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The accumulation of charge on insulator surface is a key problem that restricts the development of high voltage direct current (HVDC) gas-insulated transmission lines (GILs) and gas-insulated switchgears (GIS), the ionization of insulating gas is an important source of hetero-polar charges accumulated on insulator surface. The value of gas conduction current is one of the key factors that determine the surface charge accumulation characteristics of insulators. In this article, the conduction current characteristic of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture is experimentally studied with a coaxial electrode system like GIL structure, and the source of gas ions under different electric fields is analyzed. The results show that the average ion pair generation rate caused by natural radiation ionization of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture during saturation current regime increases with the increasing C4F7N content, and the growth rate of the average ion pair generation rate of gas mixture decreases with the increasing C4F7N content. The increase of gas pressure shows a significant positive correlation with the average ion pair generation rate, but the growth rate decreases gradually. The critical electric field when the C4F7N conduction current increases exponentially is significantly higher than that of SF6 and CO2, and the critical electric field of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture increases with the increasing C4F7N content. In addition, with an increase in the gas pressure, the higher C4F7N content in C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture is, the more obvious the inhibition effect on gas ionization is within the range of the electric field in surge regime. The critical electric field with exponential growth of C4F7N/CO2, CO2, and SF6 conduction current decreases with the increase of temperature, and the current in surge regime increases rapidly with the increasing electric field. The results of this article provide a reference for the theoretical study of surface charge accumulation at the solid-gas interface.

ABSTRACTMacroautophagy/autophagy is a complex degradation process with a dual role in cell death that is influenced by the cell types that are involved and the stressors they are exposed to. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent oxidative form of cell death characterized by unrestricted lipid peroxidation in the context of heterogeneous and plastic mechanisms. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of specific types of autophagy (e.g. ferritinophagy, lipophagy, and clockophagy) in initiating or executing ferroptotic cell death through the selective degradation of anti-injury proteins or organelles. Conversely, other forms of selective autophagy (e.g. reticulophagy and lysophagy) enhance the cellular defense against ferroptotic damage. Dysregulated autophagy-dependent ferroptosis has implications for a diverse range of pathological conditions. This review aims to present an updated definition of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, discuss influential substrates and receptors, outline experimental methods, and propose guidelines for interpreting the results.Abbreviation: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; 4HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; ACD: accidentalcell death; ADF: autophagy-dependentferroptosis; ARE: antioxidant response element; BH2:dihydrobiopterin; BH4: tetrahydrobiopterin; BMDMs: bonemarrow-derived macrophages; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CQ:chloroquine; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; EMT,epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EPR: electronparamagnetic resonance; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FRET: Försterresonance energy transfer; GFP: green fluorescent protein;GSH: glutathione;IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IOP, intraocularpressure; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; LAA: linoleamide alkyne;MDA: malondialdehyde; PGSK: Phen Green™ SK;RCD: regulatedcell death; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RFP: red fluorescentprotein;ROS: reactive oxygen species; TBA: thiobarbituricacid; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TEM:transmission electron microscopy.

In the power systems with high proportion of renewable power generation, wind turbines and energy storage devices can use their stored energy to provide inertia response and participate in primary frequency regulation for the improved system frequency stability. In this paper, the security constraint conditions in the system’s frequency response process are analyzed firstly, and then the system frequency regulation demand is evaluated. According to the system frequency regulation demand and the grid codes, an energy storage capacity configuration scheme is then proposed. To further explore the frequency regulation potential of renewable power generation, the coordinated control strategy adapted to wind power and energy storage is proposed, in which the controller parameters is adjusted according to the system frequency regulation demand. Finally, a high proportion wind power system is built in simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The results demonstrate that under the proposed strategy, the wind turbines and energy storage devices can provide more reliable power response together, thus improving the total capability for the grid frequency support.

A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) is one of the most serious accidents which generates overpressure and ejected fragments with potential great impact on the safety of the tank area. Hence, it is important to reveal the dynamic characteristics of the axial crack propagation at the top of the horizontal tank in a BLEVE accident. The rupture behavior of tanks under one-step BLEVE accidents is investigated and the detailed dynamic characteristics of crack opening angle and crack propagation rate were assessed through the small-scale BLEVE experiments with variations in tank wall thickness and filling levels. An extended Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model was proposed to calculate the dynamic damage of the tank during the rupture process. The dynamic stress-strain damage characteristics of the tank during the one-step BLEVE process and the circumferential transformation mechanism of the axial crack were explored. Based on an analysis of the material damage and the size characteristics of the tank structure, criteria were proposed for judging whether the direction of crack growth will change.

ObjectivesTropisetron is an alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist and is a commonly used antiemetic clinically. α7nAChRs activation modulating nociception transmissions and cholinergic anti-inflammation may decrease neuropathic pain. This study was set to investigate the effects of tropisetron on neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation as well as the underlying mechanisms in rats.MethodsNeuropathic pain behavior was assessed in rats using the paw mechanical withdrawal threshold and paw thermal withdrawal latency before and after the establishment of a spared nerve injury (SNI) pain model in rats treated with tropisetron treatment in the presence or absence of the α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) through intrathecal injection. Their spinal cords were then harvested for inflammatory cytokines, the α7nAChR, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) measurement.ResultsTropisetron effectively alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia; decreased IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-a; and down-regulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and CREB. Pre-treatment with MLA abolished these effects of tropisetron.ConclusionOur data indicate that tropisetron alleviates neuropathic pain may through inhibition of the p38MAPK-CREB pathway via α7nAChR activation. Thus, tropisetron may be a potential new therapeutic strategy for chronic neuropathic pain.

The pursuit of high-performance is worth considerable effort in catalysis for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. To develop redox catalysts with superior performance for soot combustion, a series of MnxCoyoxides were synthesized using MgO template substitution. This method greatly improves the preparation and catalytic efficiency and is more in line with the current theme of green catalysts and sustainable development. The resulting Mn1Co2.3has a strong activation capability of gaseous oxygen due to a high concentration of Co3+and Mn3+. The Mn doping enhanced the intrinsic activity by prompting oxygen vacancy formation and gaseous oxygen adsorption. The nanosheet morphology with abundant mesoporous significantly increased the solid–solid contact efficiency and improved the adsorption capability of gaseous reactants. The novel design of Mn1Co2.3oxide enhanced its catalytic performance through a synergistic effect of Mn doping and the porous nanosheet morphology, showing significant potential for the preparation of high-performance soot combustion catalysts.

A high head-hand efficiency and low-SAR mobile phone antenna is proposed in this article. The impact of the antenna’s current distribution on its efficiency and spatial-average specific absorption rate (SAR) is analyzed, revealing that unidirectional and uniform current distributions on the antenna can achieve a dual benefit of high head-hand efficiency and low-SAR values. Based on this idea, a double loop antenna consisted of a $1\lambda $ outer loop with differential feed and a $0.5\lambda $ inner loop with coupled feed is designed, which can implement unidirectional and uniform current distribution in a wide frequency band. The measured −6 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna can cover 1710–2690 MHz. Its measured average head-hand efficiency from 1710 to 2690 MHz is −5.3 dB (29.5%). Its simulated normalized peak head and body SAR values are lower than 1.0 W/kg.

In this article, a 3-D simulation model of surface charge accumulation for 200-kV dc gas-insulated transmission line (GIL) basin insulator is constructed. Meanwhile, the whole process of electrostatic probe online measurement is established, and the motion process of electrostatic probe is simulated by the dynamic grid module in finite element software. The key factors in electrostatic probe online measurement are considered comprehensively, including the probe initial position, central conductor potential, probe measuring time, and measuring position. The variation of surface charge density and surface normal electric field after online measurement is calculated and analyzed. The results show that the surface charge density near the probe center is obviously affected after online measurement, while the surface charge density in the region far away from the probe is less affected. When the distance ${D}$ between the probe initial position and the insulator surface is less than 10 mm, the polarity of the surface charge at the measured point will be reversed. When ${D}$ reaches 100 mm, the change rate of the surface charge density is less than 5%. In addition, with the increase of the central conductor potential and probe measuring time, the surface charge density at the measured point decreases more after online measurement. When the probe measures at the same position for more than 3 min, the surface charge density decreased by more than 30%. Moreover, the closer the probe is to the central conductor, the more the surface charge density is reduced after online measurement. This study can provide reference for the online measurement technology of dc GIL insulator’s surface charge density.

Joining of dissimilar superalloys is indispensable in the field of advanced manufacture, achieving a high-quality joint while minimizing thermal damage to substrates during diffusion bonding is a critical but challenging pursuit. A low-temperature and rapid diffusion bonding strategy enabled by pulsed current was proposed to resolve this challenge. Attributed to the enhanced interfacial plastic-deformation and carbide-precipitation, pulsed current rapidly achieved a nanovoid-free and tight joint of GH3536 and GH5188 superalloys at a low temperature of 850 °C for 5 min. Meanwhile, the rapid joining process prevented the interfacial carbides from coarsening and allowed their elimination in a short-term heat-treatment. The carbide dissolution, recrystallization of highly-deformed grain and cross-interface grain growth during heat-treatment significantly enhanced the joint performance, the heat-treated joint exhibited a high ultimate strain of 25.5 % and a tensile strength comparable to the raw GH3536.

Community detection can discover the cluster structure hidden in complex networks, which helps people predict network behavior and understand network functions. It is one of the current research hotspots. In this brief, we propose a Markov similarity enhancement method, which obtains the steady-state Markov similarity enhancement matrix through the Markov iterative state transition of the initial network. According to the Markov similarity index, the network is divided into initial community structure. Then, we merge the small communities into its closely connected communities to obtain the final community. On seven real networks and artificial networks with variable parameters, compared with other seven well-known community detection algorithms, numerical simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm has a good community detection effect.

In this article, the heat transfer process of dc gas-insulated transmission line (GIL) is comprehensively considered, including thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. An electric–thermal field coupling model is established to characterize the surface charge accumulation characteristics of insulators. The temperature and insulator surface charge density distribution of a 3-D GIL model under different GIL installation ways (i.e., vertical and horizontal GIL) are obtained by finite-element software. The results show that under the identical load current, a large temperature difference (up to 5.7 °C) is shown between both surfaces of vertical GIL insulator, and the temperature on the insulator surface is distributed symmetrically along the center of the insulator. However, the temperature on both surfaces of the horizontal GIL is basically the same, but the temperature distribution varies greatly along the different radial directions of the insulator (up to 5.3 °C). By comparing the surface charge density distribution of insulators under both GIL installation ways, it is found that the surface charge density of horizontal GIL is more than 20% higher than that of vertical GIL. In addition, the volume conductivity distribution of insulator varies greatly under different GIL installation ways. The volume conductivity is positively correlated with the temperature distribution, while the normal electric field on the insulator surface is negatively correlated with volume conductivity distribution. It is hoped that this study can serve as a reference for the design and safe operation of dc GIL.

An ultrahigh strain-independent damping in Mg–1Mn alloy was prepared by cold rolling process. Combined with microstructure characterization, the mechanical properties and damping capacities of Mg–1Mn alloy with different reduction were systematically investigated. By the appropriate cold rolling process, numerous parallel dislocations, stacking faults (SFs) and a few non-basal dislocations are introduced into Mg matrix. Due to the non-basal dislocations and stacking faults coexists with basal dislocations, their reaction with each other leads to the activation of more non-basal slips and increase of strain hardening rate, which simultaneously improves the strength and plasticity of Mg–1Mn alloy. On the other hand, the increase of number of moveable dislocations and SFs, acting as dissipated source, effectively improves the damping capacity. Especially, the Mg–1Mn alloy shows an ultrahigh strain-independent damping capacity, which outperforms the high-damping Mg-0.6Zr alloy. When the reduction is 20%, the alloys show a good comprehensive mechanical properties: the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the yield strength (YS) and plasticity is 206 MPa, 156 MPa and 49.8%. This work provides a new strategy for preparing high-strength, high-plasticity and high-damping magnesium alloy.

Most clinically applied cancer immunotherapies rely on the ability of CD8+cytolytic T cells to directly recognize and kill tumour cells1–3. These strategies are limited by the emergence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-deficient tumour cells and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment4–6. The ability of CD4+effector cells to contribute to antitumour immunity independently of CD8+T cells is increasingly recognized, but strategies to unleash their full potential remain to be identified7–10. Here, we describe a mechanism whereby a small number of CD4+T cells is sufficient to eradicate MHC-deficient tumours that escape direct CD8+T cell targeting. The CD4+effector T cells preferentially cluster at tumour invasive margins where they interact with MHC-II+CD11c+antigen-presenting cells. We show that T helper type 1 cell-directed CD4+T cells and innate immune stimulation reprogramme the tumour-associated myeloid cell network towards interferon-activated antigen-presenting and iNOS-expressing tumouricidal effector phenotypes. Together, CD4+T cells and tumouricidal myeloid cells orchestrate the induction of remote inflammatory cell death that indirectly eradicates interferon-unresponsive and MHC-deficient tumours. These results warrant the clinical exploitation of this ability of CD4+T cells and innate immune stimulators in a strategy to complement the direct cytolytic activity of CD8+T cells and natural killer cells and advance cancer immunotherapies.

Different solution treatments were carried out on the semi-continuously cast Mg-9.55Gd-2.27Y-1.28Zn-0.55Zr-0.11Nd (wt.%) alloy at temperatures of 480 °C, 500 °C, and 520 °C. It was found that the different solution treatment temperatures led to different phase constitutions of the alloy. The Mg3RE-type eutectic phases transform into long period stacking order (LPSO) phases with various morphologies after solution treatment. Increasing the solution temperature resulted in larger grain size, greater number of lamellar LPSO phases, and segregation of Zr element. Block LPSO phases also shifted to rod LPSO phase. After ageing treatment, the special spatial structure consisting of prismatic β′ precipitates, basal γ′ precipitates, and lamellar LPSO phases hindered dislocation movement effectively, leading to high strength.

Due to extreme operating conditions such as high-speed and heavy loads, ball screws are prone to damages, that affect the accuracy and operational safety of the mechanical equipment. As strong background noise and weak fault characteristics, it is difficult to capture the inherent fault state only depending on the time-domain or frequency-domain information from the vibration signal. In this paper, a fault diagnosis method for the ball screw based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2DCNN) is proposed. The noise-reducing vibration signal is obtained via CWT. The time-frequency graph of the noise reduction signal can more comprehensively reflect the fault information of the ball screw. The time-frequency graph is used as the input to train and test the 2DCNN. Finally, diagnosis results of different types of faults reveal that the proposed CWT-2DCNN fault diagnosis method can achieve an average recognition rate of 99.67%. Compared with one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) and traditional BP neural network, the proposed method has fast network convergence and high recognition accuracy. Time-frequency graphs of the noise-reduced signal used as fault features for classification can effectively avoid the problem of uncertainty due to the manual extraction of features. The proposed method has high application potential in the field of ball screw pair fault diagnosis.

The paper proposes a three-scale binary medium-based constitutive model on the basis of the meso structures and micro components to describe the elasto-plastic mechanical behavior of mudstone samples. Based on the breakage mechanism of geomaterials, mudstone samples are considered as two different materials (bonded and frictional elements) at mesoscales. From micro to meso scales, given the similar but different mineralogy composition and porosity of the bonded and frictional elements at microscale, as well as their separate mechanical characteristics, different homogenization methods are adopted to obtain their respective meso mechanical properties. At the mesoscale, in view of the unique meso structures and the continuous material transformation, the extended self-consistent scheme (SCS) is improved to be adaptable to elasto-plastic composites with varying meso components. With the consideration of the evolution form of the breakage ratio under the external loading being given based on the assumed strength distribution of the meso bonded elements, the mechanical relations between meso and macro scales are established. Finally, on the basis of the mean-field method and combined with the critical mechanical connections between different scales, the micro-meso-macro constitutive model for mudstone samples are proposed. The model validation shows that, with a few model parameters, the proposed model can well reflect the stress and deformation features of mudstone samples with complex micro-components.

The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered major advances in vaccination technologies1–4; however, there are urgent needs for vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses and for single-dose, non-invasive administration4–6. Here we develop an inhalable, single-dose, dry powder aerosol SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that induces potent systemic and mucosal immune responses. The vaccine encapsulates assembled nanoparticles comprising proteinaceous cholera toxin B subunits displaying the SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen within microcapsules of optimal aerodynamic size, and this unique nano–micro coupled structure supports efficient alveoli delivery, sustained antigen release and antigen-presenting cell uptake, which are favourable features for the induction of immune responses. Moreover, this vaccine induces strong production of IgG and IgA, as well as a local T cell response, collectively conferring effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice, hamsters and nonhuman primates. Finally, we also demonstrate a mosaic iteration of the vaccine that co-displays ancestral and Omicron antigens, extending the breadth of antibody response against co-circulating strains and transmission of the Omicron variant. These findings support the use of this inhaled vaccine as a promising multivalent platform for fighting COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.

Recently, one critical issue looms large in the field of recommender systems – there are no effective benchmarks for rigorous evaluation – which consequently leads to unreproducible evaluation and unfair comparison. We, therefore, conduct studies from the perspectives of practical theory and experiments, aiming at benchmarking recommendation for rigorous evaluation. Regarding the theoretical study, a series of hyper-factors affecting recommendation performance throughout the whole evaluation chain are systematically summarized and analyzed via an exhaustive review on 141 papers published at eight top-tier conferences within 2017-2020. We then classify them into model-independent and model-dependent hyper-factors, and different modes of rigorous evaluation are defined and discussed in-depth accordingly. For the experimental study, we release DaisyRec 2.0 library by integrating these hyper-factors to perform rigorous evaluation, whereby a holistic empirical study is conducted to unveil the impacts of different hyper-factors on recommendation performance. Supported by the theoretical and experimental studies, we finally create benchmarks for rigorous evaluation by proposing standardized procedures and providing performance of ten state-of-the-arts across six evaluation metrics on six datasets as a reference for later study. Overall, our work sheds light on the issues in recommendation evaluation, provides potential solutions for rigorous evaluation, and lays foundation for further investigation.

Soot particles released from diesel engines have been considered as one of the main sources of air pollution, and the elimination of soot particles has become a crucial issue for air purification. In this work, a series of La–Mn-based perovskite catalysts with hierarchical pores on the surface, where La ions were partially replaced with different alkali and Ce ions, were purposefully designed and successfully prepared by a facile method. In the prepared La–Mn-based perovskite catalysts, abundant ultramacropores, macropores and mesopores are simultaneously present on the surface, giving rise to their ultralight properties. The catalysts show high catalytic activity and stability in soot combustion, and the La0.8Ce0.1Cs0.1MnO3catalyst exhibited the best performance, with T10, T50and T90of 268, 315 and 350 °C, respectively. Such catalytic activity is similar to or even higher than that of reported noble metal catalysts in the medium- and high-temperature range. The observed good catalytic performance was attributed to high contact efficiency between soot, reaction gases and catalysts provided by the developed pore structure and good redox properties of La–Mn-based perovskite catalysts promoted by the effect of alkali and Ce ions. In addition, the catalysts exhibit high sulfur and water tolerance. The possible reaction mechanism for soot combustion is also proposed based on the characterization, in situDRIFTS studies and the determined TOF values. Owing to the facile synthesis, low cost, high catalytic activity and stability, the developed La–Mn-based perovskite catalysts exhibit a promising application potential in the elimination of diesel soot particles.

The effect of the lamellar long period stacking order (LPSO) phase on both mechanical properties and damping capacity of magnesium alloys is still vague. After heat treatment at 540 °C for 4 h and 450 °C for 10 h, the Mg-10Gd-2Y–1Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Nd (wt%) alloy with the lamellar LPSO phase is prepared to study the influence of lamellar LPSO phase on damping capacity and mechanical properties. Combined transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with electron back-scattering patterns (EBSD) system, it is surprisingly found that the growth direction of the lamellar LPSO phase on basal plane is nearly parallel to the slip direction of basal dislocations, which is benefit from dislocations movement on basal plane. The dislocations move on basal plane easily, lead to a relative high damping capacity. The alloy with LPSO phases shows higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL), increased from 234 MPa to 2.6% to 254 MPa and 4.6%, respectively. The lamellar LPSO phase has an attribution to UTS and EL due to its kink deformation mechanism. Therefore, the lamellar LPSO phase can be used as a functional phase to enhance the damping capacity and mechanical properties at the same time, and providing new ideas about preparing high-strength and high-damping magnesium alloy.

AbstractThe dynamic properties of rocks are of great significance to the stability and safety of rock slopes and geological engineering under dynamic loads (e.g. seismic load). In this paper, triaxial cyclic tests were carried out on jointed mudstone samples with the prefabricated half-through joint, and their corresponding dynamic properties and deformation features are explored and analyzed in accordance with the hysteresis characteristics and the residual deformation forms. Moreover, based on the obtained fatigue properties under test conditions of diverse dip angles, confining pressures and dynamic stress, a dynamic stress ratio is proposed, which gives a logarithmic correlation with the fatigue life of mudstone samples. Finally, on the basis of the breakage mechanics and homogenization theory, a dynamic binary-medium constitutive model is proposed, and the validations accompanied with the comparisons to test results are also given. It shows that this model can not only preferably duplicate the typical features of hysteresis loops and the gradually accumulation of the residual strain, but also gives a good consistence with the deformation features and fatigue life obtained from cyclic tests.

AgCu+TiH2+Nb filler was newly-designed to braze Ti2AlNb and SiBCN. The Ag–Cu melt firstly filled the interfacial gaps and then solidified into refractory Ag(s,s) via Ti–Cu interaction, while Nb refined the brittle compounds and relieved the residual stresses well. The obtained joint exhibited a shear strength of 73 ± 10.2 MPa and 81.7 ± 9.5 MPa at room temperature and 600 °C respectively, which is 3.1 and 1.7 times of that with AgCu. No softening occurred at 600 °C and the strength remained 24 ± 1.4 MPa at 800 °C. The proposed method provides a new strategy for preparing high-temperature joint at low temperature, to address the issues of poor thermal resistance as well as huge residual stresses and excessive formation of brittle phases.

In the macrocontext of a low‐carbon and energy‐efficient economy, the rise of new energy vehicles is expected to replace traditional fuel vehicles. However, with the increasing number of new energy vehicles, the source of electricity for charging facilities faces new challenges. This study proposes a triboelectric–electromagnetic energy hybrid nanogenerator (VF‐TEMG) with a variable‐frequency effect inspired by an axial magnetic gear. The unit consists of one triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) unit and two electromagnetic generator (EMG) units. The TENG unit employs a ternary dielectric structure to achieve kilovoltage output and reduce torque. Moreover, charging efficiency is enhanced using a mixture of high voltage from the TENG and EMG high current. Using the magnetic field modulation principle, the magnetic poles, which are produced by the low‐speed rotor permanent magnets, are modulated by a pole‐modulating piece into a magnetic pole harmonic equal to the number of pairs of high‐speed rotor permanent magnets. Consequently, when the low‐speed rotor starts to rotate, it drives the high‐speed rotor to rotate at high speed, thereby achieving variable‐frequency motion. This work establishes the theoretical and experimental basis for harvesting and effectively utilizing green energy based on frequency conversion. This study proposes a triboelectric–electromagnetic energy hybrid nanogenerator with a variable‐frequency effect inspired by an axial magnetic gear. The charging rate increases by combining the high voltage of the TENG unit with the high current of the electromagnetic generator unit. In addition, the range of energy harvested by the triboelectric nanogenerator based on frequency conversion strategies is broadened.

Traditional two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene) have gained much academic concern due to their excellent physicochemical properties, but their susceptibility to self-stacking leads to poor cyclic stability. In this paper, an MXene-based electrode active material was successfully prepared. The generated modified PPy (g-PPy) increases the active site, increases the accessibility of ions, and can give full play to the pseudocapacitance. By the combination of modified PPy (g-PPy) nanoparticles with pseudocapacitive behavior polymerized in situ on sulfonated cellulose (SC) and MXene, not only the electrochemical performance was improved by exploiting the synergy between different electrode materials and different energy storage mechanisms, but also the MXene as a skeleton limited the volume expansion and contraction of PPy during charge/discharge cycles and the g-PPy and SC composites (g-PPy@SC) as a spacer supported the MXene layer, resulting in much higher cycle stability. Cycle stability of 98.4 % even after 10,000 cycle tests. In addition, a symmetric supercapacitor assembled from this electrode material maintains a stability of 84.4 % under 10,000 cycles at a low temperature of −40 °C. Therefore, this study provides a feasible method for the preparation of MXene-based electrodes with high cycling stability.

In this work, three-dimensionally ordered macroporous–mesoporous Ti0.7Si0.2W0.1Oy(3DOM-m TiSiWO) supported MnxCo1−xOδcatalysts with different xvalues were prepared using the colloidal crystal templating method and incipient wetness impregnation method. The characterization results reveal that the as-prepared catalysts have highly ordered macroporous and mesoporous structures. Among the developed catalysts, the Mn0.5Co0.5Oδ/3DOM-m TiSiWO catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance for the simultaneous removal of diesel soot and NOxunder simulated real conditions owing to its best redox performance, largest number of active oxygen species and acid sites of medium strength, and highest Olatt/Oadand TOF values compared to the other MnxCo1−xOδ/3DOM-m TiSiWO catalysts. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of the Mn0.5Co0.5Oδ/3DOM-m TiSiWO catalyst was deduced using in situdiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and the adsorption behaviors of NO, NO2and NH3on the Mn0.5Co0.5Oδ/3DOM-m TiSiWO catalyst surface were also analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The proposed reaction mechanisms indicate that the catalyst follows both the Eley–Rideal (E–R) and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) schemes for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the combustion of soot at high temperatures is mainly based on the NO2-assisted mechanism. More importantly, the role of H2O in simultaneous removal of soot and NOxwas also studied.

The identification of CD4+T cells localizing to B cell follicles has revolutionized the knowledge of how humoral immunity is generated. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells support germinal center (GC) formation and regulate clonal selection and differentiation of memory and antibody-secreting B cells, thus controlling antibody affinity maturation and memory. TFHcells are essential in sustaining protective antibody responses necessary for pathogen clearance in infection and vaccine-mediated protection. Conversely, aberrant and excessive TFHcell responses mediate and sustain pathogenic antibodies to autoantigens, alloantigens, and allergens, facilitate lymphomagenesis, and even harbor viral reservoirs. TFHcell generation and function are determined by T cell antigen receptor (TCR), costimulation, and cytokine signals, together with specific metabolic and survival mechanisms. Such regulation is crucial to understanding disease pathogenesis and informing the development of emerging therapies for disease or novel approaches to boost vaccine efficacy.

Kluyveromyces marxianusis expected to be used in the production of yeast extracts due to its good fermentation ability and nutritional properties. Yeast autolysis is a key process to produce yeast extract and vacuum negative pressure stress can be used as an effective way to assist autolysis. However, the molecular mechanism of initiating Kluyveromyces marxianusautolysis induced by vacuum negative pressure and the higher temperature is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq technology was performed mainly to analyze autolytic processes in Kluyveromyces marxianusstrains. Considerable differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of downregulation were significantly enriched in 7 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to synthesis and transport of RNA and ribosome, which indicated that abnormal protein translations had already occurred in autolytic process. Interestingly, due to obvious change of related DEGs, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated and cell wall integrity pathway was hindered. Under the continuous influence of the external stress environment, the long-term changes of the above pathways triggered a vicious circle of gradual damage to yeast cells, which is the main cause of yeast autolysis. These results may provide important clues for the in-depth interpretation of the yeast autolytic mechanism.

Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) can provide metabolic conversion information of specific targets; it is a powerful tool for cell metabolism studies. The common analytical platform for SIRM is chromatography-mass spectrometry, which requires a large number of cells and is not suitable for precious rare cell analysis. To study a small number of cells, we established a novel SIRM method using chip-based nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (MS). 13C-glutamine was taken as an example; the unlabeled and 13C-labeled cells were cultured and extracted in a 96-well plate and then directly injected into MS and analyzed in full scan mode and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode targeting 44 glutamine-derived metabolites and their isotopologues. To define focused metabolite-related MS2 fragments produced in the PRM, a new strategy was proposed including MS2 exact m/zmatching, MS2 false positive filtering, and MS2 fragment grouping to remove the interfering MS2 ions. In total, 292 and 349 pairs of paired MS2 ions were obtained in positive and negative ionization modes, respectively. By searching spectra databases, 31 targeted metabolites with their isotopologues were identified and their characteristic product ions were confirmed for MS2 quantification. The relative quantification was achieved by MS2 quantification, which showed better sensitivity and accuracy than common MS1-based quantification. Finally, this method was applied to isocitrate dehydrogenase I-mutated glioma cells for revealing the effects of triptolide on glioma cell metabolism using U-13C-glutamine as a labeling substrate.

The successful control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is not only relying on the development of vaccines, but also depending on the storage, transportation, and administration of vaccines. Ideally, nucleic acid vaccine should be directly delivered to proper immune cells or tissue (such as lymph nodes). However, current developed vaccines are normally treated through intramuscular injection, where immune cells do not normally reside. Meanwhile, current nucleic acid vaccines must be stored in a frozen state that may hinder their application in developing countries. Here, we report a separable microneedle (SMN) patch to deliver polymer encapsulated spike (or nucleocapsid) protein encoding DNA vaccines and immune adjuvant for efficient immunization. Compared with intramuscular injection, SMN patch can deliver nanovaccines into intradermal for inducing potent and durable adaptive immunity. IFN-γ+CD4/8+and IL-2+CD4/8+T cells or virus specific IgG are significantly increased after vaccination. Moreover, in vivoresults show the SMN patches can be stored at room temperature for at least 30 days without decreases in immune responses. These features of nanovaccines-laden SMN patch are important for developing advanced COVID-19 vaccines with global accessibility.

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells that essentially support germinal center responses where high-affinity and long-lived humoral immunity is generated. The regulation of TFHcell survival remains unclear. Here we report that TFHcells show intensified lipid peroxidation and altered mitochondrial morphology, resembling the features of ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death that is driven by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is the major lipid peroxidation scavenger and is necessary for TFHcell survival. The deletion of GPX4 in T cells selectively abrogated TFHcells and germinal center responses in immunized mice. Selenium supplementation enhanced GPX4 expression in T cells, increased TFHcell numbers and promoted antibody responses in immunized mice and young adults after influenza vaccination. Our findings reveal the central role of the selenium–GPX4–ferroptosis axis in regulating TFHhomeostasis, which can be targeted to enhance TFHcell function in infection and following vaccination.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a promising candidate in cancer immunotherapy as it can encode tumor-associated antigens with an excellent safety profile. Unfortunately, the inherent instability of RNA and translational efficiency are major limitations of RNA vaccine. Here, we report an injectable hydrogel formed with graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylenimine (PEI), which can generate mRNA (ovalbumin, a model antigen) and adjuvants (R848)-laden nanovaccines for at least 30 days after subcutaneous injection. The released nanovaccines can protect the mRNA from degradation and confer targeted delivering capacity to lymph nodes. The data show that this transformable hydrogel can significantly increase the number of antigen-specific CD8+T cells and subsequently inhibit the tumor growth with only one treatment. Meanwhile, this hydrogel can generate an antigen specific antibody in the serum which in turn prevents the occurrence of metastasis. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of the PEI-functionalized GO transformable hydrogel for effective cancer immunotherapy.

Sorafenib was originally identified as an inhibitor of multiple oncogenic kinases and remains the first-line systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play critical roles in the initiation, progression, and drug resistance of HCC. In this study, we aimed to identify sorafenib-induced miRNAs and demonstrate their regulatory roles. First, we identified that the expression of the tumor-suppressive miRNA miR-375 was significantly induced in hepatoma cells treated with sorafenib, and miR-375 could exert its antiangiogenic effect partially via platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) inhibition. Then, we demonstrated that sorafenib inhibited PDGFC expression by inducing the expression of miR-375 and a transcription factor, achaete-scute homolog-1 (ASH1), mediated the induction of miR-375 by sorafeinb administration in hepatoma cells. Finally, we verified that the expression of miR-375 was reduced in sorafenib-resistant cells and that the restoration of miR-375 could resensitize sorafenib-resistant cells to sorafenib partially by the degradation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that miR-375 is a critical determinant of HCC angiogenesis and sorafenib tolerance, revealing a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism underlying sorafenib treatment.

Chlorinated flame-retardant dechloranes are emerging substitutes for restricted flame retardants. Recent studies have demonstrated that they are accumulated in wildlife and detectable in humans; however, their effects on human health are poorly understood. Here, for the first time, we revealed that widely used chlorinated flame-retardant dechlorane 602 (Dec 602) exacerbated airway inflammation in two mouse models induced by house dust mite (HDM) or IL-33, respectively. Deteriorated airway inflammation by Dec 602 was associated with a higher production of type 2 cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and IgE, accompanied by enhanced mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Mechanistically, we found that Dec 602 directly potentiated mouse and human group 2 innate lymphoid cells and, as such, promoted airway inflammation even in the absence of conventional T cells in Rag–/–mice. These findings provide novel immunological insights necessary for further studies of the health impact of emerging flame-retardant dechloranes including Dec 602.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogens of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). EV71 efficiently escapes innate immunity responses of the host to cause infection. At present, no effective antiviral drugs for EV71 are available. Anemoside B4 (B4) is a natural saponin isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis(Bunge) Regel. P. chinensisextracts that shows a wide variety of biological activities. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activities of B4 against EV71 both in cell culture and in suckling mice. We showed that B4 (12.5–200 μM) dose dependently increased the viability of EV71-infected RD cells with an IC50value of 24.95 ± 0.05 μM against EV71. The antiviral activity of B4 was associated with enhanced interferon (IFN)-β response, since knockdown of IFN-β abolished its antiviral activity. We also confirmed that the enhanced IFN response was mediated via activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) pathway, and it was executed by upregulation of 14-3-3 protein, which disrupted the interaction between yes-associated protein (YAP) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). By using amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics profiling, we identified the Hippo pathway as the top-ranking functional cluster in B4-treated EV71-infected cells. In vivo experiments were conducted in suckling mice (2-day-old) infected with EV71 and subsequently B4 (200 mg · kg−1· d−1, i.p.) was administered for 16 days. We showed that B4 administration effectively suppressed EV71 replication and improved muscle inflammation and limb activity. Meanwhile, B4 administration regulated the expressions of HFMD biomarkers IL-10 and IFN-γ, attenuating complications of EV71 infection. Collectively, our results suggest that B4 could enhance the antiviral effect of IFN-β by orchestrating Hippo and RLRs pathway, and B4 would be a potential lead compound for developing an anti-EV71 drug.

BRD4, a major tandem-bromodomain-containing transcription regulator, has two isoforms. The long isoform (BRD4L) has an extended C terminus that binds transcription cofactors, while the short isoform (BRD4S) lacks this C-terminal extension. Unlike BRD4L, the role of BRD4S in gene transcription remains unclear. Here, we report that, in human cancer cells, BRD4S forms nuclear puncta that possess liquid-like properties and that colocalize with BRD4L, MED1 and sites of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation. BRD4 puncta are correlated with BRD4S but not BRD4L expression levels. BRD4S knockdown reduces BRD4S condensation, and ectopic expression promotes puncta formation and target gene transcription. BRD4S nuclear condensation is mediated by its intrinsically disordered regions and binding of its bromodomains to DNA and acetylated chromatin, respectively, and BRD4S phosphorylation diminishes BRD4 condensation. Our study illuminates a previously unappreciated role of BRD4S in organizing chromatin and transcription factors through phase separation to sustain gene transcription in chromatin for cancer cell proliferation.

The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2)mutations are frequent genetic abnormalities in the majority of WHO grade II/III glioma and secondary GBM. IDH1-mutated (IDH1Mut)glioma exhibits distinctive patterns in cancer biology and metabolism. In the present study, we showed that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP4) are significantly upregulated in IDH1Mutglioma. Further, we demonstrated that cancer-associated BMP4 is secreted to tumor microenvironment, which enhances the tumor migration and invasion through an autocrine manner. Mechanistically, BMP4 activates its receptor and concomitant SMAD1/5/8 signaling, which potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by enhancing Frizzled receptor expression. LDN-193189, a selective BMP receptor inhibitor, prolonged the overall survival of mice bearing IDH1-mutated intracranial xenografts by limiting BMP/catenin signaling. These findings demonstrate the pivotal role of BMP4 on tumor aggressiveness in IDH1Mutgliomas, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy for this type of malignancy.

Atopy is considered the epidemic of the 21st century, and while decades of research have established a direct link between Th2 cells driving pathogenic IgE-mediated allergic disease, only in the past years have T follicular helper (Tfh) cells emerged as pivotal drivers of these responses. In this review, we will examine the molecular mechanisms governing the IgE response, with a particular emphasis on the key cytokines and signaling pathways. We will discuss the exclusion of IgE-producing B cells from germinal centers and explore the recently established role of follicular T cell function and heterogeneity in driving or curtailing these immune responses. Additionally, we will assess the current state of major monoclonal antibodies and allergen immunotherapies designed to counteract Th2-driven inflammation, as well as reflect on the need to investigate how these biologics impact Tfh cell activity, differentiation, and function, as these insights could pave the way for much-needed therapeutic innovation in the treatment of allergic diseases.

Diesel engine exhaust comprises nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot particles, which cause serious air pollution. However, owing to the contradictory nature of NOxreduction and soot oxidation, a trade-off exists in the simultaneous removal of NOxand soot. Consequently, catalytic technology has become a hot research topic. This study prepared MOδ/Fe-Beta (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu) catalysts through incipient wetness impregnation using Fe-Beta as the support and explored the catalytic performance of the above catalysts. The results exhibited the good performance of the prepared catalysts. The introduction of Mn resulted in a lower peak temperature of soot combustion for the catalyst, and slightly decreased deNOxperformance of Fe-Beta. The soot combustion temperature was as low as 422 °C, and the temperature window for 80% NO conversion was 164 °C–423 °C. The interaction between MnOδand zeolite can regulate the acid sites and produce sufficient active oxygen species for the catalyst. The catalytic activity of the MnOδ/Fe-Beta catalyst is due to its strong redox property, the appropriate number of acid sites, and sufficient number of active oxygen species. In addition, the catalyst had good stability and water and sulfur resistance, therefore it had great potential for future application in the simultaneous removal of NOxand soot from diesel engine exhaust.

The elimination of pollutants from diesel exhaust has received widespread research attention as they cause serious air pollution and pose a threat to human health. Catalytic post-treatment technology is one of the most effective and universal technologies to treat diesel exhaust pollutants. The design and development of efficient and low-cost catalysts is the key factor to realize the wide application of catalytic post-treatment technology. Cerium (Ce)-based oxides with specific morphologies are widely used to eliminate pollutants in diesel vehicle exhaust due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high catalytic activity, low cost and non-toxicity. In this review, the preparation methods of Ce-based oxide materials with specific morphologies, such as nanoparticles, nanocubes, nanorods, nanofibers, and multi-stage pores, are introduced in detail, and the research progress on using these catalysts for the removal of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, soot particles, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants from diesel exhaust is reviewed in detail. Finally, the unresolved issues associated with using Ce-based oxide catalysts with a specific morphology to catalytically remove pollutants from diesel exhaust are highlighted, and future application prospects and development directions are discussed.

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) era has led to the emergence of various types of information sensing devices. The operation and maintenance of IoT devices require a large-scale use of sensors at the expense of high energy consumption. In this work, we develop a self-powered voltage monitoring sensor (VSM-S) based on the principle of dielectric polarization, which is inspired by the cell electrophoresis phenomenon. This sensor imitates the structure of biological cells and takes advantage of the easier polarization characteristics of liquid medium with high dielectric constant in an external electric field. It collects electric field energy to achieve self-powering function and can monitor the position and status of the electric field source in real-time through output signals. Experiments show that the designed VSM-S has the characteristics of fast response (10-9-10-15s), high sensitivity (0.3nA/V), and wide application range. Furthermore, its integration with monitoring systems enables applications in smart industries, smart homes, and smart grids. This work has considerable development prospects in the fields of wearable sensors and the IoTs.

Since the 1970s, extensive land reclamation has been carried out in the Bohai Sea. However, reclamation activities were prohibited in 2018. Using the MIKE3 numerical model, this study selected 1976 and 2018 as representative years before and after reclamation, respectively, and developed a highly accurate three‐dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the Bohai Sea. The model was employed to access the effects of reclamation on tidal waves, tidal prism, residual current, tidal flux (TF), and suspended sediment flux (SSF). The results revealed that after reclamation, the amphidromic points of M2and S2shifted southward near Qinhuangdao, and eastward near the Yellow River estuary. The M2amplitude in the Bohai Bay exhibited a maximum increase of 30 cm. In the Bohai Sea, the tidal prism decreased by 3.95%, suggesting a decrease in water exchange capacity. The TF in the Bohai Sea and Laizhou Bay decreased by 0.7% and 12%, respectively, while increasing by 16% in Bohai Bay and 12% in Liaodong Bay, primarily due to the variations in tidal waves. Furthermore, SSF decreased by 6% in the Bohai Sea, but increased by 125% in Bohai Bay and 114% in Laizhou Bay. The significant increase in SSF in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay was mainly attributed to the higher suspended sediment concentrations and the stronger residual current velocities near the Yellow River estuary. This study provides comprehensive insights into the impacts of reclamation on TF and SSF in the Bohai Sea, which could contribute to marine resource development and the planning of environmental restoration projects. In the Bohai Sea, land reclamation has been accelerated since 1970s. Due to negative effects on aquaculture and channel, reclamation activities were prohibited in 2018. However, no research on annual tidal flux (TF) and suspend sediment flux (SSF) in the Bohai Sea has been reported. We have established high‐precision hydrodynamic and sediment transport model to analyze the impacts of reclamation on TF and SSF in the Bohai Sea. The findings revealed that reclamation led to a decrease in TF in the Bohai Sea and Laizhou Bay, while caused an increase in TF in Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay. After reclamation, the SSF decreased in the Bohai Sea, while increased in Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. After reclamation, the suspended sediment concentration and residual current velocity near the Yellow River estuary increased significantly, which was the main reason for the significant increase of SSF in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay. The Bohai Sea served as both the “source” of Yellow Sea muddy area and the “sink” of Yellow River which carried a large amount of sediment. The research on how reclamation affecting the TF and SSF in the Bohai Sea was essential for the sedimentation system of the East China Seas. After reclamation, the area of Bohai Bay reduced, however, the tidal prism increased by nearly 10% due to the increase of tidal rangeAfter reclamation, tidal flux and water exchange capacity decreased in the Bohai Sea and Laizhou Bay, while increased in Bohai BayAfter reclamation, sediment flux decreased in the whole Bohai Sea and increased in three bays, particularly in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay After reclamation, the area of Bohai Bay reduced, however, the tidal prism increased by nearly 10% due to the increase of tidal range After reclamation, tidal flux and water exchange capacity decreased in the Bohai Sea and Laizhou Bay, while increased in Bohai Bay After reclamation, sediment flux decreased in the whole Bohai Sea and increased in three bays, particularly in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay