Search

In this work, the influence of bias and electric field intensity on the electrochemical migration of SAC305 solder alloy is investigated using a self-designed in-situ thin electrolyte film device. The results indicate that when the bias is 0.5 V, a compact passivation film forms on the sample surface, effectively inhibiting dendrite growth. When the applied bias reaches 0.75 V, it is observed that specific corrosion products are generated between the two plates, and the occurrence of dendritic growth phenomena is still absent. Dendrite development is observed when a bias voltage of 1 V is applied. Regarding the electrode reactions, when the applied bias falls below 1.5 V, a notable polarization resistance is encountered in the anode reaction. In this case, the cathode reaction primarily entails the process of oxygen reduction. As the applied voltage climbs to 1.5 V, the anodic potential shows an increase, leading to a reduction in the polarization resistance of the anodic process that determines the rate of the electrochemical reaction. At this time, the cathode potential exhibits a comparatively negative value, leading to the progressive occurrence of the hydrogen evolution process. Additionally, the influence mechanism of bias on ECM is also proposed.

Q345B carbon steel as well as Q450NQR1 and S500AW weathering steels were subjected to outdoor exposure corrosion tests in coal environments and indoor periodic immersion accelerated corrosion tests with a simulated coal leaching solution. The corrosion kinetics were studied by the weight loss method, and the corrosion morphology and corrosion product composition were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Afterward, correlation analysis of the indoor and outdoor tests was carried out by the gray correlation analysis method. The results show that the relationship between the corrosion weight loss and corrosion time of the three steels conforms to follow the exponent power law. In particular, Q450NQR1 steel has the best corrosion resistance. The types of corrosion products and the distribution of elements in the rust layer of the three steels are similar in the indoor and outdoor tests. The gray correlation degrees of the three steels in the indoor and outdoor tests are all greater than 0.6; thus, the two corrosion tests have a good correlation. Based on this, the accelerated simulation test method of the coal leaching solution is determined, and life prediction models of three steels in coal leaching solution are established to simulate the corrosion of the bottom board and side board.

The hippocampus is closely related to many brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Accurate measurement of the hippocampus is helpful for clinicians in identifying lesions and then diagnosing and treating the related brain diseases. Therefore, accurate segmentation of the hippocampus is of vital significance for the in‐depth study of many brain diseases. However, the accurate measurement of the hippocampus depends on its accurate segmentation, and hippocampal segmentation has always been a challenging problem due to the small size, irregular shape, and fuzzy boundaries with surrounding tissues of the hippocampus. With the development of machine learning, many innovative methods have been proposed to segment the hippocampus. The purpose of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of hippocampal segmentation in brain MRI images using machine learning methods. First, a brief introduction to hippocampal segmentation in brain MRI images is given. Then, common evaluation metrics of hippocampal segmentation are introduced. Next, brain hippocampal segmentation methods based on traditional machine learning and deep learning are described. Subsequently, some common open datasets and toolkits applied to brain hippocampal segmentation are presented. Finally, objective conclusions regarding hippocampal segmentation in brain MRI images using machine learning methods are drawn, and future developments and trends are identified for brain hippocampal segmentation.

The computed tomography angiography (CTA) Spot Sign is an effective means of predicting hematoma expansion (HE) in the context of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated whether continuous CTA source images could differentiate the Spot Sign and blood vessels in the hematoma, and whether it would improve Spot Sign accuracy as an HE predictor. We screened for the presence of CTA Spot Sign in individuals affected by spontaneous ICH within 24 h of symptom development. Based on our findings, we determined the sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values of this sign as a predictor of HE both on its own and following the exclusion of blood vessels. In addition, a receiver-operating characteristic approach was used to assess the accuracy of Spot Sign with and without elimination of vascular interference. A total of 265 patients were included in this study. The Spot Sign was observed in 100 patients, including in 29 patients wherein it was confirmed to be blood vessels as determined based upon continuous CTA source images. With respect to predicting HE, Spot Sign sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were 57%, 71%, 48% and 78%, respectively. Following the exclusion of blood vessels, these values were 57%, 87%, 68% and 81%, respectively. Spot Sign area under the curve after excluding blood vessels was 0.718, which was higher than that of the Spot Sign (0.638). After continuous CTA, source images are used to exclude blood vessels in the hematoma, the Spot Sign is thus more accurate in predicting HE.

Catalytic asymmetric reactions in which water is a substrate are rare. Enantioselective transition-metal-catalyzed insertion of carbenes into the O–H bond of water can be used to incorporate water into the stereogenic center, but the reported chiral catalysts give good results only when α-aryl-α-diazoesters are used as the carbene precursors. Herein we report the first highly enantioselective O–H bond insertion reactions between water and α-alkyl- and α-alkenyl-α-diazoesters as carbene precursors, with catalysis by a combination of achiral dirhodium complexes and chiral phosphoric acids or chiral phosphoramides. Participation of the phosphoric acids or phosphoramides in the carbene transfer reaction markedly suppressed competing side reactions, such as β-H migration, carbene dimerization, and olefin isomerization, and thus ensured good yields of the desired products. Fine-tuning of the ester moiety facilitated enantiocontrol of the proton transfer reactions of the enol intermediates and resulted in excellent enantioselectivity. This protocol represents an efficient new method for preparation of multifunctionalized chiral α-alkyl and α-alkenyl hydroxyl esters, which readily undergo various transformations and can thus be used for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that the phosphoric acids and phosphoramides promoted highly enantioselective [1,2]- and [1,3]-proton transfer reactions of the enol intermediates. Maximization of molecular orbital overlap in the transition states of the proton transfer reactions was the original driving force to involve the proton shuttle catalysts in this process.

A highly efficient asymmetric Michael addition of thiols to exocyclic enones was achieved by using chiral spiro phosphoramide catalysts. The precisely chiral control in the protonation of the enol intermediate ensured high enantioselectivity. The reaction features high activity (yields up to 99%, turnover numbers up to 8400) and high enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee) with a broad substrate scope, and it has the potential for wide application in the synthesis of chiral sulfides.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have fostered an unprecedented proliferation of high-throughput sequencing projects and a concomitant development of novel algorithms for the assembly of short reads. However, numerous technical or computational challenges in de novoassembly still remain, although many new ideas and solutions have been suggested to tackle the challenges in both experimental and computational settings. In this review, we first briefly introduce some of the major challenges faced by NGS sequence assembly. Then, we analyze the characteristics of various sequencing platforms and their impact on assembly results. After that, we classify de novoassemblers according to their frameworks (overlap graph-based, de Bruijngraph-based and string graph-based), and introduce the characteristics of each assembly tool and their adaptation scene. Next, we introduce in detail the solutions to the main challenges of de novoassembly of next generation sequencing data, single-cell sequencing data and single molecule sequencing data. At last, we discuss the application of SMS long reads in solving problems encountered in NGS assembly. This review not only gives an overview of the latest methods and developments in assembly algorithms, but also provides guidelines to determine the optimal assembly algorithm for a given input sequencing data type.

Pharmaceuticals and biologically active natural products usually contain multiple stereocenters. The development of catalytic asymmetric reactions for the direct construction of complex motifs containing three nonadjacent stereocenters is a particularly important and formidable challenge. In this paper, we report an unprecedented method for the direct asymmetric construction of complex chiral amines with 1,3,5- or 1,3,4-stereocenters from readily available achiral and racemic starting materials. The reaction was made possible by the development of highly efficient chiral ammonium catalysts that serve three distinct functions: promoting efficient kinetic resolution by chiral recognition of racemic electrophiles, promoting asymmetric C–C bond forming reactions by recognizing enantiotropic faces of achiral nucleophiles, and mediating a highly stereoselective protonation of carbanions. Using these trifunctional catalysts, the reaction of imines and tulipane derivatives proceeded in a highly regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective manner to produce synthetically useful yields of complex chiral amines. We believe that trifunctional catalysis can be applied in a variety of asymmetric transformations for the streamlined asymmetric synthesis of complex chiral molecules with multiple stereocenters.

To reach a compromise between short acquisition time and excellent detection probability for the high-dynamic binary offset carrier (BOC) signal, an overall algorithm based on discrete polynomial-phase transform (DPT) and partial matching filter (PMF)-fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is given. The high order items of received signals are removed by the method of DPT, and the PMF-FFT algorithm is redesigned for the BOC signal. The simulation experiments and theoretical analyses verify that the improved algorithm has attained improvement in acquisition performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of relative humidity (RH) on a printed circuit board finished with electroless nickel immersion gold (PCB-ENIG) under an adsorbed thin electrolyte layer (ATEL) were investigated in situ via the measurement of cathodic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to clearly elaborate the corrosion behavior of PCB-ENIG in the atmospheric environment. Results indicated that the cathodic process of PCB-ENIG under ATEL was dominated by the reduction of dissolved oxygen, corrosion products, and H2O. The cathodic current density of PCB-ENIG increased progressively with increasing RH. Moreover, its cathodic current density in the solution was greater than that under ATEL. This result demonstrated that the diffusion process was not the controlling step during the limiting reduction of cathodic oxygen. When the polarization potentials were located in a more negative region, the cathodic polarization current density gradually decreased under 75% and 85% RH. Notably, the anodic process became the controlling step in the extremely thin liquid film during the remainder of the experiment.

A copper-clad printed circuit board (PCB-Cu) was subjected to long-term exposure test under typical Chinese atmospheric environments to study corrosion failure mechanisms. The corrosion behavior was investigated by analyzing electrochemical impedance, scanning Kelvin probes, stereo and scanning electron microscopes, and energy-dispersive spectra. Results showed that the initial surface potential was unevenly distributed. The outdoor PCB-Cu samples suffered severe corrosion caused by dust particles, contaminated media, and microorganisms after long-term atmospheric exposure. The initial localized corrosion was exacerbated and progressed to general corrosion for samples in Turpan, Beijing, and Wuhan under prolonged exposure, whereas PCB-Cu in Xishuangbanna was only slightly corroded. The tendency for electrochemical migration (ECM) of PCB-Cu was relatively low when applied with a bias voltage of 12 V. ECM was only observed in the PCB-Cu samples in Beijing. Contaminated medium and high humidity synergistically affected ECM corrosion in PCB-Cu materials.

To clarify the antipyretic effect of the Chinese materia medica, Violae Herba(Viola yedoensis), and its active fractions by examining the effects of V. yedoensisextracts with differing polarities on body temperature, total white blood cell (WBC) count, WBC differential count, and total serum complement of rabbits with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever.

To investigate the effects of allicin on chickens’ lipid and antioxidant performance, Hy-laying hens’ diets were replenished with 0 mg • kg-1, 50 mg • kg-1, 100 mg • kg-1, and 150 mg • kg-1allicin for 42 days, respectively. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were measured in chicken serum. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in chicken serum and liver tissue homogenate. The results showed that the supplement dose of allicin tested did not significantly change the activity of ALT or AST (P>0.05); TG and CHOL levels decreased with the increase of allicin additive doses, and the difference between treatment groups and CG was significant (P<0.05), and there was the best effect with 100 mg • kg-1; allicin significantly reduced the content of MDA, and increased SOD and GSH-Px activities compared with CG (P<0.05), and 100 mg • kg-1of allicin resulted in the strongest SOD and GSH-Px activity. The antioxidant function test results of liver tissue homogenate were consistant with that of serum. Our findings indicated that allicin could enhance antioxidant capacity and reduce blood lipid level in chickens and 100 mg • kg-1was the optimal amount of allicin additives.

Springback is a main problem in sheet metal rubber bladder forming that influences the geometric accuracy of a part. In this paper, springback distribution of a certain aircraft part is analyzed by finite element simulation and verified the accuracy of relevant equations. The aircraft part is divided into six convex flanging areas for analysis, several technological parameters are taken into consider, and the results of simulation and equation calculation are well agreed, the influence of a joggle is also discussed.

To reduce the measurement cost and time, a time domain measurement method of quality factor for MEMS resonator is presented in this paper. The relation curve between quality factor and vacuum level is obtained. The results indicate that measurement error is larger under high vacuum level when the sampling frequency is lower. The reason causing the error is analyzed and measurement precision is improved by increasing the sampling frequency. The measurement results indicate time domain measurement is advisable and improvable for MEMS resonator measurement.

A high isolation and compact microstrip diplexer for broadband and wireless local area network (WLAN) application is proposed in this paper. It is achieved by using the combination of a broadband bandpass filter (BPF) composed of one open stub and two short stubs of different size loaded in 50Ω feed lines. The tapped stub can not only generate two zeros to deepen the stopband, but also connect other BPF without deterioration of in-band performance. Hence, the compact diplexer combines two BPFs without extra junction matching network. The mutual loading effect approximately equivalent to a coupled resonator can create one zero at the passband edge to improve the isolation. The proposed microstrip diplexer is designed and fabricated, and it has a 1dB fractional bandwidths (FBW) of 60% at 3.5GHz for broadband channel and 3% at 5.8GHz for WLAN channel . The simulated and measured results are presented and good agreement is obtained.

The detection of gravitational waves and the extraction of physical information from them requires the prediction of accurate waveforms to be used in template banks. For that purpose, the accuracy of effective-one-body (EOB) waveforms has been improved over the last years by calibrating them to numerical-relativity (NR) waveforms. So far, the calibration has employed a handful of NR waveforms with a total length of ~30 cycles, the length being limited by the computational cost of NR simulations. Here we address the outstanding problem of the stability of the EOB calibration with respect to the length of NR waveforms. Performing calibration studies against NR waveforms of nonspinning black-hole binaries with mass ratios 1, 1.5, 5, and 8, and with a total length of ~60 cycles, we find that EOB waveforms calibrated against either 30 or 60 cycles will be indistinguishable by the advanced detectors LIGO and Virgo when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is below 110. When extrapolating to a very large number of cycles, using very conservative assumptions, we can conclude that state-of-the-art nonspinning EOB waveforms of any length are sufficiently accurate for parameter estimation with advanced detectors when the SNR is below 20, the mass ratio is below 5 and total mass is above 20 M☉. The results are not conclusive for the entire parameter space because of current NR errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s 30 years’ rapid urbanization process is not a usual one but a particular process promoted in the dual social-economic structure like household registration policy and land system, According to the sixth census, China's floating population has reached 261 million, that is, among every three Chinese city's residents, there is one person belonging to the “Migrant-urbanization” group made up of migrant peasant workers. Large number of rural labor migration, on the one hand, it causes false components in the process of urbanization, on the other hand, it brings a lot of problems to village construction of the central region which is considered as population exporter. It also somehow gradually formed the result of the "amphibious" population who was not engaged in agricultural production, localization tendency of rural industries, sidelined agriculture, and the disordered development of towns and villages. This paper is based on the background that regional labor movement from backward areas to developed coastal areas.Furthermore, this paper analyzes both the positive effects and the negative impact of labor migration which brought about to the construction of the central region village in China. Finally, this paper proposed three strategies about construction of the central region village in China with the aim to contribute to the much better sustainable development of rural villages and improve the co-development of both the rural and urban areas, first, how to arrange the surplus rural laborers; how to make rural land use more economically and intensively; and how to balance the development of urban and rural areas.

This paper presents a tunable effective-one-body (EOB) model for black-hole (BH) binaries of arbitrary mass ratio and aligned spins. This new EOB model incorporates recent results of small-mass-ratio simulations based on Teukolsky's perturbative formalism. The free parameters of the model are calibrated to numerical-relativity simulations of nonspinning BH-BH systems of five different mass ratios and to equal-mass nonprecessing BH-BH systems with dimensionless BH spins χi ≃ ±0.44. The present analysis focuses on the orbital dynamics of the resulting EOB model, and on the dominant (ℓ, m) = (2, 2) gravitational-wave mode. The calibrated EOB model can generate inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms for nonprecessing, spinning BH binaries with any mass ratio and with individual BH spins -- 1 ≤ χi ≲ 0.7. Extremizing only over time and phase shifts, the calibrated EOB model has overlaps larger than 0.997 with each of the seven numerical-relativity waveforms for total masses between 20Mo and 2OOM0, using the Advanced LIGO noise curve. We compare the calibrated EOB model with two additional equal-mass highly spinning (χi ≤ --0.95, +0.97) numerical-relativity waveforms, which were not used during calibration. We find that the calibrated model has an overlap larger than 0.995 with the simulation with nearly extremal ant ¡aligned spins. Extension of this model to black holes with aligned spins x¡ --0.7 requires improvements of our modeling of the plunge dynamics and inclusion of higher-order PN spin terms in the gravitational-wave modes and radiation-reaction force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a design of the equal duty ratio arbitrary integer frequency divider based on FPGA. First it introduces the characteristics and application domain of FPGA in brief, we discusses a few traditional integer frequency dividers. Finally presents the frequency division theory and circuit design of dual modulus preset decimal frequency divider based on FPGA. The frequency divider is described in VHDL tool and simulated with QUARTERSII6.0.

We generalize the factorized resummation of multipolar waveforms introduced by Damour, Iyer, and Nagar to spinning black holes. For a nonspinning test particle spiraling a Kerr black hole in the equatorial plane, we find that factorized multipolar amplitudes which replace the residual relativistic amplitude fℓm with its ℓth root, ρℓm=fℓm1/ℓ, agree quite well with the numerical amplitudes up to the Kerr-spin value q≤0.95 for orbital velocities v≤0.4. The numerical amplitudes are computed solving the Teukolsky equation with a spectral code. The agreement for prograde orbits and large spin values of the Kerr black-hole can be further improved at high velocities by properly factoring out the lower-order post-Newtonian contributions in ρℓm. The resummation procedure results in a better and systematic agreement between numerical and analytical amplitudes (and energy fluxes) than standard Taylor-expanded post-Newtonian approximants. This is particularly true for higher-order modes, such as (2,1), (3,3), (3,2), and (4,4), for which less spin post-Newtonian terms are known. We also extend the factorized resummation of multipolar amplitudes to generic mass-ratio, nonprecessing, spinning black holes. Lastly, in our study we employ new, recently computed, higher-order post-Newtonian terms in several subdominant modes and compute explicit expressions for the half and one-and-half post-Newtonian contributions to the odd-parity (current) and even-parity (odd) multipoles, respectively. Those results can be used to build more accurate templates for ground-based and space-based gravitational-wave detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBased on the current literature, this paper is mainly intended to test whether environmental factors and socio-economic factors will have direct effect on the longevity at county level in China in order to determine the major determinants affecting local longevity level. Using the multi-regression model, we find the result that factors such as temperature, climate, longitude, type of soils, as well as type of agricultural food production play a major role in shaping the longevity at county level, and that socioeconomic factors like infant mortality and gross death rate also have some direct impact on longevity, but the degree of impact is not as strong as the above environmental factors.

The article examines both literal and figurative strings attached to birth into the Western Paradise as it focuses on the Pure Land Buddhism's death ritual and matron's predestined male birth. In addition, it also presents the death ritual originating in Buddhist monasteries which required a five-colored string attached between a golden statue of Buddhist deity Amitabha and a dying person to ensure birth into the Western Paradise. The author points out that the literal string attached to birth into the Western Paradise refers to the method by which a person could be pulled there.

The palladium catalyzed vinylation of alkyl halides, especially benzyl chlorides, with a variety of olefins has been studied. A possible free radical mechanism was proposed.

In this paper, the looking ahead constraints of dynamic optimal dispatch are analyzed based on the load-bottleneck-analysis approach. A practical algorithm - two-stage coordination equationsalgorithm is proposed considering the ramp-rate limits and the looking ahead constraints. In the first stage, the initial output of each unit is obtained using the coordination equations algorithm, and then in the second stage, the generation of units is modified if the looking ahead constraints are binding. The strategy of modification is to divide the on-line units into several subsets according to whether a unit can response to the load changes at full speed or not.

Using anX-band radar and a mechanical shortwave generator, we measured the dependence of radar return power on the viscosity of water which was adjusted by changing the water temperature. From the measurements we drew two inferences: (1) the spectral density of short water waves,F, depends strongly on the viscosity of waterwhereis normalized viscosity, andm=−1.72; and (2) the normalized radar cross section,σ0(dB), depends strongly on the water temperature

2-Arylethylamines were synthesized in moderate yields via Heck reaction of acrylamide with iodobenzenes in the presence of polymeric catalyst P-ph - phen. Pd (0) followed by hydrogenation and subsequent Hofmann reaction.

Several letters to the editor are presented including one on a photo of the Crow Canyon Sharks of Danville, California posing with American swimmer Ryan Lochte, one on the achievement of the Aquajets Swim Team in the 9-10 age group's 200 medley relay and 200 free relay, and another on the Alcatraz Challenge open water swim race.

Gravitational waves emitted by black-hole binary systems have the highest signal-to-noise ratio in LIGO and Virgo detectors when black-hole spins are aligned with the orbital angular momentum and extremal. For such systems, we extend the effective-one-body inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms to generic mass ratios and spins calibrating them to 38 numerical-relativity nonprecessing waveforms produced by the SXS Collaboration. The numerical-relativity simulations span mass ratios from 1 to 8, spin magnitudes up to 98% of extremality, and last for 40 to 60 gravitational-wave cycles. When the total mass of the binary is between 20 and 200AiQ, the effective-one-body nonprecessing (dominant mode) waveforms have overlap above 99% (using the advanced-LIGO design noise spectral density) with all of the 38 nonprecessing numerical waveforms, when maximizing only on initial phase and time. This implies a negligible loss in event rate due to modeling. We also show that--without further calibration-- the precessing effective-one-body (dominant mode) waveforms have overlap above 97% with two very long, strongly precessing numerical-relativity waveforms, when maximizing only on the initial phase and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report nonsequential and sequential fragmentation dynamics of C023+ investigated by electron collision at an impact energy of 500 eV. The dissociation mechanisms are clearly distinguished by combined use of the Dalitz plot together with momentum correlation spectra. The angular distributions and kinetic-energy releases (KERs) of different fragmentation processes are obtained. The dissociation channels of higher excited states of the C023+ molecular ion are opened, which are quite different from the previous studies of heavy-ion collision [N. Neumann, D. Hant, L. Ph. H. Schmidt, J. Titze, T. Jahnke, A. Czasch, M. S. Schöffler, K. Kreidi, O. Jagutzki, H. Schmidt-Böcking, and R. Dörner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 103201 (2010)] and intense laser field [C. Wu, C. Wu, D. Song, H. Su, Y. Yang, Z. Wu, X. Liu, H. Liu, M. Li, Y. Deng, Y. Liu, L.-Y. Peng, H. Jiang, and Q. Gong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 103601 (2013)]. By analyzing KERs together with the help of potential-energy curves exploration at the multireference configuration interaction level, we conclude that the sequential fragmentation occurs in the : ²,4, and ²S+ states of the C023+ ion. The bond length and bond angle are also determined based on the linear fragmentation, indicating that electron impact fragmentation is a potential method to precisely reconstruct the geometry of neutral molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To examine and describe coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality and its pattern of change (trend) by sex, age, and area of residence (urban versus rural) in Tianjin, China, within the context of epidemiological transition, and compare it with current trends in the Americas and Europe. Methods. A total of 104 393 cases of CHD death in Tianjin occurring between 1999 and 2008 were monitored. Death due to CHD was coded using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) standards (ninth and tenth revisions). Standardized CHD mortality rates and their trends were analyzed by age, sex, and urban versus rural residence. Results. During the 10-year study period, the proportion of total deaths due to CHD in Tianjin increased significantly (from 16% to 24%) and age-standardized CHD mortality increased slightly (with no statistical differences), in contrast to CHD mortality trends in various countries in the Americas and Europe, which are declining. No difference was found in Tianjin's CHD mortality trend by sex. Overall CHD mortality was consistently higher among older age groups, males, and residents of urban areas. The proportion of CHD deaths occurring outside hospitals was 55.81%, with a declining trend over the study period. Rural areas had a higher proportion of outside-hospital CHD mortality than urban areas, but no difference was found across age groups. Conclusions. From 1999 to 2008, CHD mortality in Tianjin varied by sex, age, and urban versus rural area of residence. Future research to identify CHD risk factors and the populations most vulnerable to the disease is recommended to help strengthen CHD prevention. Strategies for CHD control similar to those used in various developed countries in the Americas and Europe should be developed to reduce the CHD burden in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct effective-one-body waveform models suitable for data analysis with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna for extreme mass-ratio inspirals in quasicircular, equatorial orbits about a spinning supermassive black hole. The accuracy of our model is established through comparisons against frequency-domain, Teukolsky-based waveforms in the radiative approximation. The calibration of eight high-order post-Newtonian parameters in the energy flux suffices to obtain a phase and fractional amplitude agreement of better than 1 rad and 1%, respectively, over a period between 2 and 6 months depending on the system considered. This agreement translates into matches higher than 97% over a period between 4 and 9 months, depending on the system. Better agreements can be obtained if a larger number of calibration parameters are included. Higher-order mass-ratio terms in the effective-one-body Hamiltonian and radiation reaction introduce phase corrections of at most 30 rad in a 1 yr evolution. These corrections are usually 1 order of magnitude larger than those introduced by the spin of the small object in a 1 yr evolution. These results suggest that the effective-one-body approach for extreme mass-ratio inspirals is a good compromise between accuracy and computational price for Laser Interferometer Space Antenna data-analysis purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]