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Foliar assimilation of elemental mercury (Hg0) from the atmosphere plays a critical role in the global Hg biogeochemical cycle, leading to atmospheric Hg removal and soil Hg insertion. Recent studies have estimated global foliar Hg assimilation; however, large uncertainties remained due to coarse accounting of observed foliar Hg concentrations, posing a substantial challenge in constraining the global Hg budget. Here, we integrated a comprehensive observation database of foliar Hg concentrations and machine learning algorithms to predict the first spatial distribution of foliar Hg concentrations on a global scale, contributing to the first estimate of global Hg pools in foliage. The global average of foliar Hg concentrations was estimated to be 24.0 ng g–1(7.5–56.5 ng g–1), and the global total in foliar Hg pools reached 4561.3 Mg (1455.2–9062.8 Mg). The spatial distribution showed the hotspots in tropical regions, including the Amazon, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. A range of 2268.5–2727.0 Mg yr–1was estimated for annual foliar Hg assimilation accounting for the perennial continuous assimilation by evergreen vegetation foliage. The first spatial maps of foliar Hg concentrations and Hg pools may aid in understanding the global biogeochemical cycling of Hg, especially in the context of climate change and global vegetation greening.

ABSTRACTElevated macroautophagy/autophagy, typically characterized by increased autophagosome accumulation, occurs in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, but the current methodology for studying autophagy aberration in native non-transfected cells is rather limited. Here we show that LKT, an engineered molecular probe composed of a cell-penetrating peptide, an LC3-interacting motif and the aggregation-inducedemission (AIE) luminogen tetraphenylethylene, achieved robust identification and isolation of viable autophagy-varying cell subpopulations without the need of foreign reporter gene expression. Non-fluorescent in water, LKT fluorescence is activated upon interaction with liposomes in an AIE-dependent fashion, and the presence of LC3 on the liposome membrane dramatically boosted LKT fluorescence enhancement. In LKT-treated GFP-LC3 HeLa cells, induction of autophagy with rapamycin or trehalose, and blockade of autophagy with chloroquine, both produced bright GFP-LC3-colocalizing LKT puncta, leading to an increase in LKT fluorescence that facilitated efficient separation of cells based on the level of autophagosome accumulation. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we were able to isolate cell subpopulations varying in the level of basal autophagy from a variety of cultured cell lines and primary cells. In a proof-of-concept study, we isolated autophagy-high and autophagy-low subpopulations from differentiated THP-1 cells and revealed that the autophagy-high THP-1 cells, compared to their autophagy-low counterparts, exhibited a higher level of NLRP3 protein expression and a stronger NLRP3 inflammasome activation following nigericin challenge. Our work demonstrated the unique power of the AIE technology and LKT, filling a void, should prove valuable for autophagy research.Abbreviations3-MA, 3-methyladenine; AIE, aggregation-induced emission; AIEgens, aggregation-induced emission luminogens; ATG5, autophagy related 5; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophage; CQ, chloroquine; DiD, 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate; DiO, 3,3’-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; d-THP-1, differentiated THP-1; FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting; FBS, fetal bovine serum; FCCP, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone; GABARAP, GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HBSS, Hanks’ balanced salt solution; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; KT, an AIE probe composed of a cell-penetrating peptide and an AIEgen tetraphenyl ethylene; LC3-II, lipidated LC3; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LIR, LC3-interacting region; LKR, engineered molecular probe composed of an LC3-interacting peptide, a cell-penetrating peptide and a non-AIE fluorescent molecule rhodamine; LKT, engineered molecular probe composed of an LC3-interacting peptide, a cell-penetrating peptide and an AIEgen tetraphenyl ethylene; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; mRFP, monomeric red fluorescent protein; NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCC, pearson’s correlation coefficient; PL, photoluminescence; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; RAP, rapamycin; RIM, restriction of intramolecular motions; s.e.m., standard error of the mean; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1, Tax1 binding protein 1; TPE, tetraphenylethylene; TPE-yne, 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,2,2-triphenylethene; Tre, trehalose; u-THP-1: undifferentiated THP-1; UV-Vis, ultraviolet visible

Soil stores a large amount of mercury (Hg) that has adverse effects on human health and ecosystem safety. Significant uncertainties still exist in revealing environmental drivers of soil Hg accumulation and predicting global Hg distribution owing to the lack of field data from global standardized analyses. Here, we conducted a global standardized field survey and explored a holistic understanding of the multidimensional environmental drivers of Hg accumulation in global surface soils. Hg content in surface soils from our survey ranges from 3.8 to 618.2 μg kg–1with an average of 74.0 μg kg–1across the globe. Atmospheric Hg deposition, particularly vegetation-induced elemental Hg0deposition, is the major source of surface soil Hg. Soil organic carbon serves as the major substrate for sequestering Hg in surface soils and is significantly influenced by agricultural management, litterfall, and elevation. For human activities, changing land-use could be a more important contributor than direct anthropogenic emissions. Our prediction of a new global Hg distribution highlights the hot spots (high Hg content) in East Asia, the Northern Hemispheric temperate/boreal regions, and tropical areas, while the cold spots (low Hg content) are in arid regions. The holistic understanding of multidimensional environmental drivers helps to predict the Hg distribution in global surface soils under a changing global environment.

Trans-provincial thermal power transmission has become an important measure for optimizing power allocation and alleviating the mismatch between regional power production and consumption in China, however, leading to inter-regional redistribution of air pollution. Here, we investigated the impacts of thermal power transmission on air-quality recovery and related health outcomes in China. The results showed that the redistribution of air pollutant emissions contributed to air-quality improvements and health benefits in the eastern regions but to the opposite side in the western regions. On a national scale, trans-provincial thermal power transmission contributed to a change in air quality from slightly polluted to good conditions for a period of 9 days under the standard of 75 μg m–3, accounting for 1.8% of the total number of polluted days in 4 months of 2017 and promoting air-quality recovery in China. Furthermore, the recovery totally reduced the number of premature deaths (exposed to fine particulate matter, PM2.5) by 2392 persons (95% confidence interval: 1495–3124) in 2017. Owing to thermal power retrofits and stable power transmission structure, transmission network expansion during the last decade has not brought significant changes in its impacts on air pollution. However, the environmental inequity caused by thermal power transmission stimulates further attention on coordinating regional interests in air pollution control through various production-side and consumption-side measures.

The reconstruction and imputation of missing values in multivariate time series (MTS) are pressing issues in the field of industrial artificial intelligence. To address this problem, an end-to-end deep learning model called the “time-series generative adversarial imputation network (TSGAIN) with preimputation, parallel convolution, and transformer encoder (PPCTE)” is proposed in this article. Specifically, the proposed TSGAIN framework is an improved generative adversarial network (GAN) for imputation of missing time series, which can consider both distribution and time information. Next, a preimputation module is advanced to obtain more accurate input information for the proposed model. Then, as two crucial components of the proposed model, the generator and discriminator are further improved. In particular, in terms of feature correlation, a parallel convolution (PC) module is designed, which further enhances the potential of the proposed model to extract feature correlation in multivariate data. In terms of temporality, by introducing the transformer encoder (TE) module with multihead attention mechanism, the ability of the proposed model to mine the temporal correlation of time-series data is further strengthened. Finally, a series of simulation experiments are carried out on the commercial modular aviation propulsion system simulation (C-MAPSS) experimental data provided by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), verifying the effectiveness of the proposed modules and the superiority of the proposed method in the imputation process of aeroengine missing sensor data.

As one of the most intractable neurological diseases, spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to permanent neurological impairment in patients. Unfortunately, due to the complex pathological mechanisms and unique postinjury microenvironment, there is currently no way to completely repair the injured spinal cord. In recent years, with the rapid development of tissue engineering technology, the combination of biomaterials and medicine has provided a new idea for treating SCI. Here, we systematically summarize representative biomaterials, including natural, synthetic, nano, and hybrid materials, and their applications in SCI treatment. In addition, we describe several state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for tissue engineering. Importantly, we provide novel insights for the use of biomaterial-based therapeutic strategies to reduce secondary damage and promote repair. Finally, we discuss several biomaterial clinical studies. This review aims to provide a reference and new insights for the future exploration of spinal cord regeneration strategies.

Key message: ABCE model genes along with genes related to GA biosynthesis and auxin signalling may play significant roles in male flower development in Jatropha curcas . Abstract: Flowering plants exhibit extreme reproductive diversity. Jatropha curcas, a woody plant that is promising for biofuel production, is monoecious. Here, two gynoecious Jatrophamutants (bearing only female flowers) were used to identify key genes involved in male flower development. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified 17 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in floral organ development between monoecious plants and the two gynoecious mutants. Among these DEGs, five floral organ identity genes, Jatropha AGAMOUS, PISTILLATA, SEPALLATA 2-1(JcSEP2-1), JcSEP2-2, and JcSEP3, were downregulated in chmutant inflorescences; two gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes, Jatropha GA REQUIRING 1and GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE 1, were downregulated in both the chand gmutants; and two genes involved in the auxin signalling pathway, Jatropha NGATHA1and STYLISH1, were downregulated in the chmutant. Furthermore, four hub genes involved in male flower development, namely Jatropha SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1, CRYPTOCHROME 2, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1and JAGGED, were identified using weighted gene correlation network analysis. These results suggest that floral organ identity genes and genes involved in GA biosynthesis and auxin signalling may participate in male flower development in Jatropha. This study will contribute to understanding sex differentiation in woody perennial plants.

Test results on the suffusion of sand-rock mixtures (SRMs) in one-dimensional laboratory seepage tests are reported with details regarding the experimental setup and procedures. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems were successfully applied to track fine-particle migration through pores and detect the pore size distribution of SRMs during suffusion. This article discussed the changes of pore size distribution and fine-particle migration and its effect on the suffusion mechanism at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min under the critical hydraulic gradient. Then, the mesostructural changes of mixtures—such as pore distribution, curvature coefficient, and pore fractal dimension—were analyzed to reveal the suffusion mechanism, and an original suffusion evaluation model was proposed. The results showed that the pore connectivity and fine-particle migrations as two controlling factors for suffusion are an interactive process. Furthermore, the pore size range was narrowed and mostly concentrated in large pores with an increase of pore volume, resulting in fine-particle migration and structural deterioration. Moreover, the suffusion evaluation model was divided into four stages by the mesostructural parameters variation.

Key message : Cytokinin might be an important factor to regulate floral sex at the very early stage of flower development in sacha inchi. Abstract: Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae) is characterized by having female and male flowers in a thyrse with particular differences. The mechanisms involved in the development of unisexual flowers are very poorly understood. In this study, the inflorescence and flower development of P. volubiliswere investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We also investigated the effects of cytokinin on flower sex determination by exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) in P. volubilis. The floral development of P. volubiliswas divided into eight stages, and the first morphological divergence between the male and female flowers was found to occur at stage 3. Both female and male flowers can be structurally distinguished by differences in the shape and size of the flower apex after sepal primordia initiation. There are no traces of gynoecia in male flowers or of androecia in female flowers. Exogenous application of BA effectively induced gynoecium primordia initiation and female flower development, especially at the early flower developmental stages. We propose that flower sex is determined earlier and probably occurs before flower initiation, either prior to or at inflorescence development due to the difference in the position of the female and male primordia in the inflorescence and in the time of the female and male primordia being initiated. The influence of cytokinin on female primordia during flower development in P. volubilisstrongly suggests a feminization role for cytokinin in sex determination. These results indicate that cytokinin could modify the fate of the apical meristem of male flower and promote the formation of carpel primordia in P. volubilis.

Planarized intramolecular charge transfer(PLICT) state can facilitate the fluorescence process thanks to the relative excellent planarity. Recently, we have discovered that the excited state quinone-conformation induced planarization(ESQIP) occurring on tetraphenylpyrazine(TPP) based derivatives could furnish them with PLICT feature. Unlike to the well-known intramolecular charge transfer, strengthening the electron-donating nature on the donor(D) moiety did not impair the PLICT. The calculation results showed that planarization of the TPP based compounds scarcely accompanied with energy wastage while amount of energy was required for the torsion on geometries. In the polar solvents, the energy consumption for planarization could further decrease, but that for twisting structure would increase. To take advantage of the transformation of the frontier orbitals’ distribution, the PLICT type materials would perform a potential application on organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).

The marine risers are often subjected to parametric excitations from the fluctuation top tension. The top tension on the riser may fluctuate with multiple frequencies caused by irregular waves. In this paper, the influence between different frequency components in the top tension on the riser system is theoretically simulated and analyzed. With the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, a dynamic model for the vibrations of the riser is established. The top tension is set as fluctuating with time and it has two different frequencies. The influences from the fluctuation amplitudes, circular frequencies and phase angles of these frequency components on the riser system are analyzed in detail. When these two frequencies are fluctuating in the stable regions, the riser system may become unstable because ?1+?22On. The fluctuation amplitudes of these frequencies have little effect on the components of the vibration frequencies of the riser. For different phase angles, the stability and dynamic behaviors of the riser would be different.

C32H32N2O2, orthorhombic, P212121$P{2}_{1}{2}_{1}{2}_{1}$(no. 19), a= 9.78920(12) Å, b= 12.71913(14) Å, c= 20.9423(3) Å, V= 2607.53(5) Å3, Z= 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0535, wRref(F2) = 0.1365, T= 149.99(10) K.

Restricted by the energy gap rule, near-infrared (NIR) luminescent materials face great challenges. Here, we report a newly designed and synthesized organic molecule, 5,5′-([1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-4,7-diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylthiophen-2-amine) (DTPS-PT), which has strong donor and acceptor interactions for NIR emission applications. The results demonstrate that the higher planarity of the DTPS-PT molecular structure enhances the pi-conjugation and hybridization between the charge transfer state (CT) and localized pi states (LE). As a result, DTPS-PT exhibits NIR emissions from an LE involved in hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) states, showing a 79% high fluorescence quantum yield in the low polar solvent tetrachloromethane. For both doped and nondoped devices, the NIR OLEDs based on DTPS-PT achieved “real” NIR emission with the λonsetabove 700 nm. The best performing OLED device within the doped devices gave a maximum emission peak around 840 nm with a maximum radiance of 2202 mW Sr–1m–2.

Organic blue luminescent materials are essential for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, high-quality blue materials that can fulfill the requirements of OLED commercialization are much rare. Herein, two novel blue luminogens, 9-(4-(2,6-di-tert-butyl-10-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole and 9-(4-(2,6-di-tert-butyl-10-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TPE-TADC), consisting of anthracene, tetraphenylethene, and carbazole groups are successfully prepared, and their thermal, optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties are fully investigated. They exhibit prominent aggregation-induced emission property and strong blue fluorescence at ∼455 nm in neat films. Efficient nondoped OLEDs are fabricated with these blue luminogens, providing blue electroluminescence (EL) at 451 nm (CIEx,y= 0.165, 0.141) and high EL efficiencies of 6.81 cd A–1, 6.57 lm W–1, and 5.71%. By utilizing TPE-TADC as a blue emissive layer, high-performance two-color hybrid white OLEDs are achieved, furnishing modulatable light color from pure white (CIEx,y= 0.33, 0.33) to warm white (CIEx,y= 0.44, 0.46) and excellent EL efficiencies of 56.7 cd A–1, 55.2 lm W–1, and 19.2%. More importantly, these blue and white OLEDs all display ultrahigh color and efficiency stabilities at high luminance, indicating the great potential of these blue luminogens for the application in OLED displays and white illumination.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can differentiate into various cell types and thus have great potential for regenerative medicine. Herein, rat ADSCs were isolated; transduced with lentiviruses expressing Osterix (Osx), a transcriptional factor essential for osteogenesis. Osxoverexpression upregulated key osteogenesis-related genes, such as special AT-rich binding protein 2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin, at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, mineral nodule formation and alkaline phosphatase activity were enhanced in Osx-overexpressing ADSCs. The expression of dickkopf-related protein 1, a potent Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor, was also increased, whereas that of β-catenin, an intracellular signal transducer in the Wnt pathway, was decreased. β-catenin expression was partially recovered by treatment with lithium chloride, a canonical Wnt pathway activator. The Osx-expressing ADSCs were then combined with 3D gelatin-coated porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds with a unique release prolife of entrapped recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The controlled release of VEGF promoted osteogenic differentiation capacity in vitro. When the scaffold-ADSC complexes were transplanted into rat calvarial critical-sized defects, more bone formed on the gelatin/VEGF-coated scaffolds than on other scaffold types. Taken together, the results indicate that, Osx-overexpression promotes ADSCs' osteogenesis both in vitroand in vivo, which could be enhanced by release of VEGF.

Jatropha curcasis considered to be one of the greatest potential biofuel plants. However, the application of J. curcasis limited by a lack of high yielding varieties. Polyploids often generate useful germplasm for genetic improvement in many plants. Here, tetraploid and octoploid J. curcaswere obtained by treating the shoot tips of seedlings with colchicine. The ploidy of J. curcaswas determined by measuring the nuclear DNA content with flow cytometry and by counting chromosomes. Treatment with 0.1% colchicine for seven days was the most effective condition for producing polyploid plants, yielding 15% tetraploids. There was no significant plant height difference between tetraploid and diploid plants, but octoploid plants grew slowly and were about one-third the height of diploid plants. With increased ploidy, the stomata and pollen grains became larger, stomatal density decreased, the leaves became thicker, and the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased. Compared with diploid plants, the tetraploid plants had larger leaves, male and female flowers and pollen, but the octoploid leaves were about half the size of the diploid leaves. The fruits and seeds of the tetraploid plants were larger than those of the diploid, but the single seed weight and oil content were decreased. The octoploid plants were sterile, with no flower buds on three-year-old plants. The polyploid plants obtained in this study could be useful for breeding programs and for studies of flower development and abiotic stress tolerance in J. curcas.

Mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxic pollutant that can be transported globally by atmospheric circulation and poses risks to wildlife and humans. Strong atmospheric Hg seasonality has been observed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere and explained by several hypothetical mechanisms. Here, we found that meteorological conditions were important drivers of the seasonality across diverse temperate regions particularly Asia through various indirect effects. Meteorological conditions can explain approximately 47%, 43%, and 67% of the seasonal amplitudes at the North American (NA) remote sites, European remote sites, and Asian monsoon sites, respectively. Surface air temperature, solar radiation, and surface wind collectively contributed significantly to the seasonality at the NA and European sites through vegetation resistance and oceanic evasion, while monsoon wind and precipitation promoted the summertime removal of Hg at the Asian sites through atmospheric transport and wet deposition, respectively. The findings predicted further changes in atmospheric Hg seasonality under future global warming. Mercury is a neurotoxic pollutant that can be transported globally by atmospheric circulation before being removed from the atmosphere by deposition. Deposited mercury poses potential risks to ecosystems and human health owing to methylation and bioaccumulation. Strong seasonality of atmospheric mercury concentrations has been observed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this strong seasonality, including vegetation uptake, chemical transformations, and anthropogenic emissions. In this study, we found that meteorological conditions were important drivers of the seasonality across diverse temperate regions particularly Asia through various indirect effects. Typical monsoon climate in Asia led to differences in the crucial meteorological factors between Asia and other temperate regions. Meteorological conditions contributed significantly to atmospheric mercury seasonality across diverse temperate regions particularly AsiaTypical monsoon climate in Asia led to differences in the crucial meteorological factors between Asia and other temperate regionsSignificant contributions of meteorological factors predicted further changes in atmospheric mercury seasonality under future global warming Meteorological conditions contributed significantly to atmospheric mercury seasonality across diverse temperate regions particularly Asia Typical monsoon climate in Asia led to differences in the crucial meteorological factors between Asia and other temperate regions Significant contributions of meteorological factors predicted further changes in atmospheric mercury seasonality under future global warming

As a long-term source of contaminant solutes, the flow of water within a waste rock pile containing reactive sulfide minerals significantly contributes to the solutes transportation. In this paper, a waste rock pile with the internal structures and grain size distribution from a typical waste dump is introduced as the geometric configuration. A numerical model is then applied to simulate unsaturated flow within a waste rock pile constructed with two primary materials. The simulations results show that the water movement within heterogeneous pile mainly depended on the internal structures. The flow of water can be controlled by the fine material layers within the coarse materials. These fine material layers form a capillary barrier which preventing the water infiltrate towards the centre of the pile. They can retain more water than coarse materials and form a ponding effect and/or percolation points within the pile.

Based on theoretical calculation, virtual prototype technology and the method of finite element analysis, the fully mechanized hydraulic support is designed and simulated. Firstly, the four-link mechanism of hydraulic support mechanical model and mathematical model are established, the demission is confirmed by design calculation of structure. Secondly, through the establishment of rigid parameterized virtual prototype model of the system, dynamics simulation analysis and research is finished based on ADAMS on the mechanical properties. Finally, based on FEA, the modal calculation of key components is completed by using ANSYS.

It has been paid more and more attentions To strengthen EQO Essential-qualities-oriented) education of colleges. Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) is a kind of analysis method to fully select the factors associated to analysis and illustrate the problem. It is also an important analysis tool to solve the proposed problem. This paper proposes the study on evaluation and countermeasures of college students education management based on MFA. The proposed method conforms Chinese college student education management evaluation system and countermeasures of the characteristics. It also has an important significance to improve the education quality of Chinese college.

A new and green technology for converting microalgae to high value-added chemicals with solid metal oxides catalysts under hydrothermal conditions was proposed. The results indicated that ZrO2, among other test catalysts, can prominently boost the production of acetic acid and a highest yield of 24% was achieved at 300 °C for 2 h with a filling rate of 50%. The metal oxides catalyst provided a promising solution to obtain acetic acid from microalgae conversion.

The conversion of cellulose under the hydrothermal condition was studied in an autoclave reactor. The reaction factors, such as oxygen supply and alkaline concentration was clearly investigated. A highest formic acid yield of about 27% was obtained. And also, other organic acid production was greatly produced. Besides formic acid, glycolic acid, acetic acid and lactic acid were also produced in alkaline oxidation of cellulose, with a total organic acid of up to 50%. It shows great potential for organic acid production from hydrothermal oxidation of cellulose.

A novel selective ensemble of multiple fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) classifiers based on the correlation measure method and Bayesian belief method is proposed to apply to the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings in this paper. The test results show that the selective ensemble of four optimal FAM classifiers can identify the different fault categories accurately and has a better classification performance compared to the single FAM and ensemble of all FAM classifiers.

t is a big challenge faced by the enterprises that how to trace and manage the quality information of complex products effectively in the overall life circle. In this paper, two-dimensional code is regarded as a carrier of quality information,and statistical process control (SPC) is used to evaluate the production process and control the on-line quality.Quality tracing and management model is established which consists of three parts:the identification of parts by two-dimensional code,the real-time acquisition of process information and the quality management.The proposed model is validated and successfully implemented in a typical complex products manufacturer for quality tracing and management.

Manufacturing of complex products is a multi-resource coupling process, in order to achieve precise control of its manufacturing process, it should ensure that the manufacturing process information is get in real-time and accurately, achieving the real synchronization of logistics and information flow. Complex products manufacturing workshop represented with aerospace products have poor real-time production information, low production information integration and low visual production monitoring. In order to solve those problems, this paper constructs manufacturing process visualized real-time monitoring system, this system is able to reflect the real-time dynamic workshop production schedule information, quality testing information and abnormal production information and so on. Combined with assembly plant of an Aerospace institutes actual production, this paper designs the architecture, functional structure as well as its business processes of the system, and proposes a metadata-based multi-source heterogeneous information integration technology, then, processes and integrates the collected production process information effectively and displays it through the station terminal, workshops signage. The system is able to share the workshop information resources effectively, and it has been successfully applied to the assembly plant, and has achieved good effect.

The gas turbine generators on the offshore oil production platforms commonly obtain the steady normal power supply by transferring the fuel. Previously, the control mode of fuel gas system had obvious disadvantage, this paper took the power plant system of the LD 10-1 offshore oil production platform as an example, to do the transient-state and steady-state analysis on the gas turbine fuel transfer, and to establish the effective control processes. This method has been proved to be very practical, and can greatly improve the stability of the power plant system.

The ring is subjected to the combined action of rolling deformation and guide rolls in radial ring rolling process. If the rolling process parameters are designed unreasonably, the ring may be deformed unexpectedly or squashed to waste product. In this article, equation of ring’s bending moment in rolling process is developed based on the mechanical model. Then the stress of ring at any point is analyzed and the maximum stress is found out. The plastic instability criterion of radial ring rolling is also proposed based on the analyses above.

This paper introduces a soldering defect inspection system for a special integrated circuit board aided by the computer vision. Space occluder is fixed on this special integrated circuit board, which makes the light blocked from the CCD camera to the chip pins to be inspected. This system can inspect the light blocked soldering defects of the chip pins through the structure design of hardware system and the software system. It is a cheap but automatic soldering defect inspecting system, and can do the soldering defect detection instead of manual visual inspection, and improve the detection speed and stability.

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of machine vision, this paper focuses on the effect of calibration grid size and position on machine vision measurement accuracy by analysing the measurement error of the points inside and outside of the grid. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy of the internal points is higher than that of the external points. The measurement errors increase firstly, then decrease, increase, and finally decrease which measuring point from the edge to the opposite edge in the calibration grid. While measurement errors of outside points increases with the increasing distance to the corner point. If the center of calibration grid coincides with the center of calibration board, measurement accuracy is high. However, if the center of calibration grid doesn't coincide with the center of calibration board, measurement accuracy is low. This results may provide direct means for the application of machine vision system in engineering.

A novel prediction method which combined evolutionary strategy with least-square support vector machine is presented and applied to the trend prediction of hydraulic liquid leakage in this paper. In order to improve the prediction performance, the evolutionary strategy is employed to optimize the internal parameters of least-square support vector machine. Through the experiment study, the result validated the effectiveness of the prediction method, and it is also demonstrated that the method is able to do the short-term fault prediction for the hydraulic system.

This paper introduces a method of measuring the gear chamfering profile based on laser sensor and machine vision through two grades. After machine vision part uses a vision sensor to get the location information of gear teeth at first. Then the laser sensor is moved to the position of gear teeth and takes the measurement of gear chamfering profile precisely.

The paper introduces a new approach to detect the fault of bearing based on wavelet grey moment vector and hidden Markov modeling (HMM). Because of non-stationary characteristics of vibration signals of faulty bearings, we propose a new method to extract the wavelet grey moment vectors from these signals. The grey moment vectors are used as feature parameters to train HMMs to establish the database. Fault modes of bearings can be identified by select the HMM with the highest probability. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective and accurate to detect the faulty bearing for every single fault.

The guiding forces will affect the stability of the ring rolling process and the quality of the product directly. In this paper, the guiding forces and the sector gear forces are analyzed by building theoretical equations and numerical value simulations. The variation tendencies of the guiding forces and the sector gear forces changing with the ring’s outer diameter in both steady and unsteady ring rolling phases are found out base on the theoretical and simulation analyses.

In this paper, a novel similarity classifier which synthesizes the adaptive resonance theory (ART) and the similarity classifier based on the Yu’s norm is proposed. The proposed ART-similarity classifier can not only carry out training without forgetting previously trained patterns but also be adaptive to changes in the environment. In order to test the proposed classifier, it is applied to the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. Before application to the fault diagnosis of bearings, considering computation burden principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to reduce the number of features. The PCs are input the proposed classifier to diagnose the faulty bearings. The experiment results testify that the proposed classifier can identify the faults accurately. Furthermore, in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed classifier further, it compares with other neural networks, such as the fuzzy ART, self-organising feature maps (SOFMs) and radial basis function (RBF) neural network through diagnosing the bearings under the same conditions. The comparison results confirm the superiority of the proposed method.

AbstractPlant bioreactors are attractive expression systems for economic production of pharmaceuticals. Various plant expression systems or platforms have been tested with certain degrees of success over the past years. However, further development and improvement are needed for more effective plant bioreactors. In this review we first summarize recent progress in various plant bioreactor expression systems and then focus on discussing protein compartmentation to unique organelles and various strategies for developing better plant bioreactors.

SaPIN2a, a plant proteinase inhibitor from nightshade (Solanum americanum), was located to the enucleate sieve elements (SEs) of phloem. The expressed SaPIN2a in transgenic lettuce showed inhibition of plant endogenous trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activities, suggesting that SaPIN2a can regulate proteolysis in plant cells. To further investigate the physiological role of SaPIN2a, we produced transgenic nightshade and lettuce plants overexpressing SaPIN2a from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of SaPIN2a in transgenic plants was demonstrated by northern blot and western blot analysis. SaPIN2a-overexpressing transgenic nightshade plants showed significantly lower height than wild-type plants. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that chloroplast-like organelles with thylakoids, which are not present in enucleate SEs of wild-type plants, were present in the enucleate SEs of SaPIN2a-overexpressing transgenic plants. This finding is discussed in terms of the possible role played by SaPIN2a in the regulation of proteolysis in SEs.

RNase-related proteins (RRPs) are S- and S-like RNase homologs lacking the active site required for RNase activity. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa) RRP gene (OsRRP). A single copy of OsRRPoccurs in the rice genome. OsRRPcontains three introns and an open reading frame encoding 252 amino acids, with the replacement of two histidines involved in the active site of RNase by lysine and tyrosine respectively. OsRRPis preferentially expressed in stems of wild-type rice and is significantly down-regulated in an increased tillering dwarf mutant ext37.

Abstract We have previously shown that the expression of SmCP which encodes Solanum melongena cysteine proteinase is ethylene-inducible and is under circadian control. To understand the regulation of SmCP, a 1.34-kb SmCP 5'-flanking region and its deletion derivatives were analyzed for cis-elements using GUS and luc fusions and by invitro binding assays. Analysis of transgenic tobacco transformed with SmCP promoter-GUS constructs confirmed that the promoter region -415/+54 containing Ethylene Responsive Element ERE(-355/-348) conferred threefold ethylene-induction of GUS expression, while -827/+54 which also contains ERE(-683/-676), produced fivefold induction. Using gel mobility shift assays, we demonstrated that each ERE binds nuclear proteins from both ethephon-treated and untreated 5-week-old seedlings, suggesting that different transcriptions factors bind each ERE under varying physiological conditions. Binding was also observed in extracts from senescent, but not young, fruits. The variation in binding at the EREs in fruits and seedlings imply that organ-specific factors may participate in binding. Analysis of transgenic tobacco expressing various SmCP promoter-lucconstructs containing wild-type or mutant Evening Elements (EEs) confirmed that both conserved EEs at -795/-787 and -785/-777 are important in circadian control. We confirmed the binding of total nuclear proteins to EEs in gel mobility shift assays and in DNase I footprinting. Our results suggest that multiple proteins bind the EEs which are conserved in plants other thanArabidopsisand that functional EEs and EREs are present in the 5'-flanking region of a gene encoding cysteine proteinase.

Type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP2A) plays a variety of regulatory roles in metabolism and signal transduction. Two closely related PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) genes, OsPP2A-1and OsPP2A-3, have been isolated from the monocot Oryza sativa. Both genes contain six exons and five introns which intervene at identical locations, suggesting they have descended from a recent duplication event. Their encoded proteins share 97% sequence identity and are highly similar (94–96%) to a PP2Ac subfamily (AtPP2A-1, -2 and -5) identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both OsPP2A-1and OsPP2A-3are ubiquitously expressed, with the expression levels high in stems and flowers and low in leaves. OsPP2A-1, but not OsPP2A-3, is also highly expressed in roots. Transcript levels of OsPP2A-1in roots and OsPP2A-3in stems are elevated at the maturation and young stages, respectively. Drought and high salinity upregulate both genes in leaves, whereas heat stress represses OsPP2A-1in stems and induces OsPP2A-3in all organs. These findings indicate that the two PP2Ac genes are subjected to developmental and stress-related regulation. In situhybridization results show that both transcripts exhibit nearly identical cellular distribution, except in leaves, and are abundant in meristematic tissues including the young leaf blade of stems and the root tip.

We have previously shown that SmCP, the gene encoding Solanum melongenacysteine proteinase, is expressed during developmental events associated with programmed cell death (PCD) suggesting its involvement in protein degradation during these events (Xu and Chye, Plant Journal 17 (1999) 321–327). Here, we investigated the regulation of SmCPexpression and showed that it is ethylene-inducible and is under circadian control. This circadian rhythm is entrained by light/dark (LD) cycling with peak expression in the late light period, as opposed to that in early light for rbcS, suggesting that protein degradation and photosynthesis are temporally separated by circadian control. Northern blot analysis shows that the pattern of ethylene induction of SmCPis consistent with our previous observation of its significantly increased expression at leaf senescence and fruit ripening when endogenous ethylene is abundant. To further understand SmCPregulation, we have cloned the SmCPpromoter and identified a G-box (CACGTG) at −85/−80 by DNase I footprinting analysis of the −221/+17 region. Its specific interaction with nuclear proteins in S. melongenaleaves and fruits was confirmed by competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays using oligonucleotides containing the G-box and mutant derivatives. G-box binding activity was stronger in senescent than young fruits. In circadian-regulated leaves, stronger binding activity coincided with peak circadian expression of SmCP. This correlation between binding activity and expression suggests that G-box binding factors enhance SmCPtranscription and that the G-box likely plays a role in circadian regulation of genes affected by LD cycling.

Although proteinase inhibitor proteins are known to confer insect resistance in transgenic plants, their endogenous roles remain undefined. Here, we describe the expression of a proteinase inhibitor II (PIN2) protein from Solanum americanumin phloem of stems, roots and leaves suggesting a novel endogenous role for PIN2 in phloem. The phloem consists of parenchyma cells, sieve elements (SE), and companion cells (CC) which are in close association with SE. We isolated two cDNAs encoding PIN2, SaPIN2aand SaPIN2b, from a S. americanumcDNA library using a tomato PIN2cDNA as hybridization probe. SaPIN2a shows 73.6% identity to SaPIN2b. Southern blot analysis confirmed that two genes occur in S. americanum. Northern blot analysis showed that both are wound-inducible and are expressed in flowers. Unlike SaPIN2band other previously characterized plant PIN2 proteins, SaPIN2ais abundantly expressed in stems. In situhybridization studies on stem sections showed that SaPIN2amRNA is expressed in CC and some SE, likely the immature developing SE, of external and internal phloem. Western blot analysis using SaPIN2a-specific antibodies showed SaPIN2a accumulation in stems, leaf midribs and fruits. Immunohistochemical localization, using these antibodies, revealed SaPIN2a expression in external and internal phloem of stem. Immunoelectron microscopy of stem, root and leaf sections further localized SaPIN2a to the CC and predominantly to the SE, particularly the parietal cytoplasm adjacent to the cell wall, the lumen and the sieve-area pores. These results suggest that, other than a possible role in plant defense, SaPIN2a could be involved in regulating proteolysis in the SE.

The main purpose of this paper is to extend to compact Lie groups a Hörmander multiplier theorem concerning translation invariant operators on Hardy spaces .