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Herein, we report a single-step, multicomponent approach to versatile γ-lactams through dual photoredox/nickel-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam. This reaction utilized alkyl trimethylgermanium as a radical precursor and acyl chloride as the electrophile, demonstrating remarkable functional group compatibility.

In this study, a novel mixed stellite coating made from the 30% Stellite 3 and 70% Stellite 21 is deposited on H13 alloy using laser cladding technology, aiming at improving the micro-hardness and wear properties compared to Stellite 21. The microstructures of the mixed Stellite coating and Stellite 21 coating are examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometer. The wear resistance of both Stellite coatings is evaluated by dry sliding wear test method. The results demonstrate that the Stellite 21 coating is composed of γ-Co, Co3Mo interdendritic phase and M23C6carbide, while the mixed Stellite coating is only composed of γ-Co and M7C3carbide-enriched W and Mo. The mixed Stellite coating exhibits superior micro-hardness and wear properties compared to the Stellite 21 coating.

Early detection and screening of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma rely on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which is not feasible for population-wide implementation. Tumour marker-based blood tests offer a potential alternative. However, the sensitivity of current clinical protein detection technologies is inadequate for identifying low-abundance circulating tumour biomarkers, leading to poor discrimination between individuals with and without cancer. We aimed to develop a highly sensitive blood test tool to improve detection of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

This article is devoted to addressing the cloud control of connected vehicles, specifically focusing on analyzing the effect of bidirectional communication-induced delays. To mitigate the adverse effects of such delays, a novel predictor–observer structured controller is proposed which compensates for both measurable output delays and unmeasurable, yet bounded, input delays simultaneously. The study begins by novelly constructing an equivalent delay-free interconnected system model that incorporates the predictorobserver controller, considering certain delay boundaries and model uncertainties. Subsequently, a stability analysis is conducted to assess the system's robustness under these conditions. Next, the connected vehicle lateral control scenario which contains high-fidelity vehicle dynamic model is built. The results demonstrate the controller's ability to accurately predict the system states, even under time-varying bidirectional delays. Finally, the proposed method is deployed in a real connected vehicle lateral control system. Comparative tests with a conventional linear feedback controller showcase significantly improved control performance under dominant bidirectional delay conditions, affirming the superiority of the proposed method against the delay.

In recent years, low-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides have garnered significant attention for optoelectronic applications due to their exceptional photophysical properties, despite their persistent challenge of low stability. Addressing this challenge, our study introduces 1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazinium (TFPP) as a cation, harvesting a novel one-dimensional hybrid cadmium-based halide semiconductor (TFPP)CdCl4, which exhibits intense blue-light emission upon UV excitation. Additionally, (TFPP)CdCl4demonstrates a high scintillation performance under X-ray excitation, producing 16600 ± 500 photons MeV–1and achieving a low detection limit of 0.891 μGyairs–1. Notably, (TFPP)CdCl4showcases remarkable stability against water, intense light sources, heating, and corrosive environments, positioning it as a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications. Through a blend of experimental techniques and theoretical analyses, including density functional theory calculations, we elucidate the unique photophysical properties and structural stability of (TFPP)CdCl4. These findings significantly contribute to the understanding of low-dimensional hybrid halide semiconductors, offering valuable insights into their potential application in advanced optoelectronic devices and paving the way for further research in this field.

Study on turbine blades is crucial due to their critical role in ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of aircraft engines. Nickel-based single crystal superalloys are extensively used in the hot manufacturing of turbine blades due to their exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties. The hot manufacturing of single crystal blades involves directional solidification and heat treatment. Experimental manufacturing of these blades is time-consuming, capital-intensive, and often insufficient to meet industrial demands. Numerical simulation techniques have gained widespread acceptance in blade manufacturing research due to their low energy consumption, high efficiency, and rapid turnaround time. This article introduces the modeling and simulation of hot manufacturing in single crystal blades. The discussion outlines the prevalent mathematical models employed in numerical simulations related to blade hot manufacturing. It encapsulates the advancements in research concerning macro to micro-level numerical simulation techniques for directional solidification and heat treatment processes. Furthermore, potential future trajectories for the numerical simulation of single crystal blade hot manufacturing are also discussed.

Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is considered the progressive form of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, which is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. However, the pathogenesis of pediatric MASH remains poorly understood because of the lack of animal models. In this study, a mouse model of pediatric MASH was developed and its hepatic transcriptomic profile was characterized using spatial transcriptomics technology. C57BL/6J mice were fed a Western diet (WD) along with weekly injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) from the age of 3 weeks and lasting up to 8 weeks. After 5 weeks of feeding, WD + CCl4–treated mice showed significant liver injury without the development of insulin resistance. Histologically, WD + CCl4induced key features of type 2 MASH, the most common type observed in children, characterized by liver steatosis, portal inflammation, and portal fibrosis. Spatial transcriptomics analysis of liver tissues indicated that cluster 0 in the mouse from the WD + CCl4group was enriched in pathways associated with lipid metabolism. Further investigation revealed that cytochrome p450 2E1 was the top marker gene of cluster 0, and its expression was increased in the periportal area of mice from the WD + CCl4group. These findings suggest that this mouse model of pediatric MASH mirrors the histologic features of human MASH, and the up-regulation of cytochrome p450 2E1 may be linked to the disease pathogenesis.

This work reports a method for the catalytic synthesis of C(3) SCF3-substituted pyrrolidinindoline using a small-ring organophosphorus-based catalyst and a hydrosilane reductant, with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride as the electrophilic SCF3reagent. This method can drive the conversion of tryptamine to the C(3) SCF3-substituted pyrrolidine indoline. The readily available, inexpensive trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride could be activated as an electrophilic SCF3source by PIII/PVredox catalysis and could efficiently participate in the reaction of tryptamines, thus providing various substituted C(3) SCF3-substituted pyrrolidinoindoline in moderate to excellent yields. This presented strategy features a broad substrate scope, and the structure has value for in-depth research.

Polypropylene is commonly used as a binder for ceramic injection molding, and rapid cooling is often encountered during processing. However, the crystallization behavior of polypropylene shows a strong dependence on cooling rate due to its semi-crystalline characteristics. Therefore, the influence of cooling rate on the quality of final product cannot be ignored. In this study, the fast differential scanning calorimetry (FSC) test was performed to study the influence of cooling rate on the non-isothermal crystallization behavior and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of a copolymer polypropylene (PP BC03B). The results show that the crystallization temperatures and crystallinity decrease as the cooling rate increases. In addition, two exothermic peaks occur when cooling rate ranges from 30 to 300 K·s−1, indicating the formation of another crystal phase. Avrami, Ozawa and Mo equations were used to explore the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, and it can be concluded that the Mo method is suitable for this study.

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NITRR) is a promising strategy to remove nitrate pollutants and generate ammonia under mild conditions. However, the low conversion rate of nitrate and insufficient ammonia production rate severely limits the development of NITRR. Manipulating the adsorption of N-intermediates on the surface of catalyst greatly affects the activity and the selectivity of catalytic reaction. Herein, four one-dimensional π-d conjugated coordination polymers (1D CCPs) are synthesized and applied to NITRR. The selectivity and activity of NITRR are well improved by metal ion substitutions, which regulate the adsorption towards generated intermediates. The ammonia production rate reaches 2.28 mg h–1cm–2over Cu-BTA in 2 h, comparable to recent works at low nitrate concentrations, and the conversion rate of nitrate up to 96.74% in four hours with 79.46% ammonia selectivity. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Cu-BTA had electron-richer Cu center, causing the enhanced free energy of *NO and the attenuation of N=O bond. Therefore, the ΔGrequired for converting *NO to *NHO is reduced and the further hydrogenation is promoted. Additionally, the adsorption energies toward NH3are also effectively reduced by metal ions substitution, accelerating the desorption of generated and adsorbed NH3, making the turnover of catalysts more frequent.

Background: Shikonin, a purified naphthoquinone separated from a Traditional Chinese medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhixon, which exhibits anticancer properties.Objectives: To clarify the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic effects of shikonin against osteosarcoma.Materials and Methods: Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to evaluate cell viability. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexin V-FITC/PI) double-staining was conducted to evaluate the apoptotic ratio of the MG-63 cells. The effects of shikonin on the invasiveness of osteosarcoma cells were implemented by a transwell cell migration assay. In the meantime, a western blot assay was employed to detect alterations in the relevant mechanism proteins within osteosarcoma cells. Molecular docking analysis was conducted to anticipate the binding interaction between shikonin and EGFR/protein kinase B (AKT)/mTOR.Results: We observed that shikonin suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in the MG-63 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pursuing these findings, the potential molecular mechanisms were detected. Shikonin intervention blocked epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and decreased epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the MG-63 cells. However, the additional recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rHuEGF) could stimulate the activation of EGFR/AKT/mTOR signaling and reverse cell apoptosis caused by shikonin. Molecular docking analysis showed that shikonin presented the highest bonding ability with EGFR, AKT, and mTOR.Conclusion: Our results show that shikonin inhibits human osteosarcoma development via inactivating EGFR/AKT/mTOR signaling. It demonstrates that shikonin may act as a potential therapeutic agent in osteosarcoma treatment.

This study aims to achieve an accurate prediction of the mass transfer characteristics of bubble columns under various conditions. First, numerous simulation cases are conducted to explore the appropriate numerical models and bubble sizes for accurately predicting gas holdup of air–water bubble columns operated with superficial gas velocity in the scope of 0.01 to 0.23 m/s. Second, suitable approaches are employed to evaluate the accuracy of some developed aspect ratio models and mass transfer models. Lastly, an improved model considering the residence time distribution is developed, and the effects of bubble shape and bubble swarm on mass transfer are deeply analyzed. This work provides a comprehensive insight into the mass transfer characteristics across different regions of gas–liquid bubble columns operated at various regimes, and offers references for precisely predicting gas–liquid mass transfer rates as well as designing and optimizing bubble columns.

An organophosphorus catalytic method for the synthesis of substituted 2-amidopyridines is reported. The method employs a small-ring organophosphorus-based catalyst and a hydrosilane reductant to drive the conversion of ketoximes and pyridine-N-oxides into 2-amidopyridines through sequential Beckmann rearrangement followed by [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The readily available ketoximes could be activated to nitrilium ions in PIII/PVredox catalysis and could efficiently participate in the domino reaction of pyridine-N-oxides, thus providing various substituted 2-amidopyridines in moderate to excellent yields. This presented strategy features excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope.

Luminescent perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), possessing the advantages of low cost, easy detection, and excellent luminescence, are becoming more and more significant in the fields of information encryption and decryption. Most hydrochromic perovskite NCs for information encryption have moderate reversibility and are easily passively decrypted by water in the moist air, limiting their practical applications. Herein, a lyochromic material is synthesized based on reversible phase transition between luminescent CsPbBr3–HBr (pretreating CsPbBr3with HBr) and nonluminescent Cs4PbBr6, exhibiting excellent reversibility in 50 cycles triggered by CsBr solution. HBr treatment boosts the ion migration of NCs via diminishing surface ligands and passivating Br vacancy, assisting CsBr concentration acting as a crucial factor in dynamic ion exchange equilibrium between the trigger solution and CsPbBr3–HBr. By utilizing CsPbBr3–HBr as a safety ink, the CsBr-triggered photoluminescence switch has been demonstrated to be reproducible, stable, and reliable for information encryption and decryption.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can overcome the existing technological limitations, such as complex processes and harsh conditions in gaseous small-molecule detection, and advance the development of real-time gas sensing at room temperature. In this study, a SERS-based hydrogen bonding induction strategy for capturing and sensing gaseous acetic acid is proposed for the detection demands of gaseous acetic acid. This addresses the challenges of low adsorption of gaseous small molecules on SERS substrates and small Raman scattering cross sections and enables the first SERS-based detection of gaseous acetic acid by a portable Raman spectrometer. To provide abundant hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) was used as a ligand molecule modified on the SERS substrate. Furthermore, a sensing chip with a low relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.15% was constructed, ensuring highly sensitive and reliable detection. The hydrogen bond-induced acetic acid trapping was confirmed by experimental spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). In addition, to achieve superior accuracy compared to conventional methods, an innovative analytical method based on direct response hydrogen bond formation (IO–H/Iref) was proposed, enabling the detection of gaseous acetic acid at concentrations as low as 60 ppb. The strategy demonstrated a superior anti-interference capability in simulated breath and wine detection systems. Moreover, the high reusability of the chip highlights the significant potential for real-time sensing of gaseous acetic acid.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been widely employed as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to their diverse and tunable skeletons and pores. However, their electrocatalytic activity was limited due to the lack of highly active catalytic sites. In this work, we have first immobilized palladium nanoparticles (NPs) into the crystal, porous, and stable imide‐linked COF for ORR. The newly designed COF had pyridine linkers with imide‐linkages in the frameworks serving as the binding sites to anchor Pd sites, and the high surface area and open pore channels provide fast mass transport pathway to the active Pd sites, which contributed highly active performance in ORR. And the designed catalyst delivered onset potential and the half‐wave potential of COF‐Pd of 0.97 and 0.83 V, with a limited current density of 6.1 mA cm−2, respectively. This work provides us insights into developing high crystalline COFs with metal NPs in electrocatalytic systems. Palladium nanoparticles (NPs) were anchored by the crystal, porous and stable imide‐linked covalent organic frameworks for oxygen reduction reaction.

ABSTRACT To promote the extensive application of artificial reefs, developing a type of economical and low-alkaline artificial reef concrete (ARC) where marine organisms can grow quickly is necessary. A grade [...]

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate Hy’s law, DrILTox ALF Score, Robles-Diaz Model, and a new logistic regression model for predicting acute liver failure (ALF) in Chinese patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study among 514 hospitalized DILI patients from 2011 to 2020. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a predictive model for ALF. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of these models were compared. Another 304 DILI patients were used for external validation.OutcomesTwenty-six of 514 DILI patients progressed to ALF. Among these models, Hy’s law had 84.6% sensitivity, 59.8% specificity, 10.1% PPV, and 98.6% NPV. DrILTox ALF Score had 92.3% sensitivity, 51.8% specificity, 9.3% PPV, and 99.2% NPV, while Robles-Diaz Model had 50.0% sensitivity, 77.7% specificity, 10.7% PPV, and 96.7% NPV. The logistic regression model described as P = 1/(1+e(1.643– 0.006* × TBIL (μmol/L) -– 1.302* × INR + 0.095* × ALB (g/L))) had 88.5% sensitivity, 73.1% specificity, 16.3% PPV, and 99.1% NPV at the cut-off of 0.04778 and kept 94.4% sensitivity, 66.8% specificity, 15.2% PPV, and 99.5% NPV in external validation.ConclusionsThe logistic regression model provided superior performance than Hy’s law, DrILTox ALF Score, and Robles-Diaz Model for predicting DILI -related ALF.

The high tendency of bio-oil towards polymerization renders bio-oil with the application as the precursor for carbon materials. However, the pathway of the cross-polymerization of the major components of bio-oil was still unclear. Therefore, the cross-polymerization of furfural and the typical carbohydrates (monosaccharides and oligosaccharides) in bio-oil was studied. The results suggested that the cross-polymerization between furfural and sugars existed and proceeded to a significant extent, producing a much higher yield solid polymer than that of single feedstock and the soluble polymers with the varied π-conjugated structure. In addition, the characterization also indicated that the polymerization of furfural was accompanied with the substantial deoxygenation reactions such as dehydration, forming the polymer with a higher carbon content than that from the sugars. Although sugars contain multiple hydroxyl group, the dehydration reactions for elimination of the hydroxyl group did not take place to a remarkable extent during the polymerization, retaining significant hydrogen and oxygen content of polymer. In addition, the cross-polymerization of furfural and the sugars significantly changed the elemental composition, functionalities, thermal stability, and morphologies of the polymer, owing to the varied pathway from the polymerization of the single feedstock.

A metal-free and thiol-free organophosphorus-catalyzed method for forming thioethers was disclosed, driven by PIII/PV═O redox cycling. In this work, one-step dehydroxylative thioetherification of alcohols was fulfilled with various hypervalent organosulfur compounds. This established strategy features an excellent functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope, especially inactivated alcohols. The scale-up reaction and further transformation of the product were also successful. Additionally, this method offers a protecting-group-free and step-efficient approach for synthesizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists which exhibited promising potential for treating osteoporosis in mammals.

Highly crystalline carbon nitride (CCN), benefiting from the reduced structural imperfections, enables improved electron–hole separation. Yet, the crystalline phase with insufficient inherent defects suffers from a poor performance toward the reaction intermediate adsorption with respect to the amorphous phase. Herein, a crystalline–amorphous carbon nitride (CACN) with an isotype structure was constructed via a two-step adjacent calcination strategy. Through specific oxygen etching and crystallization, the formation of a built-in electric field at the interface could drive charge transfer and separation, thus promoting photoredox reaction. As expected, the optimized CACN exhibited a H2O2generation efficiency as high as 2.15 mM gcat–1h–1, paired with a promoted pollutant degradation efficiency, which outperform its crystalline (CCN) and amorphous [amorphous carbon nitride (ACN)] counterparts. The detailed electron/hole transportation via a built-in electronic field and free radical formation based on the enhanced adsorption of oxygen were considered, and the synchronous reaction pathway was carried out. This work paves a novel pathway for the synthesis of carbon nitride with an isotype structure from the perspective of interfacial engineering.

Deep neural network (DNN), equipped with powerful distinctive generalization ability, is one of the most popular retrieval tools for processing ocean remote sensing data from spaceborne microwave radiometers. Considering the signal received by microwave radiometers at different frequencies changes with atmospheric effects, such as rainfall and water vapor in both horizontal (H) and vertical (V) polarization (pol.), and differential signals between H and V pol, these physical factors cannot be ignored in high wind speed retrieval. This study focuses on the integration of physically driven statistical functions with a residual neural network (ResNet) to derive a specialized type of DNN framework for high wind speed retrieval. Specifically, a dynamic contribution-matrix ResNet (DCM-ResNet) model is proposed, which dynamically adjusts the contribution (C) matrix coefficients within the model. These coefficients, reflecting the physical information of radiation transfer, are used to automatically regulate the model’s estimation of high wind speeds. Experiments are conducted using brightness temperatures (TBs) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 and wind speeds from the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer. The experimental results show that the maximum wind speed can reach up to 60 m/s with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.92 m/s. In addition, the wind speed RMSE remains stable within 6 m/s as the rainfall rate increases. The contributions of different frequency bands to the C-matrix results are closely related to radiative transfer.

The low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and single functionality of fluorescence imaging agents have limited their practical applications. Bright two-photon excitation (2PE) imaging probes are highly desirable in vivowith larger imaging depth, minor autofluorescence background, and less photodamage. Herein, we developed responsive aggregated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as high contrast 2PE imaging agents, capable of emitting red fluorescence upon excitation of near-infrared (NIR) laser and possessing a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N of 2,475). By forming aggregates in situinside tumor tissue, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)-loaded mix-charged gold nanoparticles (DOX-MC-Au NPs) were utilized to act as selective fluorescence imaging probes and precise therapy agents. These high-contrast theranostic agents offer a promising potential for precise cancer imaging and therapy, which might open a new venue to multifunctional and noninvasive theranostics.

Microporosity formed in the solidification process of Al alloys is detrimental to the alloy properties. A two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate the microstructure and microporosity formation in Al-Cu alloys, considering variations in Cu content and solidification rate. The results indicate that the Cu content primarily influences the growth of microporosity. To validate the model, directional solidification experiments were conducted on Al-Cu alloys with varing Cu contents and withdrawal rates. The experimental results of dendrites and microporosity characteristics agree well with the predictions from the developed model, thus confirming the validity of the model. The alloy’s liquidus temperature, dendrite morphology, and hydrogen saturation solubility arising from different Cu contents have significant effects on microporosity morphology. The withdrawal rate primarily affects the nucleation of hydrogen microporosity by altering cooling rates and dendritic growth rates, resulting in different microporosity characteristics.

Aiming at the construction of novel multistate circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) switches, dual stimuli-responsive chiral [2]rotaxanes towards anions and light have been designed and constructed. Through the light-controlled on/off Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) switching between the emissive stoppers and anion-induced controllable motions of the chiral wheel for the precise regulations of chirality information transfer from the chiral wheel to the emissive stoppers, precisely switching between four CPL emission states with varied emission wavelengths and dissymmetry factors has been successfully realized, making them a promising platform for practical uses such as information storage and encryption. This proof-of-concept study not only provides a novel design strategy for multistate CPL switching but also contributes excellent candidates for the construction of novel smart chiral luminescent materials.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent that causes acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There are no effective therapeutic treatments or antidotes available currently to counteract its toxic effects. Our previous study shows that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) could exert therapeutic effects against SM-induced lung injury. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of BMSC-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exs) against ALI and the underlying mechanisms. ALI was induced in mice by injection of SM (30 mg/kg, sc) at their medial and dorsal surfaces. BMSC-Exs (20 μg/kg in 200 μL PBS, iv) were injected for a 5-day period after SM exposure. We showed that BMSC-Exs administration caused a protective effect against pulmonary edema. Using a lung epithelial cell barrier model, BMSC-Exs (10, 20, 40 μg) dose-dependently inhibited SM-induced cell apoptosis and promoted the recovery of epithelial barrier function by facilitating the expression and relocalization of junction proteins (E-cadherin, claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1). We further demonstrated that BMSC-Exs protected against apoptosis and promoted the restoration of barrier function against SM through upregulating G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 type A (GPRC5A), a retinoic acid target gene predominately expressed in the epithelial cells of the lung. Knockdown of GPRC5A reduced the antiapoptotic and barrier regeneration abilities of BMSC-Exs and diminished their therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. BMSC-Exs-caused upregulation of GPRC5A promoted the expression of Bcl-2 and junction proteins via regulating the YAP pathway. In summary, BMSC-Exs treatment exerts protective effects against SM-induced ALI by promoting alveolar epithelial barrier repair and may be an alternative approach to stem cell-based therapy.

Knowledge Distillation has shown promising results for classifying skin lesions in dermatology images. Traditional knowledge distillation typically involves the student model passively mimicking the teacher model's knowledge. We propose utilizing AdaBoost to enable the student to actively mine the teacher's learning representation for skin lesion classification. This paradigm allows the student to determine the “granularity” in mining the teacher's knowledge. As the student's learning process progresses, it can become challenging to pinpoint specific learning difficulties, especially with potential interference from the teacher. To address this issue, we introduce a variational difficulty mining strategy to reduce the impact of such interference. This strategy involves the distillation module capturing more nuanced classification difficulties by extracting information from the node's lth hops. By maximizing the mutual information between the teacher and student, we effectively filter out noise interference from these nuanced difficulties. Our proposed framework, Variational AdaBoost Knowledge Distillation (VAdaKD), allows the student to actively mine and leverage the teacher's knowledge for improved skin lesion classification. Our proposed method performs satisfactorily on three benchmark datasets: the Dermnet dataset, ISIC 2019 dataset, and HAM10000 dataset, respectively. Specifically, our method shows an improvement of 2–3% over the baseline on the Dermnet dataset and outperforms the best results of the other compared methods by 1%. Experimental results and visualization performance indicate that our proposed method effectively captures the learning difficulties and achieves better visualized t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding classification results. Our code is available at https://github.com/25brilliant/VAdaKD.

Given a connected graph G=(V,E), a rainbow disconnection k-coloringof Gis a k-edge coloring of Gsuch that for each pair of vertices u,v∈V, there is a rainbow (edge) cutof u, v, which is a subset RC(u,v)⊆Esuch that u, vare disconnected in G\RC(u,v)and that all edges in RC(u,v)have different colors. The minimum integer ksuch that Gadmits a rainbow disconnection k-coloring is the rainbow disconnection numberof G, denoted by rd(G). It has been shown that rd(G)is closely related to the maximum number λ+(G)of edge disjoint paths among all pairs of vertices in G. In this paper, we propose a polynomial-time algorithm for finding a rainbow disconnection rd(G)-coloring of a 2-tree, a graph Gformed by starting with a triangle and then repeatedly adding vertices in such a way that each added vertex is adjacent to two ends of an edge. Moreover, the algorithm shows that rd(G)=λ+(G)if Gis a 2-tree. This justifies a conjecture of Bai et al. [MR4385957] in 2-trees, which states that rd(G)is either λ+(G)or λ+(G)+1for each graph G.

Long noncoding RNA MYLK antisense RNA 1 (MYLK‐AS1) is the crux in multiple diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism of MYLK‐AS1. A total of 62 colon cancer (CC) specimens and paired adjacent normal tissues were collected, and the expression of MYLK‐AS1, microRNA (miR)‐101‐5p/cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) was detected. CC cell lines were transfected with MYLK‐AS1, miR‐101‐5p, CDC42‐related plasmids, and the biological functions and markers of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) were analyzed. The binding relationship between MYLK‐AS1, miR‐101‐5p, and CDC42 was evaluated. In CC tissues and cell lines, MYLK‐AS1 and CDC42 were highly expressed, and miR‐101‐5p was lowly expressed. Inhibition of MYLK‐AS1 or upregulation of miR‐101‐5p can inhibit CC cell growth and EMT. miR‐101‐5p inhibited CDC42/N‐wasp axis activation in CC cells by targeting CDC42. Knockdown of CDC42 or upregulation of miR‐101‐5p partially reversed the effects caused by upregulation of MYLK‐AS1. MYLK‐AS1, which is significantly upregulated in CC, may be a molecular sponge for miR‐101‐5p, and MYLK‐AS1 promotes the activation of the CDC42/N‐wasp axis in CC cells by targeting CDC42 through miR‐101‐5p, which in turn promotes tumor development. MYLK‐AS1 may be a potential biomarker and target for CC therapy.

In this paper, to compensate time varying bi-directional delay in the connected vehicle cloud control system, an asynchronized predictor-observer structured control strategy is studied, which novelly predict the system states to compensate for the bi-directional delay based on only the boundary information of the delay. The stability of the proposed control strategy under a certain delay length and model uncertainty is analyzed with Lyapunov-Krasovskii Functional (LKF) method, and the stability condition is given in the form of matrix inequality. With the help of Cone Complementary Linearization (CCL), an algorithm to find stabilized controller and observer gains are also optionally provided. Ultimately, simulations encompassing both lateral and longitudinal control of connected vehicles, incorporating high-fidelity vehicle dynamics models, are executed. The simulation outcomes substantiate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed strategy for delay compensation. Additionally, vehicle tests conducted within a lateral control scenario further affirm the engineering feasibility of the proposed method.

The study examines the relationship between chief executive officer's (CEO) age and firm performance in Chinese medical companies and explores how CEOs of different ages have responded to the coexistence of opportunities and challenges during COVID-19. The study focuses on the healthcare and medical industries, exploring whether this particular industry would perform differently during the pandemic. We find no significant relationship between CEO age and company ROA, but a positive relationship between CEO age and company Tobin's Q. And the significantly positive relationship between CEO age and company Tobin's Q disappears during COVID-19. This study provides valuable guidance for the corporate governance of managers and policymakers. China's central role in global trade makes insights from its medical industry pertinent to international markets, affecting investment strategies and policy-making globally. The study's findings on CEO age and firm performance offer valuable lessons for management and governance practices worldwide.

The incomplete eye structure during the generation and weakening stages of tropical cyclones (TCs) makes it difficult to accurately locate low-intensity TCs in satellite infrared (IR) images. Here, we develop a physics-enhanced deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to determine centers of tropical depressions (TDs) and tropical storms (TSs) with maximum sustained wind (MSW) speed below 63 kt. This is accomplished by integrating consecutive IR images from the Himawari-8 (H-8) geostationary satellite and historical information of TCs including center position (CP), MSW, and the minimum pressure (MP). Multichannel images of 196 TCs over the Northwest Pacific from 2015 to 2021 are randomly divided into a 3:1:1 ratio for model training, validation, and testing. Sensitivity experiments are designed to investigate the influence of different inputs on model performance. The best results are achieved by combining 18 h of images at three IR channels and historical TC information at 3-h intervals as model inputs. The mean distance (MD) between the model identified center and that recorded in the Best Track dataset for TD and TS levels are 20.1 and 19.1 km, respectively. This indicates an accuracy improvement of 63.0% and 54.6%, respectively, over the model which only considers images at the current moment. Compared with some other state-of-the-art models, the CPs of TDs and TSs determined by our model agree better with the best track records. The CNN model also performs quite well in determining the center of stronger TCs, with an average error of 14.1 km, indicating it is robust for all-level TCs.

Existing airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud semantic segmentation approaches are limited by their overreliances on sufficient point-wise annotations that further confine their generalization ability to new scenes. To overcome these problems, a novel three-stage multiprototype relational network (Thr-MPRNet) is proposed for few-shot ALS point cloud semantic segmentation by transferring knowledge from well-annotated photogrammetric point clouds. In MPRNet, a 3-D few-shot learning (FSL) structure containing a feature learner (F-L) and a relation learner (R-L) is built to learn meta-knowledge from multiple point-wise tasks, and a multiprototype generator is designed to represent the semantic distribution of point clouds that can dynamically adapt to large-scale scenarios. Then, to transfer knowledge across different domains, MPRNet is trained in a unified framework with three task-based learning stages. Prior knowledge is first meta-learned from the source photogrammetric point clouds and then transferred to novel target datasets with a few labeled ALS point clouds. Finally, the MPRNet can be flexibly generalized to the unlabeled target ALS point clouds without further retraining from scratch. In the experiments, the SensatUrban dataset is used as the source photogrammetric point clouds, and two ALS point cloud datasets (ISPRS and DALES) are used to evaluate the few-shot semantic segmentation ability of the proposed method. The experiments demonstrate that Thr-MPRNet obtains promising generalization performance on different target datasets. More importantly, it outperforms supervised networks with 10% labeled samples. In summary, the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art cross-domain semantic segmentation performance and greatly alleviates the dependence on ALS point cloud annotations.

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Chang-An-Kang on ulcerative colitis rats.Materials and Methods The rat model of ulcerative colitis induced by 6% glacial acetic acid was established. The corresponding therapeutic drugs were given 24 h after the model was established. The pathological morphology of colon tissue was observed after 21 days of continuous administration. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA kit. The expression levels of NF-κB and STAT3 proteins in colon tissue were detected by IHC.Results The results showed that the changes in the pathological and biochemical indexes of the rat colon tissue indicate that the model was successfully established. Chang-An-Kang could significantly reduce rat colon tissue damage, decrease the content of IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-α, and increase the content of IL-10. The NF-κB and STAT3 protein expression levels were decreased.Conclusion By increasing the content of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, decreasing the content of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α, and inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and STAT3 proteins, Chang-An-Kang can reduce inflammatory infiltration. It has an obvious therapeutic effect on acetic acid ulcerative colitis in rats.

Heat stress induces multi-organ damage and serious physiological dysfunction in mammals, and gut bacteria may translocate to extra-intestinal tissues under heat stress pathology. However, whether gut bacteria translocate to the key metabolic organs and impair function as a result of heat stress remains unknown. Using a heat stress-induced mouse model, heat stress inhibited epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) expansion and induced lipid metabolic disorder but did not damage other organs, such as the heart, liver, spleen, or muscle. Microbial profiling analysis revealed that heat stress shifted the bacterial community in the cecum and eWAT but not in the inguinal white adipose tissue, blood, heart, liver, spleen, or muscle. Notably, gut-vascular barrier function was impaired, and the levels of some bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus, were higher in the eWAT, as confirmed by catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situhybridization (CARD-FISH) staining when mice were under heat stress. Moreover, integrated multi-omics analysis showed that the eWAT microbiota was associated with host lipid metabolism, and the expression of genes involved in the lipid metabolism in eWAT was upregulated under heat stress. A follow-up microbial supplementation study after introducing Lactobacillus plantarumto heat-stressed mice revealed that the probiotic ameliorated heat stress-induced loss of eWAT and dyslipidemia and reduced gut bacterial translocation to the eWAT by improving gut barrier function. Overall, our findings suggest that gut bacteria, particularly Lactobacillusspp., play a crucial role in heat stress-induced lipid metabolism disorder and that there is therapeutic potential for using probiotics, such as Lactobacillus plantarum.

The emergence of connected vehicles and cloud-based control technologies promise great benefits to transportation systems. For practical application, time-varying delay from vehicular communication and edge/cloud computing has a critical influence on the vehicle control performance. To address this problem, this article focuses on the stability analysis and controller design for connected vehicles under time-varying delay at the cloud-based control architecture. Particularly, connected car-following control and connected path-following control are under consideration as specific examples, where the cloud-unit assigns the control commands. A general switched system model has been established for connected vehicle control, where time-varying delay is imposed on partial system states. For stability analysis, an improved stability condition is proposed for the switched system under general case of time-varying delay with less conservative property compared with existing work. Further, based on Markov process assumption on time-varying delay, a quantitative stability evaluation method is introduced. Then, an $\mathcal {H}_\infty$ controller design method has been presented, which incorporates multiple requirements, including stability under delay, control error for safety, and control rapidity. Extensive numerical simulations validate the performance of the proposed control method at multiple traffic scenarios.

For the control of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), most existing methods focus on model-based strategies. They require explicit knowledge of car-following dynamics of human-driven vehicles that are nontrivial to identify accurately. In this article, instead of relying on a parametric car-following model, we introduce a data-driven nonparametric strategy, called Data-EnablEd Predictive Leading Cruise Control (DeeP-LCC), to achieve safe and optimal control of CAVs in mixed traffic. We first utilize Willems’ fundamental lemma to obtain a data-centric representation of mixed traffic behavior. This is justified by rigorous analysis on controllability and observability properties of mixed traffic. We then employ a receding horizon strategy to solve a finite-horizon optimal control problem at each time step, in which input–output constraints are incorporated for collision-free guarantees. Numerical experiments validate the performance of DeeP-LCC compared to a standard predictive controller that requires an accurate model. Multiple nonlinear traffic simulations further confirm its great potential on improving traffic efficiency, driving safety, and fuel economy.

$1.5~\mu $ m optical amplification in a ridge-type Er-doped LiNbO3-on-insulator (Er:LNOI) photonic wire (PW) pumped at 1480 nm wavelength is studied theoretically. The study considers a three-level Er3+ model with inclusion of excited-state absorption and cooperative upconversion. Based on the model, steady-state rate equations and pump/signal power propagation equations have been established, and closed expression was derived for population density of each level involved. Quantitative relations of population inversion, signal gain or gain coefficient to propagation distance, pump power, scattering loss of pump/signal wave and Er3+ concentration are established. In comparison with Ti-diffused Er:LiNbO3 (Ti:Er:LN) waveguide, the Er:LNOI PW exhibits much more efficient gain performance because of ultra-compact mode field and hence ultra-high light intensity (photon density) in it. These include two orders of magnitude lower threshold pump power, tens of times lower saturation pump power and three times higher saturation gain. Due to the same reason, the $^{4}\text{I}_{11/2}$ population of Er3+ in the Er:LNOI PW is four times higher than that in the Ti:Er:LN waveguide. Consequently, the 1480 nm upconversion process of Er3+ in the Er:LNOI PW is much stronger than that in the Ti:Er:LN. It strengthens at higher pump power and definitely affects the $1.5~\mu \text{m}$ gain at higher pump level. Combined effects of ultra-high pump intensity, upconversion process and large non-radiative multi-phonon relaxation rate from $^{4}\text{I}_{11/2}$ to $^{4}\text{I}_{13/2}$ level result in some interesting features, including non-monotonic variation of gain coefficient with propagation distance, slight drop of gain in saturation region and gain increase with pump loss at higher pump power. These combined effects make it possible to realize $2.7~\mu \text{m}$ lasing and an output power of sub-mW is theoretically expected for a 1480 nm pump power of 100 mW. The study also shows that amplified spontaneous emission is significant in the Er:LNOI PW but affects little the signal gain performance.

ABSTRACT The self-restraint thermal stress caused by mismatch in thermal and mechanical behaviors of cementitious material and coarse aggregates could be a factor associated with early-age cracking in massive concrete [...]

Organic–inorganic metal hybrids with their tailorable lattice dimensionality and intrinsic spin-splitting properties are interesting material platforms for spintronic applications. While the spin decoherence process is extensively studied in lead- and tin-based hybrids, these systems generally show short spin decoherence lifetimes, and their correlation with the lattice framework is still not well-understood. Herein, we synthesized magnetic manganese hybrid single crystals of (4-fluorobenzylamine)2MnCl4, ((R)-3-fluoropyrrolidinium)MnCl3, and (pyrrolidinium)2MnCl4, which represent a change in lattice dimensionality from 2D and 1D to 0D, and studied their spin decoherence processes using continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy. All manganese hybrids exhibit nanosecond-scale spin decoherence time τ2dominated by the symmetry-directed spin exchange interaction strengths of Mn2+–Mn2+pairs, which is much longer than lead- and tin-based metal hybrids. In contrast to the similar temperature variation laws of τ2in 2D and 0D structures, which first increase and gradually drop afterward, the 1D structure presents a monotonous rise of τ2with the temperatures, indicating the strong correlation of spin decoherence with the lattice rigidity of the inorganic framework. This is also rationalized on the basis that the spin decoherence is governed by the competitive contributions from motional narrowing (prolonging the τ2) and electron–phonon coupling interaction (shortening the τ2), both of which are thermally activated, with the difference that the former is more pronounced in rigid crystalline lattices.

ATM plays an important role in DNA damage response and is considered a potential target in cancer therapies. In this study, a goal-directed molecular generation approach based on ligand similarity and target specificity was applied to sample active molecules, and they were screened virtually to identify the theoretical lead compound 7a, which was later shown to inhibit ATM adequately. However, there is a main concern about its poor metabolic stability in vitro. Subsequent optimization was performed to improve the potency and selectivity toward ATM and attenuate the hepatic clearance in vitro, culminating in the identification of 10rwith nanomolar ATM inhibition, excellent cellular sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy drugs, and impressive pharmacokinetic profiles. Furthermore, 10rcombined with irinotecandemonstrated a synergistic antitumor efficacy in SW620 xenograft models, suggesting that it could be a promising candidate drug combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.

AbstractA three-dimensional model of an enclosed air-conditioned space was established. Numerical simulation was conducted for the temperature distribution in the enclosed space with the air conditioner turned on using computational fluid dynamics, and the movement track of aerosol droplets exhaled by a patient in the enclosed space was traced using the discrete phase model based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian method. The analysis shows that, after the air conditioner is turned on, the velocity and temperature of outflowing air from the air conditioner greatly influence the temperature field and the movement track of aerosol in the enclosed space. With the change of intake air temperature, there is little difference in the absorption of aerosol by air conditioning; When the air velocity of outflowing air from the air conditioner is 0.8 m/s-2m/s, the amount of aerosol absorbed by the air conditioner increases with the increase of air velocity of outflowing air from the air condition. Equipping the air conditioner with an aerosol filter can prevent the aerosol droplets from exiting of the air conditioner again and decrease the quantity of aerosol particles in the enclosed space, thus reducing the risk of airborne viruses infecting susceptible people. In some public places where central air conditioning is used, aerosol filters can also avoid transmitting aerosols to other spaces through the central air conditioning system.

Aiming at the construction of novel soft actuators through the amplified motions of molecular machines at the nanoscale, the design and synthesis of a new family of photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers through an efficient controllable divergent approach was successfully realized for the first time. In the third-generation rotaxane-branched dendrimers, up to 21 azobenzene-based rotaxane units located at each branch, thus making them the first successful synthesis of light-control integrated artificial molecular machines. Notably, upon alternative irradiation with UV and visible light, photoisomerization of the azobenzene stoppers leads to the collective and amplified motions of the precisely arranged rotaxane units, resulting in controllable and reversible dimension modulation of the integrating photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers in solution. Moreover, novel macroscopic soft actuators were further constructed based on these photoresponsive rotaxane-branched dendrimers, which revealed fast shape transformation behaviors with an actuating speed up to 21.2 ± 0.2° s–1upon ultraviolet irradiation. More importantly, the resultant soft actuators could produce mechanical work upon light control that has been further successfully employed for weight-lifting and cargo transporting, thus laying the foundation toward the construction of novel smart materials that can perform programmed events.

The significant increase in demand for molybdenum (Mo) resources has led to excessive molybdate (Mo(VI)) content in water, posing a challenge to the innovation of Mo(VI) removal technology in water bodies. Nanoscale iron sulfide (FeS) has an important effect on the environmental behavior of Mo(VI) in aquatic solutions. To address the issue of easy agglomeration and poor stability of FeS, zirconia sol-modified nanoscale iron sulfide (Zr-FeS) was synthesized, and the adsorption behavior of Zr-FeS on Mo(VI) from diverse aquatic solutions was also investigated in this study. The results showed that the removal rate of Mo(VI) was increased from 28.60% to 78.32% within pH value of 7.0 when Zr/Fe molar ratio was elevated from 0 to 0.5. Moreover, the Mo(VI) adsorption efficiency by Zr-FeS was closely related to pH values, and acid conditions were beneficial for Mo(VI) adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model demonstrated a better fit to the data compared to other models. The maximum adsorption capacity of Zr-FeS towards Mo(VI) value calculated by Langmuir isotherm model was 118.48 mg/g at 298 K. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process of Mo(VI) was endothermic, entropically favorable, and spontaneous in nature. Competing anions (e.g., PO43–, HCO3–, and SO42–) partially inhibited the adsorption process of Mo(VI) by Zr-FeS. While the process was less affected by dissolved oxygen and aging. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the main mechanisms for Mo(VI) removal were hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction and surface complexation. The high stability and fast adsorption rate indicated that Zr-FeS was a promising material to remove Mo(VI) from the aquatic solutions.

Pyranones have raised great concerns owing to their considerable applications in a variety of sectors. However, the development of direct asymmetric allylation of 4-hydroxypyran-2-ones is still restricted. Herein, we present an effective iridium-catalyzed asymmetric functionalization technique for the synthesis of 4-hydroxypyran-2-one derivatives over direct and efficient catalytic asymmetric Friedel–Crafts-type allylation by using allyl alcohols. The allylation products could be obtained with good to high yields (up to 96%) and excellent enantioselectivities (>99% ee). Therefore, the disclosed technique provides a new asymmetric synthetic strategy to explore pyranone derivatives in depth, thus providing an interesting approach for global application and further utilization in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry.

ABSTRACT Durability of concrete depends largely on its water permeability, which is dominated by the composition and difficultly evaluated. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) FE algorithm to investigate the [...]

Considering carbon emissions in location-routing decisions can contribute to the promotion of sustainable development in the field of transportation. This paper investigates the time-dependent green location-routing problem (TDGLRP) incorporating carbon emissions. The TDGLRP model is formulated as an optimization problem with the goal of minimizing the total cost under the carbon cap-and-trade emission policy. The total cost considered consists of that caused by the construction of distribution centers, the fuel consumption of vehicles, carbon emissions under the carbon cap-and-trade policy, vehicle use, labor, and dispatch of vehicles. A two-stage hybrid heuristic algorithm that integrates the customized greedy algorithm and the ant colony algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed model together with the intelligent optimization algorithm could calculate the location of distribution centers and vehicle routing efficiently by alleviating traffic congestion and reducing the total logistics cost and carbon emissions.

ABSTRACTWe studied Kunming’s urban eco-economic system’s evolution from 2009 to 2018, using the emergy theory and method; with the entropy evaluation method, we analyzed the system’s natural, social and economic subsystems to know its sustainable development capacity. The results show that the system’s emergy structure has clearly improved, and its renewable resources’ emergy has been rationally employed. The environment load ratio, after reaching its peak in 2011, has been decreasing, and the environment stress has becoming lower year by year, as is conducive to sustainable development. Its eco-economic system, however, is highly dependent on the internal resources; its emergy self-sufficiency ratio indicates that it does not see sufficient utilization of imported emergy and feels excessive stress on its internal resources. It witnesses relatively high emergy intensity. The current population is about twice of its renewable resources’ population carrying capacity, and its dramatically growing population is presenting even high pressure on its social subsystems. This indicates that the living standard per capita in Kunming is lower than the national average. All of these factors will hinder the sustainable development of Kunming’s urban eco-economic system.Our analysis of attribute classification shows that it is more appropriate to calculate the tourist revenue by taking into account export emergy. At the same time, the analysis results of sustainable development emergy indexes obtained by ESI, EISD, euehi, euehi’ and entropy method are compared, which shows that the entropy method is able to better reflect the dynamic changes of the sustainable development capacity of its urban eco-economic system because it introduces all indicators of social, economic and natural subsystems for evaluation. In a word, sustainable development capacity represents the outcome of tradeoff and coordination of the three subsystems of society, economy and nature, and we can formulate corresponding strategies based on the above research findings.

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), an imidazolium-based ionic liquid, is considered the representative emerging persistent aquatic pollutant, and its environmental toxicity has attracted a growing concern. However, most of the investigations focused on monocultures or a single organism, with little information available on the complex syntrophic consortium that dominates the complex and successional biochemical processes, such as anaerobic digestion. In this study, the effect of BmimCl at environmentally relevant levels on glucose anaerobic digestion was therefore investigated in several laboratory-scale mesophilic anaerobic digesters to provide such support. Experimental results showed that BmimCl at 1–20 mg/L inhibited the methane production rate by 3.50–31.03%, and 20 mg/L BmimCl inhibited butyrate, hydrogen, and acetate biotransformation by 14.29%, 36.36%, and 11.57%, respectively. Toxicological mechanism studies revealed that extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adsorbed and accumulated BmimCl through carboxyl, amino, and hydroxyl groups, which destroyed the EPSs’ conformational structure, thereby leading to the inactivation of microbial cells. MiSeq sequencing data indicated that the abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bacteroides, and Methanothrixdecreased by 6.01%, 7.02%, and 18.45%, respectively, in response to 20 mg/L BmimCl. Molecular ecological network analysis showed that compared with the control, the lower network complexity, fewer keystone taxa, and fewer associations among microbial taxa were found in the BmimCl-present digester, indicating the reduced stability of the microbial community.