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The article discusses how recent archaeological discoveries & advancements in proteomics are challenging traditional perceptions of gender roles in ancient societies. Topics include analysis of a burial site in southern Spain that revealed a biological woman in a position of elite status; the innovative use of protein analysis to infer biological sex without direct DNA evidence; and broader implications of these techniques for understanding historical human interactions & societal structures.

A quiz concerning fashion history in the U.S., discussing early 20th century Gibson Girls, 1970s denim craze, and 1990s grunge trend, highlights evolving styles and cultural influences.

The article profiles Alison Van Eenennaam, a leader in utilizing genome editing technologies to transform livestock agriculture at the University of California, Davis. Topics discussed include her work in creating hornless cattle via gene editing, altering sex ratios using CRISPR-Cas9, and developing sheep models for biomedical research on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

The article offers a quiz on Human Reproduction and Molecular Basis of Inheritance, topics covered include genetic code, menstrual cycle, and DNA fingerprinting.

The article discusses the misconception that the female body is weaker than the male body. It highlights the resilience of the female body in fighting off infections and its ability to survive longer than males in many mammals, including humans. However, the article also acknowledges that pregnancy and the postpartum period can increase the risk of death for females. The article further explores how female resilience extends to the cellular level, influencing cell survival and response to traumatic brain injuries. It suggests that treating male patients with female sex hormones may help mitigate some of the damage. Overall, the article challenges traditional notions of gender and emphasizes the need to reassess the perception of the "weaker" sex. [Extracted from the article]

These include SRY, a few genes required to make sperm, and several genes that seem to be critical for life - many of which have partners on the X. Many Y genes (including the sperm genes RBMY and DAZ) are present in multiple copies. The Y chromosome is male-determining because it bears a gene called SRY, which directs the development of a ridge of cells into a testis in the embryo. They will look for sequences that might control how SRY and the sperm genes are expressed, and to see whether genes that have X partners have retained the same functions or evolved new ones. [Extracted from the article]

A quiz concerning the National Council of Educational Research and Training(NCERT) Xtract: UNIT-VII: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION covering topics like transcription units in DNA, Miller's experiment, genetic inheritance, DNA structure errors, natural selection, hybrid crosses and many more.

The article presents facts related to the topic "Principles of Inheritance and Variation" for class XII.

Stem cell biologist Katsuhiko Hayashi of Japan's Osaka University and his team say they are the first to turn a stem cell from an adult male mouse into an egg cell. And researchers have not yet successfully produced human egg or sperm cells from stem cells, says biomedical scientist Kotaro Sasaki of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, who has worked with Hayashi in the past. Researchers have manipulated chromosomes inside a stem cell to produce mice with two biologically male parents. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses genetic disorders and their various types, including Mendelian disorders and chromosomal disorders. It mentions specific genetic disorders such as Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome, and thalassemia, providing details on their causes, symptoms, and effects. It also mentions gene mutations in autosomes and sex chromosomes that cause recessive and dominant traits.

These kidneys match better and last longer on average than do kidneys from deceased donors. Features illustrations by MAX-O-MATIC WW WHEN WE WERE TEENAGERS, MY BROTHER AND I RECEIVED KIDNEY transplants six days apart. In Ukraine, in 1933, the kidney of a 60-year-old man with type B blood who'd been dead for six hours was transplanted into a 26-year-old woman with type O blood who'd lost kidney function after poisoning herself. [Extracted from the article]

Animals with the same sex organs but different chromosomes let scientists distinguish the chromosomes' effects from those of sex hormones, which are secreted by the reproductive organs. GENETICS For the first time scientists have created two lines of human cells that are identical aside from their sex chromosomes: one has XX chromosomes, and one has XY. This unique set of cells could help researchers answer long-standing questions about how sex chromosomes affect disease and the roles they play in early development. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a study which suggested that Y chromosome may protect men from aggressive bladder cancer. Topics include finding of many studies on the effect of losing the Y chromosome on men, an analysis of the reason that men with little or no expression of Y chromosome genes in their tumors did not live as long as men with high expression of Y chromosome genes in their tumors, and additional experiments made to find out more about the role of the Y chromosome in bladder cancer.

Most people have 22 pairs of chromosomes plus two sex chromosomes - either a pair of X chromosomes or one X and one Y chromosome. This complete Y chromosome has 106 protein-coding genes, which is 41 more than in the reference genome. Unfortunately, the studies reveal little new about the parts of the Y chromosome that include genes, and most biologists have little interest in the repetitive DNA, says David Page at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the role of SUMOylation in regulating the SMCHD1 complex formation and function in a genomic context-specific manner. SMCHD1 is a chromatin repressor that plays a role in gene expression and chromatin architecture. The study highlights the impact of SUMOylation on autosomal single copy and repetitive loci, as well as the inactive X chromosome (Xi). This research sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the regulation of SMCHD1 and its implications for diseases such as facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Gregorio Maranon University Hospital in Madrid, Spain, focused on the management of ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency (OTCD) during pregnancy, parturition, and the postpartum period. The research highlighted the importance of careful management for females with OTCD during delivery and the immediate postpartum period. The study emphasized the need for a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care for women with OTCD and their children. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Wake Forest University focused on gene therapy for Dent disease type 1, caused by mutations in the CLCN5 gene. Researchers found that gene therapy in newborn mice with Dent disease type 1 led to sustained transgene expression and improved disease symptoms. The study suggests that early gene therapy in newborns could be a promising approach to reduce immune responses in Dent disease type 1 treatment. The research was supported by The Bruce D. and Susan J. Meyer family and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A 42-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukaemia developed acquired drug resistance while being treated with imatinib and nilotinib. Despite initially achieving a major molecular response, his BCR-ABL1 levels increased, leading to the use of second-line nilotinib. However, further studies revealed clonal evolution with an ABL1 mutation, contributing to resistance. Switching to third-line dasatinib resulted in a transient major molecular response but failed to achieve a deep molecular response. [Extracted from the article]

A recent genetic study delves into the reasons behind the near-equal numbers of male and female babies born to humans, unlike many other animals. The study explores the genetic factors that maintain the 1:1 sex ratio and investigates deviations from this ratio in various animal species. Researchers found that while there are genetic variants that can affect the sex ratio, they do not seem to be heritable across generations in humans. The study raises intriguing questions about the evolutionary constraints that may influence the 1:1 sex ratio in humans and calls for further research on this topic. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University in Turkey examined the relationship between proAKAP4 levels and the longevity of sexed sperm quality in Holstein bulls. The study found that there is a strong positive correlation between proAKAP4 levels and various measures of sperm quality, such as motility and membrane integrity. The researchers suggest that proAKAP4 could serve as a potential biomarker for assessing the longevity of sexed sperm quality. This research was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the International Center for Livestock Research and Training. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from the Ministry of Public Security in Beijing, China, has found that two sisters who are not identical twins share identical genotypes on the X chromosome. The study analyzed 36 X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (X-STRs) and 29 X-chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (X-SNPs) and concluded that the identical markers in the sisters could be the result of linkage or a rare chance occurrence. The researchers emphasize the importance of careful analysis and interpretation when dealing with X chromosome markers, as the presence of shared alleles does not necessarily indicate a paternal sister relationship. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City has found that X-linked genes play a significant role in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. While previous research has focused on the impact of X-linked genes on males, this study highlights the emerging understanding of X-linked disorders that disproportionately affect females. The researchers emphasize the importance of integrating genetic, clinical, and functional data to better understand the contribution of X-linked variation to the risk architecture of these disorders. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into the genetics and neurobiology of NDDs in females. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has found that certain lifestyle factors are associated with an increased risk of clonal hematopoiesis (CH), a condition linked to hematopoietic cancer. The study analyzed data from over 478,000 participants and found that smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and social deprivation were all associated with CH risk. The findings highlight the impact of lifestyle factors on CH frequency and emphasize the importance of considering social, behavioral, and clinical influences when investigating CH risk factors. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, genes on sex chromosomes have higher evolutionary rates than those on autosomes, but this may not apply to somatic evolution in cancer. Mutations in X-chromosome tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) are more likely to contribute to cancer than mutations in autosomal TSGs. The maintenance of X-chromosome inactivation during cancer progression plays a role in the evolution of TSGs, and there is variation in the relative mutation incidence in X-linked TSGs among females across different studies. This differentiation is not associated with the specific type of cancer or tissue of origin, suggesting that X-chromosome inactivation may play a differential role in the involvement of X-linked TSGs across individual cancers. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the City University of Hong Kong have published a report on the roles of histone H2B, H3, and H4 variants in cancer development and prognosis. Histone variants are similar to core histones and play a role in various biological processes such as DNA damage repair and transcriptional regulation. The review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the roles of these histone variants in cancer biology and their prognostic value in a clinical context. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation of China and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine explored the role of the X chromosome in Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetics. The study, which involved a large-scale X chromosome-wide association analysis, identified a novel genetic locus called SLC9A7 that is associated with AD risk. The researchers also found evidence suggesting that the X chromosome may play a role in sex-based differences in AD. This study contributes to our understanding of AD genetics and may provide potential targets for future drug development. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Wisconsin Madison examined language use in individuals with Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a premutation of the FMR1 gene. The study aimed to determine if there were differences in language use between symptomatic males and females with FXTAS and if language production could predict FXTAS symptoms. The researchers found that language production difficulties were associated with FXTAS symptom severity, cognitive functioning, and executive functioning. This suggests that language use could be a useful outcome measure in future clinical trials for FXTAS. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Jamia Millia Islamia University discusses the findings of research on Turner syndrome. Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs when one X chromosome is missing in phenotypic females, leading to various complications such as short stature, cardiovascular issues, autoimmune disorders, and infertility. The research emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management, with growth hormone therapy being a fundamental treatment. The study also highlights the importance of ongoing research to identify potential therapeutic interventions and improve the overall functioning and quality of life for individuals with Turner syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Texas Health San Antonio explores the role of glycerol kinase 1 (GK1) in prostate cancer. The researchers aimed to identify potential biomarkers or modulators of prostate cancer by investigating genes specifically altered in prostate cancer cells treated with anti-cancer agents. They found that GK1, particularly the GK1b isoform, was highly induced in human prostate cancer cells when treated with anti-cancer agents. Overexpression of GK1b resulted in reduced cell viability and accelerated apoptotic cell death, suggesting that GK1b may serve as a promising modulator and biomarker for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Rochester in New York has found that ZC4H2-Associated Rare Disorder (ZARD) is caused by variations in the ZC4H2 gene on the X chromosome. This gene is responsible for the development of the nervous system. The study, which included 40 participants, found that there are genotype-phenotype correlations and sex differences in the symptoms of ZARD. Males tend to have maternally inherited variations, while females tend to have de novo variations. The study also found that certain symptoms, such as contractures at birth and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, are more common in females, while seizures and severe vision impairment are more common in males. Further analysis is needed to understand how different variations affect the symptoms of ZARD. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Tokai in Japan have developed a new method to enhance the discrimination capacity of the Argus X-12 kit, a commercially available kit used for testing complex kinship relationships involving X-STR transmission. By introducing 13 additional X-STR loci, the researchers were able to increase the identification ability and improve discriminatory power in East Asian populations, specifically the Malay population. The research was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research and has been peer-reviewed. This method could also be useful for other populations, including the Japanese population. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the lack of knowledge of most people about their sex chromosome variations which are said to be the most common chromosomal conditions. Topics include reason that majority of people do not know that they have chromosomal conditions, status of the availability of genetic counseling and information about X and Y variations, and information on Natera, a company that offers one of the more comprehensive screening tests.

The article focuses on issue of accuracy in complete sequencing of a person's genetic code under the Human Genome Project (HGP). Topics discussed include formation of the Telomere to- Telomere Consortium and the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium to address issue of accuracy; process of genome sequencing including reading of the sequences of DNA fragments and construction of contig sequences by researchers; development of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) to study genetics of disease.

SEVEN mice have been born from male cells that were turned into egg cells and then fertilised with sperm. Hayashi's team has previously developed methods for changing mouse stem cells into eggs, and these were used to turn the XX cells into egg cells. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) have discovered a treatment that accelerates the production and quality of pluripotent stem cells in mice. This discovery has the potential to improve disease modeling and drug testing for individuals with two X chromosomes, including women, transgender men, or men with an extra X chromosome in Klinefelter Syndrome. The researchers found that adding interferon gamma (IFNg) to a culture of mouse neural precursor cells reduced the time it takes to reprogram induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by one day. This finding is surprising because IFNg is typically known for its role in responding to viral infections, but it has not been shown to work in the context of cellular programming before. The researchers believe that IFNg may help reprogram cells by opening up DNA and rapidly activating gene expression. This discovery could lead to the production of high-quality female iPSCs, which are important for personalized medicine and the development of therapies that benefit all individuals. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Lausanne Hospital in Switzerland have identified a potential therapeutic target for metastatic MYCN nonamplified neuroblastoma, an aggressive pediatric cancer. Through their study, they found that the gene BMX is highly expressed in neuroblastoma cells and is associated with high tumor stage and poor patient survival. Inhibitors of BMX were able to reverse the cellular state of neuroblastoma cells, increase their sensitivity to chemotherapy, and reduce tumor growth in preclinical models. This research offers new hope for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma and provides insights into the development of targeted therapies for this challenging disease. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract from biorxiv.org, researchers have discovered that the genes Rtl8a and Rtl8b, derived from a retrovirus, play important roles in the brain. When these genes were knocked out in mice, the mice exhibited reduced social responses, increased apathy-like behavior, and became obese from a young age. The researchers also found that the knockout mice had reduced expression of the GABA type A receptor subunit, GABRB2, which has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. This research has not yet been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A study published in Nature Genetics by the Lymphoid Development Group at the MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences has found that cells expressing maternal or paternal X chromosomes can be selectively skewed in different parts of the body. This challenges the previous belief that the usage of maternal and paternal X-chromosomes was similar throughout the body. The study also reveals that competition between cells expressing different X-chromosomes drives this skew. This research provides a better understanding of development in biologically female individuals with two X chromosomes and sheds light on the role of X-linked genetic variants in shaping organismal development. [Extracted from the article]

According to a preprint abstract, researchers have found that having a second X chromosome improves cognition in aging male and female mice. The study used mouse models to examine sex differences and found that female gonads and sex chromosomes enhanced cognition in aging mice of both sexes. The presence of a second X chromosome in male and female mice was associated with cognitive resilience, while its absence in females blocked this effect. The study also found that the second X chromosome increased proteins involved in synaptogenesis signaling in the hippocampal proteome of aging female mice, potentially contributing to improved cognition. However, it is important to note that this research has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Wake Forest University School of Medicine has provided new insights into biomarkers related to infertility. The research focused on the generation of haploid germ cells from human XY and XXY immature testes in a 3D organoid system. The study aimed to develop fertility therapies for adult survivors of childhood cancer and prepubertal patients with Klinefelter syndrome. The researchers successfully generated 3D human testicular organoids that supported androgen production and germ cell differentiation in vitro. This research has implications for the development of diagnostic and screening tools in the field of health and medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Asifa Akhtar has been awarded the 2025 FEBS | EMBO Women in Science Award for her groundbreaking research on the mechanisms of dosage compensation of the male X chromosome in fruit flies and mammals, chromosome-wide gene regulation by non-coding RNAs in Drosophila, and the protection of mammalian cells from damaged RNA. The award also recognizes Akhtar's commitment to gender equality and equal opportunities in science. She is an international leader in the field of epigenetic regulation and has made significant contributions to understanding how epigenetic mechanisms fine-tune transcription in specific cells. The award will be presented to Akhtar at the 49th FEBS Congress in Istanbul in July 2025. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers analyzed the association between common genetic variants on the X chromosome and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The study found 59 X-chromosome variants that were significantly associated with ASD. These variants were located in regions harboring genes such as ASB9/ASB11 and DDX53/PTCHD1-AS. Additionally, the study identified 17 genes within 10kb of the most significantly associated variants, including FGF13 as a novel X-linked ASD candidate gene. These findings provide new insights into the biology of ASD and suggest potential genes and pathways for further investigation. However, it is important to note that this study has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at King's College London explores the relationship between X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease that primarily affects women. The study found that females with SLE had reduced XCI-skew compared to healthy controls, particularly in those with more severe disease. This suggests that XCI patterns in immune cells may reflect the impact of SLE on the haematopoietic stem cells from which they derive, rather than being a predisposing factor for the disease. The research was funded by various organizations and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece explores the genetic and epigenetic associations of FOXP3 with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) predisposition. PTC is the most common type of thyroid malignancy, with a higher incidence in females. The study found that certain genotypes and alleles of the FOXP3 gene were associated with PTC predisposition only in females. Additionally, differences in methylation status were observed in the FOXP3 gene between female PTC patients and controls, which may explain the higher incidence of PTC in females. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic factors contributing to thyroid cancer. [Extracted from the article]

New research from George Washington University explores the immunity gap in primates, specifically focusing on the sexual dimorphism in response to infectious diseases. The study finds that females generally exhibit higher immunocompetence than males, despite the immunosuppressive effects of gestation. The research also highlights the lower incidence of cancer in females compared to males, but higher rates of autoimmune disorders. The study aims to examine the evidence of this immunity gap, understand its evolution, and explore the potential role of X chromosome specific genes and heterozygosity. This research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into the evolution of enhanced female immunocompetence in primates. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the genetic integrity of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) and the development of copy number variations. The study focuses on a panel of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines derived from 170 Diversity Outbred mice and identifies aneuploidies using RNA-seq and proteomics data. The researchers found that XX lines with two active X chromosomes had a lower proportion of aneuploidies compared to XY or XO lines. Possible mechanisms for this protective effect of X chromosome dosage include differential expression of X-linked tumor suppressor genes associated with DNA damage response. This research has not yet been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika w Toruniu explores the use of genetic testing in determining paternity between half-siblings. The study analyzes the genetic markers of the half-siblings and their mothers to determine the likelihood of shared paternity. The research highlights the importance of different research strategies in complex kinship cases and how they can impact the outcome of the likelihood ratio and the ability to make accurate inferences. The study is published in the Archives of Forensic Medicine and Criminology and more information can be obtained from the researchers at Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika w Toruniu. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report discusses the findings of a study on CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a genetic disorder characterized by early-onset and drug-resistant seizures, psychomotor delay, and slight facial features. The study focused on a female child with CDD who tested negative on standard diagnostic tests but was found to have an X chromosome de novo pericentric inversion. The use of advanced genomic techniques allowed researchers to identify the breakpoints and provide evidence that structural rearrangements on the X chromosome may be a recurrent pathogenic mechanism in CDD. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying the molecular etiology of the disorder for better understanding drug resistance and developing specific therapies. [Extracted from the article]

Time delays in load frequency control (LFC) systems may deteriorate the control performance or cause instability. How to mitigate such adverse effects of delays in a simple but effective way is worth investigating and motivates this work. For sampled-data LFC systems with time-varying delays, this paper introduces two delay compensation techniques, namely linear and division-based methods, aimed at enhancing the robustness of LFC. A stability criterion based on H ∞ is derived to ensure LFC system stability under delay compensation. Building upon this criterion, we propose an H ∞ controller optimization method to tune delay compensation controller gains offline by searching for a minimum H ∞ disturbance attenuation level and effectively segmenting the geometric region formed by the delays. The effectiveness of the proposed delay compensation techniques and the controller design method is verified via numerical examples on an LFC system with both generation unit and energy storage participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]