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Aim:The resident bacterial microbiome may shape and protect the health of vertebrate host. An array of molecules secreted by microbiome may contribute to the ecological stability of the microbiome itself. Material & methods:ELISA, radioactivity, immunofluorescence and cytokines measurements were used to observe the bioactivity and stability of colicin Ia level in oviparous and viviparous animal circulation. Results:Colicin Ia, a protein antimicrobial produced by Escherichia coli, is not present in animals at birth, but increases in concentration with the establishment of a stable gut microbiome and drops when the microbiome is experimentally disrupted. Colicin introduced in vivois transported to tissues at concentrations able to prevent or eliminate bacterial infection. Conclusion:Our findings suggest an unexpected benefit provided by the presence of a resident microbiome in the form of active, circulating, bacterially-synthesized antimicrobial molecules.

Cross-species transmission of viruses from wildlife animal reservoirs poses a marked threat to human and animal health1. Bats have been recognized as one of the most important reservoirs for emerging viruses and the transmission of a coronavirus that originated in bats to humans via intermediate hosts was responsible for the high-impact emerging zoonosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)2–10. Here we provide virological, epidemiological, evolutionary and experimental evidence that a novel HKU2-related bat coronavirus, swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), is the aetiological agent that was responsible for a large-scale outbreak of fatal disease in pigs in China that has caused the death of 24,693 piglets across four farms. Notably, the outbreak began in Guangdong province in the vicinity of the origin of the SARS pandemic. Furthermore, we identified SADS-related CoVs with 96–98% sequence identity in 9.8% (58 out of 591) of anal swabs collected from bats in Guangdong province during 2013–2016, predominantly in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophusspp.) that are known reservoirs of SARS-related CoVs. We found that there were striking similarities between the SADS and SARS outbreaks in geographical, temporal, ecological and aetiological settings. This study highlights the importance of identifying coronavirus diversity and distribution in bats to mitigate future outbreaks that could threaten livestock, public health and economic growth.

In this paper, a systematic method is presented for analyzing the effects of non-white interference in GNSS. The analysis process will be simplified by using this method, because non-white interferences can be converted to equivalent white noise by means of corresponding whitening coefficients. Since it takes into full consideration of the characteristics of coherent processing and non-coherent processing, this method is more suitable for code tracking than the previous. By introducing new parameters, the effects of non-white interference on code tracking can be evaluated easily. For the interference analysis of prompt channel, it also shows superior to quantify the effects of non-white interference on the post correlation signal-noise-radio and carrier tracking error. The simulations show that more accuracy analysis result can be achieved by this method. Compared with conventional methods, it is more general and simpler to apply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]