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Most provincial tourism destinations have both high-speed rail (HSR) and aviation transportation systems; the combined effects of those two modes of transportation on tourist arrivals are likely to vary depending on location. This study examines panel data from 31 provinces in mainland China over a ten-year period (2010–2019) using the Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (GWPR) model to quantify the combined effects of HSR and aviation on tourist arrivals and their spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The empirical results reveal that: first, HSR and aviation do have a comprehensive impact on tourist arrivals, but the development trends of the two are distinct, with the impact of HSR increasing while the impact of aviation is declining; second, the combined effects of HSR and aviation are clearly spatiotemporally heterogeneous, and their effects on both domestic and inbound tourists exhibit distinct states in various places at various times; third, the GWPR model is an effective tool for determining the combined effects of HSR and aviation on tourist arrivals as well as their regional heterogeneity. This paper not only broadens the research on the combined effects of HSR and aviation from a new perspective and effectively describes the temporal and spatial changes of the combined effect, but it also provides targeted development suggestions for different provincial regions.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the structural relationships of authenticities in the cultural heritage tourism context. This paper deconstructs authenticity into objective, constructive, existential, and postmodern types, and proposes a relationship model for them. The results suggest that objective authenticity positively affects constructive authenticity and existential authenticity, constructive authenticity positively affects existential authenticity, and postmodern authenticity negatively moderates the relationships between objective authenticity and constructive authenticity, and between constructive authenticity and existential authenticity. The main conclusion is that each type of authenticity has limited explanatory power, and a combined application of the different types of authenticity is more conducive to the sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism. The key focus of this study is how to maintain a balance between the types of authenticity. Practical development, management and marketing implications are discussed.