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In regards to electromagnetic warfare application, this work proposes a radar intrapulse recognition algorithm based on bicubic interpolation Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD). The proposed method is aimed at overcoming the complexity of traditional feature extraction and enhancing the robustness of intelligent intrapulse recognition systems. First, we convert the WVD matrices of radar intrapulse signals into square matrices using bicubic interpolation. This enables the intrapulse recognition algorithm to handle radar signals with varying lengths. Second, we use the square matrices directly to train a convolutional neural network (CNN), rather than first saving them as images and then training the network with those images. This is because automatic storage and retrieval of images can sometimes alter the numerical values in the matrices. We enhance the performance of the CNN by utilizing batch normalization and one-hot encoding techniques, and continuously evaluate the CNN during training to save the best performing model. Finally, we use the trained CNN to identify the intercepted radar intrapulses and verify the reliability of the proposed method based on the radar signals generated by hardware devices. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can recognize radar intrapulses with varying pulsewidths. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm exhibits strong recognition performance even at a low signal-to-noise ratio and has lower time complexity than the existing algorithms.

The Upper Devonian Hongguleleng Formation is a significant stratigraphic unit near the Frasnian/Famennian and Devonian/Carboniferous boundaries of the Kazakhstan Paleoplate. However, its age is still under debate. A new palynostratigraphic analysis was conducted at the Gennaren section to provide a more accurate biostratigraphic assignment. In this study, we identified 43 species belonging to 26 spore genera, including those in open nomenclature. Despite the poor preservation of the palynofloras, the spore taxa were categorized into two assemblages. Assemblage I is established at the lower part of the lower member of the Hongguleleng Formation, containing Cornispora varicornata, cf. Auroraspora pseudocrista, and Cyrtospora cristifera. Assemblage II is from the upper part of the lower member of the Hongguleleng Formation, including Grandispora cornuta, Grandispora famennensisvar. famennensis, Grandisporacf. famennensisvar. minutus, Grandispora microseta, and Rugospora radiata. These assemblages are compared with the Western European DV Oppel Zone (lower-middle Famennian), and the GF to VCo Oppel zones. The assemblages are equivalent to the conodont crepida–rhomboideaand marginiferato Lower trachyterazones (middle-upper Famennian).

Crystal structure and hydrolysis stability are fundamentally important for the application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in biotechnology. Herein, five novel 3-D MOFs, built up from biocompatible calcium ions and ligands containing carboxylic, phosphinic, or phosphonic coordinating groups, have been solvothermally synthesized, and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their hydrolysis stability study demonstrated that the water stability of these Ca-based MOFs can be tuned by integrating carboxylic/phosphinic/phosphonic coordinating groups in building blocks.

Herein, we developed a strategy of rational constructing bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and at the same time embedding charges on backbones. Based on the Pearson’s hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) principle, soft base (azolate) and hard base (carboxylate) were simultaneously implanted in one building block for MOF construction, which can preferentially coordinate with relative soft acid Cu2+and hard acid Zr4+(or Hf4+), respectively. This combination during the self-assembly process not only generates robust coordination bonds but also leaves net charges at the metal clusters, presenting a method for rational design of bimetallic cationic MOFs. The obtained MOF exhibits effective adsorption and release properties selectively toward anionic dye and can also be applied outstandingly on Cr2O72–removal.

The generation of a large amount of heat during the formation process of polyurethane foam (PU) hinders the large-scale applications of the materials. Phase-change materials (PCM) can be introduced into PU to reduce the amount of heat accumulation inside PU. Silica-based urea-formaldehyde heteroshell phase-change microcapsules (S-MPCM) containing polydopamine were fabricated, followed by the fabrication of a novel composite polyurethane foam (PU/S-MPCM) doped with S-MPCM. The latter was fabricated using 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyether polyol as the primary raw materials. The results revealed that the modifying effect of polydopamine resulted in the SiO2layer deposited on the surface of the microcapsules improved the densification of S-MPCM, and the encapsulation rate of S-MPCM was 76.5 %, and the enthalpy of melting was 162.4 J/g. The compatibility of S-MPCM with the foam was also further improved, increasing the toughness of the composite foam and maximizing its retention of morphology after compression testing. The maximum internal temperature of the composite foam blended with 10 % S-MPCMs was reduced to 53.7 °C, showing excellent thermal regulation performance. The oligomeric thermal phase change polyurethane foam prepared in this study can be considered for applications such as building insulation and mine grouting.

The Late Cretaceous is an important geological time interval for the Tibetan Plateau because it corresponds to the period when the tectonic regime changed from Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision to Indo‐Asian assembly. However, the nature of and controls on the change in tectonic regime are poorly constrained. In this paper, we report results of a study of two intrusions in the Changdu area of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Zircon U‐Pb dating shows that both intrusions formed at ca. 77.6–74.3 Ma. The Bangda intrusion has A‐type granite affinity and a peraluminous character, whereas the Ruduo intrusion is a metaluminous syenite. Both intrusions have very similar trace element compositions, slightly enriched zircon εHf(t) values (−9.3 and −1.7), and EM‐2‐like Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope ratios. These features of the two intrusions indicate that their magmas were derived from partial melting of an alkali‐rich basaltic lower crust and a small proportion of mantle melt. The occurrence of alkaline intrusions is consistent with Late Cretaceous extension in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Based on the results of this study and previous data, we propose an intraplate extensional tectonic model, in which there was NS‐NNW‐directed Late Cretaceous transtension in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau following the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision. This extension is interpreted to have been triggered by the Bangong‐Nujiang slab break‐off at around 110 Ma and driven by the far‐field subduction of the Neo‐Tethys oceanic crust. The Bangda A‐type granite and Ruduo syenite were emplaced along the Longmu‐Shuanghu Suture zone at ~78 and ~74 Ma, respectivelyThe two intrusions were derived from partial melting of alkali‐rich basaltic lower crust with a minor contribution of mantle meltLate Cretaceous transtension followed the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

A series of Ce-substituted La1–xCexMnO3(x= 0–0.5) catalysts were prepared by a sol–gel method and displayed good crystalline perovskite structure. The activities of styrene catalytic oxidation were investigated at a low temperature range. La1–xCexMnO3catalysts improved the activity for styrene oxidation, and the complete removal was obtained below 370 °C. Among the Ce-doping catalysts, La0.9Ce0.1MnO3displayed the highest activity. The structural property of the catalysts exhibited a strong impact on the catalytic activity. Ce4+substitution caused the alteration of both the valence state of manganese ions and chemical state of oxygen species. The surface Mn4+/Mn3+ratio was increased thanks to the Ce-doping, but the Oβ/Oαratio decreased. The variation of elemental ratios on the surface facilitated the catalysts reducibility, which played a determining role on the catalyst activity. The increased activity was due to a collaborative influence of surface area, reducibility, and surface elemental ratios.

Major, minor, and trace element abundances in titanite crystals from four granitic plutons in southern Yidun arc, SW China, have been determined using electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The selected plutons are the Cretaceous Xiuwacu (CXWC) pluton, with quartz vein-type Mo mineralization (economic-Mo), the Tongchanggou (TCG) pluton, with porphyry-type Mo mineralization (economic-Mo), the Triassic Pulang (PL) pluton, with porphyry-type Cu mineralization (subeconomic-Mo), and the Triassic Xiuwacu (TXWC) pluton, without any Mo mineralization (Mo-barren). Our study reveals that the chemical compositions of titanite crystals from these plutons such as REE, Sr, Ga, δEu, δCe, Fe2O3/Al2O3, halogens, and Mo can be used to track magma compositions, oxidation states, metal fertility, and crystallization history. The data from this study also show that titanite crystals from these plutons with different potential of Mo mineralization have similar Mo contents and exhibit an irregular variation between Mo and Sr abundances (indicating non-Mo enrichment in the residual melt during the progressive crystallization) for some Mo-mineralized plutons. Our new observations support the recent hypothesis that high initial Mo contents in magma and the enrichment of Mo in residual melts formed by fractional crystallization are not the only requirements to form a granite-related Mo ore deposit. Efficient extraction of the residual melts, possibly facilitated by high concentrations of magmatic F is also critical to the ore formation. Evidence for high-F concentration in felsic magma, which facilitates melt and fluid separation and economic Mo mineralization during magma evolution, may be traced by the presence of F-rich titanite crystals in the two Mo-mineralized granite plutons (CXWC and TCG). These new findings from this study confirm that titanite is indeed a good petrogenetic and metallogenic indicator. However, in light of the limited contribution of metal fertility to Mo mineralization, we suggest that titanite Mo concentrations should be used along with other crucial proxies, such as titanite F contents and Fe2O3/Al2O3ratios to better evaluate the Mo-mineralized potential of granites.

Perennial ryegrass (Loliurn perenne) is a popular cool-season and forage grass around the world. Salinity stress may cause nutrient disorders that influence the growth and physiology of perennial ryegrass. The objective of this study was to identify the genotypic variations in growth traits and nutrient elements in relation to salinity tolerance in perennial ryegrass. Eight accessions of perennial ryegrass [PI265351 (Chile), PI418707 (Romania), P1303012 (UK), PI303033 (The Netherlands), PI545593 (Turkey), PI577264 (UK), PI610927 (Tunisia), and PI632590 (Morocco)] were subjected to 0 (control, no salinity) and 300 dim NaCl for 10 d in a greenhouse. Across accessions, salinity stress decreased plant height (HT), leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (UDW), leaf water concentration (UWC), and concentration of N, C, Ca2+, Cu2+, K+, Mg2+, and K+/Na+ ratio and increased Na+ concentration. Negative correlations were found between C and Na+, whereas positive correlations of K+/Na+ with C and N were found under salinity treatment. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first, second, and third principal components explained 40.2%, 24.9%, and 13.4% variations of all traits, respectively. Based on loading values from PCA analysis, LWC, Na+ concentration, and K+/Na+ ratio were chosen to evaluate salinity tolerance of accessions, and eight accessions were divided into the tolerant, moderate, and sensitive groups. The tolerant group had relatively higher LWC and K+/Na+ ratio and concentrations of C, P, and Fe2+ and lower Na+ concentrations than the other two groups, especially the sensitive groups. The result suggested that lower Na+ accumulation and higher K+ /Na+ ratio and LWC were crucial strategies for achieving salinity tolerance of perennial ryegrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The Multidimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (multidimensional-QSAR) method is one of the most popular computational methods employed to predict interesting biochemical properties of existing or hypothetical molecules. With continuous progress, the QSAR method has made remarkable success in various fields, such as medicinal chemistry, material science and predictive toxicology.Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover the basic elements of multidimensional -QSAR including model construction, validation and application. It includes and emphasizes the very recent developments of multidimensional -QSAR such as: HQSAR, G-QSAR, MIA-QSAR, multi-target QSAR. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are also discussed and typical examples of their application are detailed.Expert opinion: Although there are defects in multidimensional-QSAR modeling, it is still of enormous help to chemists, biologists and other researchers in various fields. In the authors’ opinion, the latest more precise and feasible QSAR models should be further developed by integrating new descriptors, algorithms and other relevant computational techniques. Apart from being applied in traditional fields (e.g. lead optimization and predictive risk assessment), QSAR should be used more widely as a routine method in other emerging research fields including the modeling of nanoparticles(NPs), mixture toxicity and peptides.

Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from ophthalmological implants to catheters, and from bioseparation to biosensors. In this report, a general and facile strategy to combat surface fouling is developed by grafting of amino acids onto polymer substrates to form zwitterionic structure through amino groups induced epoxy ring opening click reaction. First of all, a library of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) hydrogels with zwitterionic surfaces were prepared, resulting in the formation of pairs of carboxyl anions and protonated secondary amino cations. The analysis of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful immobilization of amino acids on the hydrogel surfaces. After that, the contact angle and equilibrium water content of the modified hydrogels showed that the hydrogels exhibited improved hydrophilicity compared with the parent hydrogel. Furthermore, the protein deposition was evaluated by bicinchoninic acid assay using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme as models. The results indicated that the performance of the hydrogels was determined by the nature of incorporated amino acid: the hydrogels incorporated with neutral amino acids had nonspecific antiadsorption capability to both BSA and lysozyme; the hydrogels incorporated with charged amino acids showed antiadsorption behaviors against protein with same charge and enhanced adsorption to the protein with opposite charge; the optimal antiadsorption performance was observed on the hydrogels incorporated with polar amino acids with a hydroxyl residual. The improvement of antiprotein fouling of the neutral amino acids grafted hydrogels can be ascribed to the formation of zwitterionic surfaces. Finally, a couple of soft contact lenses grafted with amino acids were fabricated having improved antifouling property and hydrophilicity. The result demonstrated the success of amino acids based zwitterionic antifouling strategy in ophthalmology. This strategy is also applicable to substrates including filtration membranes, microspheres and nanofibers as well. It is a versatile method for amino acids grafting onto polymer substrates to construct zwitterionic surfaces and achieve antifouling properties.

The typical high temperature environment of the mine, using single index evaluation system has been unable to meet the requirements of mine thermal environment of high temperature. Through the analysis of thermal equilibrium conditions affecting the thermal comfort of the mine workers of various factors and human thermal exchange model, that the decision to control the environment and human factors is the average temperature of the heat exchange of the skin. For high-temperature thermal defects existing mine environmental assessment indicators, the average temperature in the heat to the skin comfort zone as an index, the index system is established based on theoretical calculations WSBGT of mine thermal environment for effective assessment, provide the basis for mine cooling design.

Three kinds of crystal phase BiPO4(HP, LTBP, and HTBP) were selectively synthesized by controlling the preparation conditions. Structures of the three samples are all constructed by PO4and BiO8polyhedra but with different geometric structures. Detailed characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning eletron microscopy(SEM) and Raman, UV-Vis, and luminescence spectrometries. Three samples exhibit huge distinctions in their photoluminescence(PL) lifetime: 0.68, 162 and 160 μs for HP, LTBP, and HTBP, respectively. More interesting, an outstanding photocatalytic activity is observed for as-prepared LTBP nanorod, which shows even higher activity for the degradation of MB solution than P25. In addition, experiments were carried out to clarify the role of hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide radicals(O2·) played in photocatalytic process and it was found O2·was the main active species in BiPO4photocatalysts. Further comparison of structural and photocatalytic properties of the three samples finds that structure distortion is contributed to their property difference. A correlation was found between photocatalytic performance and the distortion of BiO8dodecahedra. The internal field generated by the distortion of BiO8dodecahedra was believed advantageous for the separation of electron and hole, which was in favor of the improvement of photocatalytic activity. This correlation may help to design other photocatalysts with high activity.

The defocus distance is one of the most important factors during filling laser welding with wire. Keeping defocus distances stability is the pre-condition to acquire the stable weld quality. In this paper, a QUANTA laser camera was used to measure the defocus distance, and it is compensated in real time through the numerical control system. The results reveal that the fixed defocus distances can be acquired using this system. And the experiments by using auto-controlling method of the defocus distance show that the stability of welding process can be improved greatly and the good weld quality can be easy to be obtained.

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) commonly occur in airplane structures and are of great interest in the aerospace industry due to their superior properties. This study simulates fracture behavior in a FMLs specimen subjected to quasi-static loading conditions by a 3D elastic-plastic finite element model in ABAQUS. Cohesive elements are used to model the interlaminar delamination, and the ABAQUS damage model for fiber-reinforced materials is used to predict behavior of the fiber-reinforced epoxy layer. The materials strength can be predicted by the simplified 3D elastic-plastic finite element model. Predictions accuracy of model are tested by the experimental results and good consistency acquired. The models presented in this study can shorten the period of new style FMLs research and the cost cut down largely.

In recent years, nanomaterial science and supramolecular chemistry have experienced rapid development and attracted the interests of scientists from many diverse fields. Novel features have frequently served as paradigms for the study of the evolution of structural recombination between cation and anion ions by the means of molecule-ion interactions between inorganic ions and organic additives such as cyclodextrins (CDs). Actually, the presence of CDs as well as other additives has a significant influence on the size and morphology of inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) during the formation processes of INPs. However, why and how does the existence of CDs affect the growth of INPs? There was little information reported in available literatures. Accordingly, this current work attempts to elucidate the role of CDs and their derivatives in regulation of the formation of INPs and to compare with the effects of some surfactants, other amylases and polymers. Our motivation is to formulate a simple relationship that will provide an insight into some of the strategies developed to improve the crystalline phase, surface area, particle size and morphology of INPs.

In the past three decades, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis was widely used in the characterization of cyclodextrins (CDs) and their inclusion complexes. In this paper, representative PXRD spectra of all kinds of CD complexes reported in these years were reviewed. First of all, after comparing XRD spectra of CD hydrates, we found that some of water molecules crystallized in a crystal form played an important role in constructing a three-dimension structure. Next, differences and similarities in PXRD spectra of the inclusion complexes formed by CDs with organic compounds, polymers and transition metal coordination compounds were evaluated systematically. According to the results, the geometric differences in spatial structures of CD supramolecules were associated with the different intermolecular interactions due to different inclusion behaviors between CDs and guests. Finally, several influence factors for the PXRD spectra of CD complexes were summarized.

Electrospinning has been recognized as a feasible process for fabrication of continuous fibers with diameters ranging from several micrometers down to a few nanometers. This article presents an overview of recent progress in functional polymeric nanofibers prepared by electrospinnning. Except of functional nanofibers fabricated from electrospinning of functional polymers, nanofibers from a combined technology such as coaxial electrospinning, electrospinning with living radical polymerization, and electrospinning with surface modification, would also be introduced in this review. Furthermore, the functionality and application of nanofibers would also be highlighted.

Although cell traffic between donor and recipient has previously been observed during allogeneic organ transplantation, little is known about cell traffic following whole-limb allografting. Whole-limb grafts are composed of composite tissues, and thus cell repopulations of recipients may be different for each component. This study was conducted using green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats to define cell repopulation of whole-limb allografts.

Luciferase from firefly lantern extract was immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The kinetic properties of immobilized luciferase were extensively studied. TheKm′ for D-luciferin is 11.9 μmol/L, the optimum pH and temperature for Sepharose-bound enzyme were 7.8 and 25°C respectively. A luminescence fiber optic biosensor, making use of immobilized crude luciferase, was developed for assay of ATP. The peak light intensity was linear with respect to ATP concentration in range of 10−9–10−5mol/L. A biological application was also demonstrated with the determination of serum ATP from rats bred in low versus normal oxygen environments.

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of a Chinese herbal formula MG in ameliorating estrogen deficiency bone loss. Methods: 10-month old female rats were randomly divided into three groups: ovariectomized (OVX), OVX treated with MG decoction (OVX-M) and OVX treated with estrogen injection (OVX-E). The urinary pyridinoline creatinine ratio (Pyd/Cr), deoxypyridinoline creatinine ratio (Dpd/Cr), and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined at the baseline, 1,4,8 and 12 postoperative weeks. Results: Our data showed an average increase of 93% in Pyd/Cr (P<0.001), 180% inDpd/Cr (P<0.005) and 59% in plasma ALP (P<0.001) respectively in the OVX group after ovariectomy. Compared with OVX rats, the increase of the OVX-M group were prevented 39% in Pyd/Cr, 102% in Dpd/Cr and 19% in ALP respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: The herbal formula MG possesses a therapeutic effect on estrogen dependent bone loss by inhibiting the bone turnover as estrogen replacement.

The standard variational-cumulant expansion (VC) combined with a scheme for the enumeration of connected diagrams is employed to study the simple Ising model with the second-order phase transition. This model is evaluated to the 5th order approximations. A comparison with the 2-dimensional exact results shows that thermodynamic quantities converge rather slowly to the exact values in the intermediate region. A strict analytical calculation of the critical temperature with the 5th order approximation both for and cumulant expansion suggests that VC can achieve rather high standard accuracy if the variational parameters could be determined up to higher degrees of corrections rather than the first one. Anomalies are found for and at extremely low temperature. A detailed study of implies that thermodynamic formulae should be carefully chosen in VC approach so as to avoid these anomalies.

The Hongguleleng Formation, the highest and most important Devonian marine carbonate horizon in western Junggar, contains an endemic shallow-water Icriodus–Polygnathusconodont fauna with rare palmatolepids and other genera. The conodont faunas from the Bulongguoer and the Wulankeshun sections are similar, with high abundance (about 40%) of endemic taxa (13 taxa), indicating isolation of the Junggar Basin during early Famennian. Non-endemic species in the faunas suggest that the Lower Member of the Hongguleleng Formation is assignable to the Pa. rhomboideaZone to the Pa. marginifera marginiferaZone of early Famennian, not including the Frasnian–Famennian boundary. The Upper Member may be of late Famennian–early Tournaisian in age on the basis of our preliminary faunal analysis.

We examine RCoO3 (R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy) perovskites prepared with the solid-state reaction method by Raman spectroscopy, and report the Raman active phonons in the RCoO3 perovskites crystallized in cubic symmetry for RCoO3 (R=La, Ce, Pr and Nd) and orthorhombic symmetry for RCoO3 (R=Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy). It is found that the Raman spectra of RCoO3 perovskites are strongly dependent on the ionic radius of the rare earth elements, and the frequency shift of the most intense modes of the orthorhombic samples are correlated with some structural parameters such as Co–O bond distances, ionic radius of the rare earth elements and Jahn–Teller distortion. It is clear that Raman spectroscopy has the advantage of sensitivity to structure distortion and oxygen motion.

In 1998, the development of cyclodextrin chemistry was reviewed comprehensively by a special issue in Chemical Review. Until now, thousands of papers about cyclodextrin chemistry have been published, including many new discoveries and achievements concerning organic chemistry. Here we present a special issue “Application of Cyclodextrins in Modern Chemistry - Based on Weak Molecule-molecule and Molecule-ion Interactions” to document the recent trends in the field of cyclodextrin chemistry. We would appreciate those scholars who wish to contribute a review article to the special issue. The contents of this special issue are listed as followed from many aspects. Kraus summarized his work in this field of cyclodextrins bearing pendant cationic or anionic moieties published till the year 2009, including most common synthetic methods for the preparation of charged cyclodextrin derivatives, and examples of their applications in bioorganic chemistry and pharmacy. Caira discussed structural aspects of crystalline cyclodextrin derivatives and their inclusion complexes. First, the role of single crystal XRD and the under-utilized power of powder XRD were evaluated, and a survey of crystal structures of pure CD hosts and CD inclusion compounds carried out during the last six years is presented. Then, the entries range from simple alkylated derivatives to elegant multisubstituted target CD molecules, with and without included guests. For the majority of the entries described, the main structural features gleaned by XRD methods are outlined and their relevance to applications is highlighted. Yamamoto et al. described effects of cyclodextrins on the conformation of proteins. The effects can be classified to those on the main chains as well as those on the side chains of amino acid residues of proteins. As another application using the effect of cyclodextrins on the main chain of protein, the technique of so called molecular imprinting is extensively studied. Cai et al. summarized a number of free-energy methods and how they were applied recently to the estimation of association free energies of CD inclusion complexes as a quantitative route towards an improved understanding of complexation processes. Dang et al. analyzed representative PXRD spectra of all kinds of CD complexes reported in these years. CD hydrates and CD inclusion complexes of organic compounds, polymers and transition metal coordination compounds were evaluated systematically. According to the results, the geometric differences in spatial structures of CD supramolecules were associated with the different intermolecular interactions due to different inclusion behaviors between CDs and guests. And several influence factors for the PXRD spectra of CD complexes were summarized. Pan et al. attempted to elucidate the role of CDs and their derivatives in regulation of the formation of inorganic nano particles (INPs) and formulates a simple relationship that will provide an insight into some of the strategies developed to improve the crystalline phase, surface area, particle size and morphology of INPs.

Waterlogging can occur in salt-affected turfgrass sites. The objective of this study was to characterize growth and carbohydrate, lipid peroxidation, and nutrient levels in the leaves and roots of two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars (Catalina and Inspire) to short-term simultaneous waterlogging and salinity stress. Previous research showed that 'Catalina' was relatively more tolerant to salinity but less tolerant to submergence than 'Inspire'. Both cultivars were subjected to 3 and 7 days of waterlogging (W), salinity [S (300 mm NaCl)], and a combination of the two stresses (WS). Across the two cultivars, W alone had little effect on the plants, while both S and WS alone significantly decreased plant height (HT), leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), leaf nitrogen (LN) and carbon (LC), and leaf and root K+ (RK+), and increased leaf water-soluble carbohydrate (LWSC) and root water-soluble carbohydrate (RWSC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Na+ content, compared with the control. A decline in chlorophyll content (Chl) was found only at 7 days of WS. Leaf phosphorus (LP) content either decreased or remained unchanged but root phosphorus content increased under S and WS. Reductions in LFW and LDW were found at 3 days of S and WS, whereas RFW and RDW were unaffected until 7 days of S or WS. Both cultivars responded similarly to W, S, and WS with a few exceptions on RDW, LWSC, leaf MDA (LMDA), and root MDA (RMDA). Although WS caused declines in Chl and resulted in higher leaf Na+ (LNa+) and root Na+ (RNa+) than S at 7 days of treatment, S and WS had similar effects on growth, carbohydrate, MDA, N, C, and phosphorus, and K+ content across the two cultivars. The results suggested that S alone largely accounted for the negative effects of WS on plant growth and physiology including alteration of carbohydrate and nutrient content as well as induction of lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]