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Abstract:The spatial patterns of Scots pine recruitment and ground layer vegetation are heterogeneous in dry pine forests. The goal of our 1994–2004 work in the dry pine forests of Russian Karelia was to find the reasons for this heterogeneity at the meso- and fine levels of scale. Twenty-seven sample plots (30 × 30 m) with different tree age structures, stand densities, and times since fire were examined. In each sample plot the tree layer, saplings, and ground layer were described in detail using a coordinate grid. Needle, bark, and branch debris was also measured. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the conclusion of earlier studies that time since fire and stand structure determine the formation of recruitment and ground layers at the patch level. Ripley’s K-function analysis showed that the spatial pattern of recruitment was clustered in both even-aged and uneven-aged forests. The bivariate analysis showed a repulsion effect between mature trees and recruitment in even-aged forests, and attraction between mature trees and saplings in uneven-aged forests. Analyses of tree layer, recruitment, and ground layer spatial patterns in the sample plots proved that the spatial pattern of regeneration and its intensity at the fine scale were related to the ground layer structure. At this scale, ground layer community structure was generally determined by local canopy projection and the amount of needle, branch, and bark debris.

In this article, we contemplate the consequences of the global crisis, the influence of new world challenges and threats for reforming the world financial architecture, and its subsequent development in a new phase called a new normality. In this work, we discuss the changes in the world financial architecture on all levels, both in respect of transformation of the role and forms of world financial institutions, and in respect of the regulative norms and obligations reflected in a picture drawn by the authors. We showed the growing role of the influence of some countries and groups of countries in the process of transforming the international financial architecture; we confirmed the hypothesis about the growing role of such informal structure as Group 20 (G20). We analyzed the transformational processes and predicted 2-aspect changes in reforming the international financial architecture in the near future.