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Niobium carbide (NbC) is often used as a reinforcing phase to improve the mechanical properties of composite coatings, but its low thermal conductivity makes the flow of molten pool poor, and the cladding layer is prone to defects such as non-fusion and slag inclusion. Therefore, in this paper, Ni60–NbC composite coatings with different NbC content were prepared by laser cladding technology, and the 10 vol% graphene-20 vol% NbC-70 vol% Ni60 composite coatings were prepared under the optimal NbC component. The effects of the addition of NbC and graphene on the microstructure and microhardness of the coating were systematically discussed. The results show that the microhardness of 20 vol% NbC composite coating is increased from 680.1 HV to 882.9 HV compared with Ni60 coating without NbC.The composite coating with both NbC and graphene has a microhardness of up to 1048HV, which is 18% higher than the composite coating with only 20 vol% NbC. The mechanism is that the addition of graphene promotes the formation of chromium carbide (Cr23C6, Cr7C3) and increases the fluidity of the molten pool, which causes small niobium carbide particles to dissolve and recondense to form large particles. Large niobium carbide particles and chromium carbide jointly inhibit the excessive growth of other grains. This study provides a new idea for laser cladding of nickel-based composite coatings.

Organic synthesis strategies can be used to form particular functional groups and skeleton structures of electrochemically active organic molecules with a reversible faradaic charge transfer suitable for high-efficiency energy storage. In this work, an organic molecular electrode (OME) is assembled by a unique combination of quinone-enriched polymers (PDAQs) with reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) for supercapacitors. Using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxaldehyde (BA) as a bridge, electrochemically active 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DAQ) is connected in an imine linkage to create a novel polymer (PDAQ) with a unique structure. Excellent electrochemical characteristics are achieved as a result of an extensive π-conjugation system and high density of C═O in the structural unit of the PDAQ, while robust π–π interactions between PDAQ and rGO improve cycling stability. PDAQ/rGO-0.3 exhibits an impressive specific capacitance up to 622 F g–1at 5 mV s–1with exceptional capacitance retentions (87.8% at 100 mV s–1) and a long cycle life. To validate the practical energy storage capability of PDAQ/rGO-0.3, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was constructed utilizing 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone-functionalized rGO (DBQ/rGO) as the positive electrode. The assembled ASC (PDAQ/rGO-0.3//DBQ/rGO) exhibits a remarkable energy density of 32.97 Wh kg–1at a power density of 605.57 W kg–1and maintains 88% after undergoing 10 000 cycles. The two ASCs were arranged in tandem configuration, effectively powering up to 63 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), demonstrating their prospective potential for energy storage applications.

Electrochemical water cracking to hydrogen production is a key technology for storing and converting energy. However, the energy consumption of this method comes mainly from the slow anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Replacement of the OER with the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) enables energy-efficient hydrogen production, avoiding dangerous H2/O2mixtures due to the release of N2and CO2at the anode. Hence, it is crucial to investigate efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts to assist OER in combination with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in improving the energy efficiency of hydrogen production. In this work, we take a feasible strategy to synthesize three-dimensional (3D) highly active catalysts CoSe2/MoSe2grown on carbon cloth (CoSe2/MoSe2@CC). Taking advantage of synergistic interaction between interfaces, CoSe2/MoSe2@CC exhibits a promising overpotential of 71 and 320 mV for HER and OER at 10 mA cm–2, respectively. In addition, CoSe2/MoSe2@CC-4 also showed prominent catalytic activity against UOR in 1 M KOH with 0.3 M urea. An electrolyzer is also constructed via using CoSe2/MoSe2@CC as both electrodes. It is worth mentioning that the electrolyzer CoSe2/MoSe2@CC∥CoSe2/MoSe2@CC in 1 M KOH with 0.3 M urea obtains a battery voltage of 1.48 V to generate a current density of 10 mA cm–2, which is 0.17 V lower than that in 1 M KOH (1.65). This electrolyzer completed relatively conspicuous durability in an alkaline electrolyte solution of 1 M KOH, with maintenance of initial current density through 24 h of continuous operation at a constant cell voltage for water splitting. This work develops a promising multifunctional catalyst for urea-assisted hydrogen generation from water electrolysis, which can reduce the decomposition potential of water electrolysis.

Although fat is a crucial source of energy in diets, excessive intake leads to obesity. Fat absorption in the gut is prevailingly thought to occur organ-autonomously by diffusion1–3. Whether the process is controlled by the brain-to-gut axis, however, remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) plays a key part in this process. Inactivation of DMV neurons reduces intestinal fat absorption and consequently causes weight loss, whereas activation of the DMV increases fat absorption and weight gain. Notably, the inactivation of a subpopulation of DMV neurons that project to the jejunum shortens the length of microvilli, thereby reducing fat absorption. Moreover, we identify a natural compound, puerarin, that mimics the suppression of the DMV–vagus pathway, which in turn leads to reduced fat absorption. Photoaffinity chemical methods and cryogenic electron microscopy of the structure of a GABAAreceptor–puerarin complex reveal that puerarin binds to an allosteric modulatory site. Notably, conditional Gabra1knockout in the DMV largely abolishes puerarin-induced intestinal fat loss. In summary, we discover that suppression of the DMV–vagus–jejunum axis controls intestinal fat absorption by shortening the length of microvilli and illustrate the therapeutic potential of puerarin binding to GABRA1 in fat loss.

As an emerging porous crystal polymer, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess unique characteristics, such as high porosity, excellent stability, diverse topologies, designable open channels, and functional tunability. However, limited by the solid powder form, most COFs display low active site utilization and weak binding force with the current collector. In this pioneering research, we integrate redox-active COFs onto carbon fiber surfaces (AC-COFs) via strong covalent bridging. The 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ) pillars embedded on the carbon fiber surface are the key to precisely controlling the growth direction of COFs. The obtained tentacle-like array vertically supported on the surface of the carbon fiber can effectively induce charge transfer and prevent COFs from aggregating/collapsing. The strong covalent coupling and increase of accessible active sites contributed to the high specific capacitance of AC-COFs electrode (1034 mF cm–2). In addition, the COF-based flexible electrode retains an initial capacitance of 98% after 20000 charge–discharge cycles. The flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor is assembled by PVA/H2SO4gel electrolyte with an areal capacitance of 715 mF cm–2. Besides, a red LED can be easily powered by three-bending AC-COFs//AC-COFs devices. The innovative synthesis strategy opens up new opportunities to develop high-performance flexible energy storage devices based on COFs.

A series of ZnO/ZrO2catalysts were prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and impregnation method and were test for CO2hydrogenation to methanol. The results showed that ZnO deposited by the ALD method was highly dispersed on ZrO2, while the catalysts prepared by impregnation method formed ZnO–ZrO2solid solution. Due to the formation of solid solution, a strong interaction between the Zn–Zr–O can be detected from XPS measurements for the impregnated sample. For ZnO/ZrO2catalysts, the solid solution played an important role in the catalytic performance. The catalysts prepared by ALD did not form the solid solution; therefore, they were inferior to the sample prepared by impregnation method.

Automatic seizure detection technology is of great significance to reduce workloads of neurologists for epilepsy diagnosis and treatments. Imbalanced classification is a challenge in seizure detection from long-term continuous EEG recordings, as the durations of the seizure events are much shorter than the non-seizure periods. An imbalanced deep learning model is proposed in this paper to improve the performance of seizure detection. To modify imbalanced EEG data distribution, a generative adversarial network (GAN) that is a strong candidate for data enhancement is built to produce the seizure-period EEG data used for forming a more balanced training set. Next, a pyramidal one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) is designed to deal with 1D EEG signals and trained on the augmented training set that consists of both original and generated EEG data. Compared to the conventional 2DCNNs, the deep architecture of the 1DCNN reduces the training parameters so as to greatly increase the training speed. The proposed method is evaluated on three publicly available EEG databases. After data augmentation by the GAN, the designed 1DCNN shows much better classification for seizure detection, achieving competitive results over the three EEG databases, which demonstrates the generalizability of this method across different databases. Comparison with other published methods indicates its enhanced detection performance for imbalanced EEG data.

Corundum abrasives with good chemical stability can be fabricated into various free abrasives and bonded abrasive tools that are widely used in the precision machining of various parts. However, these abrasives cannot satisfy the machining requirements of difficult-to-machine materials with high hardness, high strength, and strong wearing resistance. Although superhard abrasives can machine the above-mentioned materials, their dressing and manufacturing costs are high. By contrast, ceramic corundum abrasives fabricated by sol–gel method is a cost-effective product between conventional and superhard abrasives. Ceramic corundum abrasives exhibit self-sharpening and high toughness. In this review, the optimization methods of ceramic corundum abrasive properties are introduced from three aspects: precursor synthesis, particle shaping, and sintering. Firstly, the functional mechanism of seeds and additives on the microstructural and mechanical properties of abrasives is analyzed. Specifically, seeds can reduce the phase transition temperature and improve fracture toughness. The grain size and uniformly dense structure can be controlled by applying an appropriate amount of multicomponent additives. Then, the urgent need of engineering application and machinability of special shape ceramic corundum abrasives is reviewed, and three methods of abrasive shaping are summarized. The micromold replication technique is highly advanced and can be used to prepare functional abrasives. Additionally, the influence of a new sintering method, namely, two-step sintering technique, on the microstructural and mechanical performance of ceramic corundum abrasives is summarized. Finally, the challenge and developmental trend of the optimization of ceramic corundum abrasives are prospected.

Heteroatom doping is an efficient method to improve the hydrophilicity of the materials and regulate the electrical structure of adjacent atoms. In this work, the graphene hydrogel (GH) is first codoped with N and P atoms to improve its hydrophilicity, conductivity, and capacitance. Subsequently, quinoline 2,3-dicarboxylic acid (QDC) is modified on the surface of the N-P-GH by the π–π interaction to obtain a new composite material, QDC/N-P-GH. The specific capacitance of the obtained composite electrode materials can reach up to 838 F·g–1at 1 A·g–1, which is much higher than that of most organic small-molecule electrodes. According to Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the doping of the GH with N and P atoms significantly reduces the adsorption energy of organic molecules, which is more favorable to the stable adsorption of organic molecules. In order to evaluate the practical application of QDC/N-P-GH, a new negative material (DTAQ/GH) is also prepared by modifying the GH with 1,8-dichloroanthraquinone (DTAQ). Finally, an asymmetric supercapacitor is constructed by using QDC/N-P-GH as the positive material and DTAQ/GH as the negative material. The specific capacitance of this asymmetric device is up to 187.5 F·g–1(1 A·g–1). The energy density (E) can reach 65.1 Wh·kg–1when the power density (P) is 780 W·kg–1. This work provides a new idea to improve the capacitive properties of organic small molecule/graphene composites.

An all-in-one flexible and all-solid-state matrix conductive hydrogel electrode with high capacitance has been effectively generated in this work. Using multi-dimensional materials collaborative construction, one-dimensional (1D) polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibers and two-dimensional (2D) reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanolayers are incorporated into a three-dimensional (3D) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The cross network of PVA effectively prevents PPy aggregation and inhibits the collapse of the PPy skeleton, while is uniformly distributed and immobilized the RGO layer within the three-dimensional matrix of physically cross-linked PVA. This further enhances the overall material's mechanical properties and the conductivity. The confined growth PPy provides certain capacitive properties to the material. The hydrogen bonding and synergistic effect between each component make the PVA/RGO/PPy-0.5 hydrogel electrode to have an excellent area specific capacitance of 483.3 mF/cm2at 1 mA/cm2, along with outstanding flexibility and 91.2 % high cycle stability after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. By employing a layer-gelation strategy, an all-in-one flexible and all-solid-state supercapacitor set has a high energy density of 44.6 μWh/cm2and high cycling stability of 94.8 % after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. Moreover, there is no significant capacitance loss when supercapacitor bent at various angles, demonstrating the great potential of the feasible flexible supercapacitors with high capacitance and deformability made possible through multi-dimensional materials collaborative construction.

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an enveloped retrovirus with a single-stranded RNA genome, belonging to the genus Alpharetroviruswithin the family Retroviridae. The disease (Avian leukosis, AL) caused by ALV is mainly characterized by tumor development and immunosuppression in chickens, which increases susceptibility to other pathogens and leads to significant economic losses in the Chinese poultry industry. The government and poultry industry have made lots of efforts to eradicate ALV, but the threat of which remains not vanished. This review provides a summary of the updated understanding of ALV in China, which mainly focuses on genetic and molecular biology, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods. Additionally, promising antiviral agents and ALV eradication strategies performed in China are also included.

This work reports a feasible method to fabricate a novel organic molecule electrode, in which 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTCA) is immobilized on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO1) by using a noncovalent strategy. In the three-electrode configuration, the specific capacitance for the PTCA/rGO1electrode is 422.7 F g–1at 10 mV s–1. More importantly, it can retain 94.6% of the initial value at 100 mV s–1. This ultrahigh rate capability could be put down to ultrafast protonation/deprotonation electrochemical reaction based on the four carboxyl groups in PTCA. To further explore the practical performance of electrode materials, an asymmetric supercapacitor (PANI/rGO2//PTCA/rGO1) is constructed by using PTCA/rGO1and PANI/rGO2as the negative and positive electrode, respectively. The device (PANI/rGO2//PTCA/rGO1ASC) reveals an outstanding energy storage capacity, in which the energy density reaches 14 W h kg–1along with a power density of 520 W kg–1.

Carbapenem is one of the few available drugs to treat multidrug-resistance Gram-negative bacteria infections. Recently, the plasmid-mediated spread of the carbapenem resistance gene blaNDMposes a significant threat to public health, requiring global monitoring and surveillance. Here, we used both short-read (n= 2461) and long-read (n= 546) sequencing data to characterize the global distribution of blaNDM. We analyzed the replicon type of blaNDM-positive plasmids and found that the dominant plasmid type was different in diverse geographical locations. Although blaNDMgene has been transferred across diverse countries, its genetic backgrounds are highly conserved, and the mobile genetic element ISAba125, IS5, and IS26may play an important role in the mobilization of blaNDM. A significant association was observed between host origin and gene presence/deletion variation on IncX3 plasmid, which may be a key factor in the bacterial adaption to diverse hosts. In this study, we analyzed the diversity, distribution and transmission of blaNDM-positive plasmids from a global perspective, and emphasize the importance of plasmid analysis for understanding the evolution and adaptation of blaNDM-positive plasmids and their co-evolution with bacterial genomes (resistome).

Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality. However, a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy, which can lead to surface thermal damage. Therefore, ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern. This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters, such as workpiece materials, grinding wheels, grinding parameters, cooling methods, and media, to guide industrial production. This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models. First, the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated, classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source, depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous. Through this examination, a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived. Subsequently, various grinding thermal models are summarized, including models for the heat source distribution, energy distribution proportional coefficient, and convective heat transfer coefficient. Through comprehensive research, the most widely recognized, utilized, and accurate model for each category is identified. The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed, shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution, heat distribution, and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field. Finally, considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature, potential future research directions are proposed. The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.

Listeria monocytogenesis a foodborne pathogen that is ubiquitous in the natural environment.

Constructing a reasonable electrode material structure is significant for the sensitivity and selectivity of glucose detection. Herein, in this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically layered double hydroxides (CC@CCH MOF LDH) is prepared by using carbon cloth (CC) as the conductive base, cobalt carbonate nanorod (CCH) as the guiding template and metal organic framework (MOF) as the sacrifice template. This unique 3D hierarchical structure facilitates the rapid transfer of ions and the reversible redox reaction. Moreover, the electrochemical tests confirm that the material has excellent electrocatalytic oxidation activity in alkaline solution. The amperometric detection results reveal that CC@CCH MOF LDH electrode material possesses better selectivity, higher sensitivity (4310 uA*mM[?]1*cm[?]2), fast amperometric response (<6 s), wide linear range (0.001-2 mM) and low detection limit (110 nM) under the optimal conditions, which is expected to be a high performance enzyme-free glucose sensor.

Magnetoelectric coupling is of high current interest because of its potential applications in multiferroic memory devices. Although magnetoelectric coupling has been widely investigated in inorganic materials, such observations in organic materials are extremely rare. Here, we report our discovery that organic charge-transfer (CT) complex pyrene-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (pyrene–F4TCNQ) can display anisotropic magnetoelectric coupling. Investigation of the crystal structure of pyrene–F4TCNQ complex demonstrates that the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient along the π–π interaction direction is much larger than the value along other directions. Furthermore, magnetoelectric coupling and magnetization can be tuned by changing the fluorine content in complexes. Besides, the Cotton–Mouton effect in pyrene–F4TCNQ is observed, enabling the control of optomagnetic devices. These results can pave the way for a new method for the future development of organic CT complexes and their applications in perpendicular memory devices and energy-transfer-related multiferroics.

Here, we report a lamellar holey oxygen-enriched graphene hydrogel (LGH) consisting of graphene sheets with a large amount of oxygen functional groups and in-plane pores and confirm its excellent supercapacitive performances. LGH is quite different from the traditional graphene hydrogel in terms of both the morphology and porous structure. Importantly, the in-plane pores on the graphene sheets link up the out-of-plane interval between the graphene sheets to form a linking-up network porous structure. The in-plane pores result in more micropores and the additional oxygen functional groups on graphene sheets. The LGH single electrode exhibits an ultrahigh capacitance (337.8 F g–1at 1 A g–1) and excellent rate capability (the specific capacitance at 100 A g–1retains 77% relative to 1 A g–1). The asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled by using the LGH as positive electrode material and the graphene hydrogel that has adsorbed anthraquinone as negative electrode material, respectively. The device exhibits a high energy storage (energy density of 31.5 Wh kg–1along with power density of 0.9 kW kg–1).

Viral hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is characterized by liver lesions. Bupleuri Radix and Scutellariae Radix are the main traditional medicine pairs with remarkable efficacy in hepatitis B. However, their molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. The main active components of Bupleuri Radix and Scutellariae Radix, as well as therapeutic targets for the treatment of hepatitis B, were identified through network pharmacology techniques. We identified viral hepatitis B targets using the GeneCards, online mendelian inheritance in man, and therapeutic target databases. We discovered the active components of Bupleuri Radix and Scutellariae Radix as well as therapeutic targets using the encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine, HERB, traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database, and a bioinformatics analysis tool for molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine databases. VENNY obtained the intersections. Cytoscape and STRING were used to create the “active ingredient-potential target” network and protein interaction network. The DAVID database was used to enrich GO and KEGG pathways. The results were confirmed using the molecular docking method. There were 1827 viral hepatitis B targets, and 37 active ingredients for Bupleuri and Scutellariae Radix, with the main components being quercetin, wogonin, baicalein, and kaempferol. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor A, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3, transcription factor AP-1 (JUN), RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, and cellular tumor antigen p53 are among the 78 common targets of Bupleuri Radix and Scutellariae Radix intervention in viral hepatitis B. KEGG enrichment resulted in 107 pathways, including cancer, hepatitis B, and TNF signaling pathways. According to the molecular docking technique, quercetin, wogonin, baicalein, and kaempferol had strong binding activities with TNF, MAPK3, and IL-6. In this study, we initially identified various molecular targets and multiple pathways involved in hepatitis B treatment with Bupleuri Radix and Scutellariae Radix.

Listeria monocytogenesis capable of infecting almost all animals. However, outbreaks of listeriosis are infrequent in birds. This report describes an outbreak of listeriosis in a small pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) breeder farm with more than 2,000 pheasants from Hubei province of the People's Republic of China. The affected flock consisted of adult and young birds. Approximately 300 young birds and a few adult birds were found dead within a few days of the onset of clinical signs. Twenty-five dead birds were collected for further examination. Histopathological lesions in the visceral organs were characterized by monocyte infiltration and proliferation. Localized encephalitis and meningitis were detected in the brains of dead birds. Gram-positive organisms were observed in heart blood smear, liver, and brain impression smears. The organisms were isolated from fresh liver and were identified as L. monocytogenesserotype 4b based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hlyAgene sequence analysis. This is the first report describing outbreak of listeriosis in pheasant flock.

Organic synthesis strategy can tune electrochemical behavior of organic molecules by molecular level design, which can offer more material choices for sustainable supercapacitors. Herein, an organic polymer (Poly-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide-anthraquinone, PPA) is designed and synthesized as an electrode material that can achieve Faraday reaction with 4 electron transfers in a structural unit. When the PPA is directly used as electrode material, the specific capacitance can be up to 245 F g−1at 5 mV s−1within a more negative potential. Furthermore, PPA is modified on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to prepare an Organic Molecule Electrode (OME, PPA/rGO-1), which can reach higher specific capacitance (604 F g−1at 5 mV s−1) with good cycle stability (capacitance retention of 69.9% at 5 A g−1, over 10,000 cycles). Besides, a 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene (DN) modified graphene hydrogel (GH) is prepared as positive electrode to match with resultant OME for fabricating an asymmetrical supercapacitor (ASC). The device can deliver an energy density of ~20 Wh kg−1. Two ASCs (in series) light 40 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), suggesting a potential application.

C-type lectins are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in innate immunity. They possess one or more carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) belonging to Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding proteins. Herein, two C-type lectins were identified from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The open reading frame (ORF) of SpCTL-E encodes 160 amino acids including a CRD and a signal peptide, while the SpCTL-F ORF encodes a 244 amino acid polypeptide with a signal peptide and a CRD, and the key motifs for carbohydrate binding specificity are Asp-Pro-Asn (DPN) and Gln-Pro-Asp (QPD), respectively. DPN is a newly discovered motif, while QPD is typical of C-type lectins. The binding specificity toward different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) was analysed, and both bound three PAMPs: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glucan (GLU) and peptidoglycan (PGN). SpCTL-F bound more strongly than SpCTL-E. SpCTL-E and SpCTL-F bound to five and seven microbial species, respectively, both agglutinated Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, and both promoted the phagocytosis activity of hemocytes toward Escherichia coli, and both enhanced the encapsulation activity of hemocytes towards Ni-NTA beads. SpCTL-E inhibited the growth of Micrococcus luteusand E. coli, while SpCTL-F also inhibited Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Thus, SpCTL-E and SpCTL-F are important PRRs with a broad nonself-recognition spectrum and play a key role in pathogen elimination.

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an avian oncogenic retrovirus that has caused huge economic losses in the poultry industry due to its great pathogenicity and transmission ability. However, the continuous emergence of new strains would bring challenges to diagnosis and control of ALV-J. .This study focuses on preparing the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against ALV-J Gp85 and identifying its epitope. The truncated ALV-J gp85gene fragment was amplified and then cloned into expression vectors. Purified GST-Gp85 was used to immune mice and His-Gp85 was used to screen MAb. Finally, a hybridoma cell line named J16 that produced specific MAb against the ALV-J. Immunofluorescence assay showed that MAb J16 specifically recognized ALV-J rather than ALV-A or ALV-K infected DF-1 cells. To identify the epitope recognized by MAb J16, fourteen partially overlapping ALV-J Gp85 fragments were prepared and tested by Western blot. The results indicated that peptide 150-LIRPYVNQ-157 was the minimal epitope of ALV-J Gp85 recognized by MAb J16. Alignment analysis of Gp85 from different ALV subgroups showed that the epitope keep high conservation among 36 ALV-J strains, but significant different from that of ALV subgroup A, B, C, D, E and K. Overall, we prepared a MAb specific against ALV-J and identified peptide 150-LIRPYVNQ-157 as a novel specific epitope of ALV-J Gp85, which may assist in laying the foundation for specific ALV-J detection methods.

A novel two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic framework (MOF), {[Cd(hsb-2)(2-obdc)]·2H2O}n(HSB-W7), has been assembled from Cd(II) and the mixed ligands of hydrogenated Schiff base hsb-2 (1,2-bis(4′-pyridylmethylamino)-ethane) and dicarboxylate 2-obdc (2-hydroxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate) via the diffusion method under mild conditions. By changing the synthetic approach with the IISEM (instant in situ exfoliation method), nanoscale MOFs (nanoMOFs) HSB-W7-Ns, HSB-W7-Ns1 and HSB-W7-NR, have also been rapidly and massively fabricated from the MOF precursors in one-pot and one-step manner under aqueous solution. These as-synthesized nanoMOFs had the same 2D crystal structure; however, they displayed diverse nanostructures from 2D rectangular nanosheets with different sizes to 1D nanorods stacked in spheres. Such morphology variations were tuned just by adjusting the initial concentration of the precursors during their nanoMOFs synthesis. Because of the exceptional water stability and strong blue fluorescence, nanoMOFs HSB-W7-Ns, HSB-W7-Ns1 and HSB-W7-NR can serve as fluorescent sensors to selectively and sensitively detect the presence of Fe3+ions in water. All the nanoMOFs showed much higher detection performance for Fe3+ions than that of their bulk MOF crystals, of which the HSB-W7-Ns MOF nanosheets with elongated rectangle morphology was the best. This work provides a new strategy for the morphology engineering of MOF nanostructures, which also offers an opportunity to improve the performance of MOFs.

Type I interferon (IFN) plays an essential role in the host innate immune responses. Several ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) family members were reported to regulate type I IFN production and host antiviral immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we report that UBE2S acts as a negative regulator in the type I IFN signaling pathway. Ectopic expression of UBE2S inhibits host antiviral immune responses and enhances viral replications, whereas deficiency of UBE2S enhances host antiviral immune responses and suppresses viral replications both in vitroand in vivo. Inhibition of type І IFN production by UBE2S is independent on its E2 and E3 enzymic activity. Mechanistically, UBE2S interacts with TBK1 and recruits ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) to remove Lys63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitin chains of TBK1. Our findings reveal a role of the UBE2S-USP15-TBK1 axis in the regulation of host antiviral innate immune responses.

The application of an external electric field is one of the most efficient approaches for photo-induced charge separation. However, the application of the electric-field- enhanced charge separation is limited in powder catalysts. In this study, the electromagnetic induction derived micro-electric potential in metal-semiconductor core-shell hybrid nanostructure was used to enhance charge separation in the shell semiconductor photocatalysts. The efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production can be improved around 110% by utilizing a core-shell nanostructure with a permanent magnet that moves under the normal photocatalytic reactor device. This electromagnetic induction derived electric field via the metal-semiconductor core-shell structure shows efficient conversions from relative motion to electric potential that provide a new opportunity to enhance photocatalytic performance with non-contacted interaction.

DExD/H-box helicase members are key receptors for recognizing viral nucleic acids, and they regulate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR)-mediated type I interferon (IFN) production. Here, we report that the DExD/H-box helicase family member DExD/H-box RNA helicase 19 (DDX19) is a negative regulator of type I IFN production. Ectopic expression of DDX19 suppressed poly(I:C) (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid)- and Sendai-virus-induced type I IFN production, whereas knockdown of DDX19 expression enhanced type I IFN production. Mechanistically, DDX19 inhibited TANK-binds kinase 1 (TBK1)- and inhibitor-κb kinase ε (IKKε)-mediated phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by disrupting the interaction between TBK1 or IKKε and IRF3. Additionally, DDX19 recruited Lamtor2 and then formed the TBK1-IKKε-Lamtor2-DDX19-IRF3 complex to suppress IFN production by promoting TBK1 and IKKε degradation. We generated Ddx19knockout mice using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and found that Ddx19deficiency in vivoaugmented type I IFN production, resulting in suppression of encephalomyocarditis virus replication. These data show that DDX19 is an important negative regulator of RLR-mediated type I IFN production.

Constructing a reasonable electrode material structure is significant for the sensitivity and selectivity of glucose detection. Herein, in this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically layered double hydroxides (CC@CCH MOF LDH) is prepared by using carbon cloth (CC) as the conductive base, cobalt carbonate nanorod (CCH) as the guiding template and metal organic framework (MOF) as the sacrifice template. This unique 3D hierarchical structure facilitates the rapid transfer of ions and the reversible redox reaction. Moreover, the electrochemical tests confirm that the material has excellent electrocatalytic oxidation activity in alkaline solution. The amperometric detection results reveal that CC@CCH MOF LDH electrode material possesses better selectivity, higher sensitivity (4310 μA·mM−1·cm−2), fast amperometric response (<6 s), wide linear range (0.001-2 mM) and low detection limit (110 nM) under the optimal conditions, which is expected to be a high performance enzyme-free glucose sensor.

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