected to study the adhesion orientation of BSA. Sodium alginate presents a negative effect on the adhesion of BSA on the surface and there is no specific orientation of BSA on the surface.

Understanding the characteristics of bacteriophages is crucial for the optimization of phage therapy. In this study, the biological and genomic characteristics of coliphage LHE83 were determined and its synergistic effects with different types of antibiotics against E. coliE82 were investigated. Phage LHE83 displayed a contractile tail morphology and had a titer of 3.02 × 109pfu/mL at an optimal MOI of 0.01. Meanwhile, phage LHE83 exhibited good physical and chemical factors tolerance. The one-step growth analysis revealed a latent period of ∼ 10 min with a burst size of 87 pfu/infected cell. Phage LHE83 belongs to the genus Dhakavirus. Its genome consists of 170,464 bp with a 40% GC content, and a total of 268 Open Reading Frames (ORF)were predicted with no detected virulent or resistant genes. ORF 213was predicted to encode the receptor binding protein (RBP) and confirmed by the antibody-blocking assay. Furthermore, a phage-resistant strain E. coliE82R was generated by co-culturing phage LHE83 with E. coliE82. Genomic analysis revealed that OmpA served as the receptor for phage LHE83, which was further confirmed by phage adsorption assay using E. coliBL21ΔOmpA, E. coliBL21ΔOmpA: OmpA and E. coliBL21:OmpA strains. Additionally, a synergistic effect was observed between phage LHE83 and spectinomycin against the drug-resistant strain E. coliE82. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the interactions between phages, antibiotics, and host bacteria, which can assist in the clinical application of phages and antibiotics against drug-resistant bacteria.

Objective Cerebral infarction has a poor prognosis and causes a serious burden on families and society. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and urokinase (UK) are commonly used thrombolytic agents in the clinic. However, direct and powerful clinical trial evidence to determine the therapeutic effect of rt-PA and UK on intravenous thrombolysis is lacking.Methods In this study, 180 patients with acute cerebral infarction were treated with rt-PA or UK. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, Barthel index, bleeding complications, and biomarkers were evaluated.Results No significant differences in NIHSS or Barthel scores were found between the groups. However, UK increased the risk of intracranial haemorrhage compared with rt-PA. rt-PA had increased activity in reducing serum levels of MMP-9 than UK.Conclusion Intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA and UK in the time window of acute cerebral infarction can achieve similar therapeutic effects, but rt-PA can further reduce the risk of cerebral haemorrhage and is relatively safer than UK.

AbstractTo investigate the metacercarial infections of fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT), a total of 6815 freshwater fish (in representing 13 species of 5 families) were collected from Songhua river (n= 2636), Nenjiang river (n= 1935), Mudanjiang river (n= 301), and other lakes or ponds (n= 1943) in 36 representative regions in Heilongjiang Province, China, from August 2012 to December 2015. Metacercariae of four FZT species, that is, Clonorchis sinensis, Metorchis orientalis, Isthmiophora hortensis,and Metagonimus yokogawai, metacercariae were detected in the examination by the artificial digestion method. As the partial data for C. sinensiswere previously reported, the remaining three FZT species are to be treated in this study. The overall prevalence of M. orientalis, I. hortensis, and M. yokogawai, metacercariae was 10.54%, 0.28%, and 1.35%, respectively. Metacercariae of M. orientaliswere detected in seven fish species, that is, Pseudorasbora parva, Hemiculter leucisculus, Saurogobio dabryi, Rhynchocypris lagowskii, Carassius auratus, Rhodeus ocellatusand Perccottus glehnii. Their prevalences were the highest in false dace, P. parva(26.81%), and in fish from Songhua river (17.94%). Metacercariae of I. hortensiswere detected in only one fish species, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, from Nenjiang river only. Metacercariae of M. yokogawaiwere detected in three fish species, that is, P. parva, H. leucisculusand S. dabryi. Their prevalences were the highest in sharpbelly, H. leucisculus(6.05%), and in fish from Mudanjiang river (5.65%). This study first demonstrated the existence of M. orientalis, I. hortensis, and M. yokogawaiin freshwater fish from Heilongjiang Province, posing a major public health concern. Eight fish species, namely M. anguillicaudatus, P. parva, H. leucisculus, S. dabryi, R. lagowskii, C. auratus, R. ocellatus, and P. glehnii, cannot be eaten raw. Moreover, the findings of this study not only extended the second intermediate host range of FZT, but also improve the information of the distribution of FZT in China.

AbstractThe apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondiiis a widely distributed etiological agent of foodborne illness. This parasite can cause production losses in livestock and serious disease in humans through consumption of contaminated meat. Pig meat is the most likely source of human infection, and wild boars may play a role in the transmission of T. gondiiby serving as a reservoir host. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondiiamong farmed wild boars in China. In an 11-month survey, a total of 882 serum samples were obtained from farmed wild boars from three cities (Jilin City, Siping City, and Baishan City) in Jilin province, Northeast China and were tested for antibodies specific for T. gondii. Using modified agglutination test and a cutoff titer of 1:25, the prevalence of T. gondiiinfection in the examined samples was 10.0% (88 of 882). The highest seroprevalence was observed in animals from Jilin city (15.3%, 43/281) and followed by Siping (11.4%, 30/263) and Baishan (4.4%, 15/338). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the investigated geographic region and T. gondiiinfection. In addition, prevalence was higher in females compared to males, and the highest prevalence was detected in piglets. These findings indicate that farmed wild boars may become a source of foodborne toxoplasmosis, posing a food safety threat to the public health in the investigated areas. Implementation of effective measures to control T. gondiiinfection in farmed wild boars in China may be warranted.

The diversity of bacteria and fungi in the gut microbiota of commercial broilers that raised in cages from hatch to the end of the production cycle were examined by an analysis of 3,592 and 3,899 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), respectively. More than 90% sequences in bacterial communities were related to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. More than 90% sequences in fungal communities were related to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota. A statistical analysis of the microbiota composition succession showed that age was one of the main factors affecting the intestinal microbial communities of broilers. The increasingly complex community succession of transient microbiota occurred along with an increase of age. This dynamic change was observed to be similar between bacteria and fungi. The gut microbiota had a special structure in the first 3 d after birth of broiler. The microbiota structure was quite stable in the period of rapid skeletal growth (d 14–21), and then changed significantly in the period of rapid gaining weight (d 35–42), thus indicating the composition of gut microbiota in broilers had unique structures at different developmental stages. We observed that several bacteria and fungi occupied key functions in the gut microbiota of broilers, suggesting that the gut homeostasis of broilers might be affected by losses of bacteria and fungi via altering interactions between microbiota. This study aimed to provide a data basis for manipulating the microbiota at different developmental stages, in order to improve production and the intestinal health of broilers.

As an important part of energy industry, power grid plays a pivotal and irreplaceable role in promoting low-carbon development. In this paper, the carbon emission reduction potential of power grid corporation was systematically analyzed from qualitative and quantitative perspectives respectively. First, this paper discussed the pathways of power grid corporation’s carbon emissions reduction, including decreasing line loss, promoting clean energy development, and so on. Then, a quantitative evaluation model for carbon emissions reduction potential of power grid corporation was developed. Based on the model, the carbon emission reduction benefits that promoted and achieved by State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) in 2010 and 2015 were calculated. The results show that the carbon emission reduction benefits of SGCC is 138 million tons in 2010, and will be 481.8 million tons in 2015.

The performance of activated carbon (AC) adsorption process for the treatment of a simulated wastewater of fuchsin basic dye was investigated. The experiment revealed that under the optimum adsorption conditions (initial concentration of wastewater 250 mg L-1 of dye, temperature 25 ? and AC dosage 4 g L-1), the color removal efficiency was 98% after 360 min of adsorption. As for the further use of AC, the saturated AC was regenerated by heated 20 min at 600 ? in the atmosphere of N2. Efficiency of regeneration was 99% and the regeneration loss was less than 5%. It indicated that AC was effective in the decolorization of dye wastewater.