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Our understanding of cholera transmission and burden largely relies on clinic-based surveillance, which can obscure trends, bias burden estimates and limit the impact of targeted cholera-prevention measures. Serological surveillance provides a complementary approach to monitoring infections, although the link between serologically derived infections and medically attended disease incidence—shaped by immunological, behavioral and clinical factors—remains poorly understood. We unravel this cascade in a cholera-endemic Bangladeshi community by integrating clinic-based surveillance, healthcare-seeking and longitudinal serological data through statistical modeling. Combining the serological trajectories with a reconstructed incidence timeline of symptomatic cholera, we estimated an annual Vibrio choleraeO1 infection incidence rate of 535 per 1,000 population (95% credible interval 514–556), with incidence increasing by age group. Clinic-based surveillance alone underestimated the number of infections and reported cases were not consistently correlated with infection timing. Of the infections, 4 in 3,280 resulted in symptoms, only 1 of which was reported through the surveillance system. These results impart insights into cholera transmission dynamics and burden in the epicenter of the seventh cholera pandemic, where >50% of our study population had an annual V. choleraeO1 infection, and emphasize the potential for a biased view of disease burden and infection risk when depending solely on clinical surveillance data.

Potato production is being affected by high temperature stresses worldwide due to global warming. The biological basis of carbohydrate metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity in potato tubers under high temperature stress is yet to be clearly understood. We evaluated the activities of two of the most important primary ROS members: superoxide (O2.−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and their scavengers to understand the effects of heat stress on the changes of carbohydrates in growing tubers of five potato varieties including heat-tolerant and heat‐susceptible check varieties. The enzymatic ROS-scavengers were found to be differentially activated in these genotypes. The detoxification mechanism was more efficient in dual-stress (heat and salt) tolerant variety compared to single-stress tolerant variety. The antioxidant activity was increased by several folds in the tolerant variety compared to the susceptible variety. Storage starch accumulation and its composition was affected by O2.−and H2O2metabolisms in potato tuber. The findings will be helpful in understanding the biological basis of the effect of ROS-detoxification on starch accumulation in growing tubers under heat stress.

IMPORTANCE: Inappropriate use of antibiotics for diarrheal illness can result in adverse effects and increase in antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the diarrheal etiology prediction (DEP) algorithm, which uses patient-specific and location-specific features to estimate the probability that diarrhea etiology is exclusively viral, impacts antibiotic prescriptions in patients with acute diarrhea. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized crossover study was conducted to evaluate the DEP incorporated into a smartphone-based electronic clinical decision-support (eCDS) tool. The DEP calculated the probability of viral etiology of diarrhea, based on dynamic patient-specific and location-specific features. Physicians were randomized in the first 4-week study period to the intervention arm (eCDS with the DEP) or control arm (eCDS without the DEP), followed by a 1-week washout period before a subsequent 4-week crossover period. The study was conducted at 3 sites in Bangladesh from November 17, 2021, to January 21, 2021, and at 4 sites in Mali from January 6, 2021, to March 5, 2021. Eligible physicians were those who treated children with diarrhea. Eligible patients were children between ages 2 and 59 months with acute diarrhea and household access to a cell phone for follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: Use of the eCDS with the DEP (intervention arm) vs use of the eCDS without the DEP (control arm). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the proportion of children prescribed an antibiotic. RESULTS: A total of 30 physician participants and 941 patient participants (57.1% male; median [IQR] age, 12 [8-18] months) were enrolled. There was no evidence of a difference in the proportion of children prescribed antibiotics by physicians using the DEP (risk difference [RD], −4.2%; 95% CI, −10.7% to 1.0%). In a post hoc analysis that accounted for the predicted probability of a viral-only etiology, there was a statistically significant difference in risk of antibiotic prescription between the DEP and control arms (RD, −0.056; 95% CI, −0.128 to −0.01). No known adverse effects of the DEP were detected at 10-day postdischarge. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Use of a tool that provides an estimate of etiological likelihood did not result in a significant change in overall antibiotic prescriptions. Post hoc analysis suggests that a higher predicted probability of viral etiology was linked to reductions in antibiotic use. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04602676

An upsurge of diarrheal cases occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with approximately 30% of the cases being identified as cholera in 2022. To combat this situation, a reactive Oral Cholera Vaccination campaign was organized in five highly cholera-affected areas of Dhaka city. The paper is a descriptive tale of experience gathering, organization and implementation of reactive oral cholera vaccination campaign.

Oxygen declination in coastal oceans has accelerated drastically in recent decades, both in terms of severity and spatial extent, and such disappearance of oxygen leads to dead zones where life can't survive. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to nutrient pollution and climate change due to intensified anthropogenic activities. The annual statistical oxygen mean concentrations showed the current deoxygenation trends based on (WOA_2001–2018) data comparison of 200 m below the surface water from the first two decades of the 21st century. A relatively similar significant oxygen loss of 0.5–3 ml/L was indicated in the first decade (2001–2009) over the water of continental shelves (200 m) in the tropical oceans and the areas of subtropical Pacific, Atlantic, and southern Indian oceans gradually started to fall from their moderate oxygen concentrations 4–5 ml/L between 2005 and 2009. Consequently, in the next decade (2013–2018), the negative oxygen trend persisted at a similar depth in the global oceans, and its expansion to more regions suggested that this trend of oxygen loss will continue in the future. This is a serious threat that has to be made more widely known since declines in oxygen levels in coastal oceans could have a wide range of negative impact on marine life, biogeochemical cycles, coastal habitats, economies that run on the sea, and ultimately humans. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and put into practice management alternatives in order to lessen the effects of continuous deoxygenation on marine life and the supply of services by marine ecosystems.

The quantum-level interplay between geometry, topology and correlation is at the forefront of fundamental physics1–15. Kagome magnets are predicted to support intrinsic Chern quantum phases owing to their unusual lattice geometry and breaking of time-reversal symmetry14,15. However, quantum materials hosting ideal spin–orbit-coupled kagome lattices with strong out-of-plane magnetization are lacking16–21. Here, using scanning tunnelling microscopy, we identify a new topological kagome magnet, TbMn6Sn6, that is close to satisfying these criteria. We visualize its effectively defect-free, purely manganese-based ferromagnetic kagome lattice with atomic resolution. Remarkably, its electronic state shows distinct Landau quantization on application of a magnetic field, and the quantized Landau fan structure features spin-polarized Dirac dispersion with a large Chern gap. We further demonstrate the bulk–boundary correspondence between the Chern gap and the topological edge state, as well as the Berry curvature field correspondence of Chern gapped Dirac fermions. Our results point to the realization of a quantum-limit Chern phase in TbMn6Sn6, and may enable the observation of topological quantum phenomena in the RMn6Sn6(where R is a rare earth element) family with a variety of magnetic structures. Our visualization of the magnetic bulk–boundary–Berry correspondence covering real space and momentum space demonstrates a proof-of-principle method for revealing topological magnets.

Administration of convalescent plasma or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a potent therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein have emerged in many countries. To evaluate the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies induced in convalescent patients against emerging variants, we isolate anti-spike mAbs from two convalescent COVID-19 patients infected with prototypic SARS-CoV-2 by single-cell sorting of immunoglobulin-G-positive (IgG+) memory B cells. Anti-spike antibody induction is robust in these patients, and five mAbs have potent neutralizing activities. The efficacy of most neutralizing mAbs and convalescent plasma samples is maintained against B.1.1.7 and mink cluster 5 variants but is significantly decreased against variants B.1.351 from South Africa and P.1 from Brazil. However, mAbs with a high affinity for the receptor-binding domain remain effective against these neutralization-resistant variants. Rapid spread of these variants significantly impacts antibody-based therapies and vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV-2.