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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.008 Byline: Jong-Hak Eun (a), Keun Lee (b), Guisheng Wu (c) Keywords: University-run enterprise; University-industry relationship; China Abstract: This paper explains and evaluates the evolution of the UREs (University-run Enterprises) in China by building a new theoretical framework on the university-industry relationship. Unlike the Triple Helix or the New Economics of Science that advocates a certain type (integration or separation) of university-industry relationship, we take a contingent or context-specific perspective on the relationship, having the context of developing countries in mind. The framework developed in this paper explains in what condition universities would keep distance from industry or become entrepreneurial to take a part in the functions of industry (i.e. setting up and running their own business enterprises). In this typology the basic determinants are internal resources of university, absorptive capacity of industrial firms and existence of intermediary institutions, as well as the propensity of university for UREs. The paper has argued that the Chinese universities since the market-oriented reform had strong propensity to pursue economic gains and strong internal (R&D and other) resources to launch start-ups, and thus established their own firms (i.e. UREs), given the low absorptive capacity of industrial firms and the underdeveloped intermediary institutions. The recent adjustment of the UREs in China can also be understood in terms of changes in the above three factors, such as universities' weakened propensity to pursue economic gains, relative decline of superiority of university resources, and improved external environment. Author Affiliation: (a) Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 300-4, Yomgok-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-747, Republic of Korea (b) Department of Economics, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea (c) Department of Technology Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Haidian-Qu, Beijing 100084, China Article History: Received 29 September 2005; Revised 2 February 2006; Accepted 6 May 2006 Article Note: (footnote) [star] Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Fifth Triple Helix conference (2005, Turin, Italy) and the Ninth International Convention of the East Asian Economic Association (2004, Hong Kong).

Three-dimensional (3D) layered tin oxide quantum dots/graphene framework (SnO2QDs@GF) were designed through anchoring SnO2QD on the graphene surface under the hydrothermal reaction. SnO2QDs@GF have a 3D skeleton with a large number of mesopores and ultrasmall SnO2QDs with a large surface area. The unique design of this structure improves the specific area and promotes ion transport. The mechanically strong SnO2QDs@GF can directly be used as the anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); it displays a high reversible capacity (1300 mA h g–1at 100 mA g–1), excellent rate performance (642 mA h g–1at 2000 mA g–1), and superior cyclic stability (when the current density is 10 A g–1, the capacity loss is less than 2% after 5000 cycles). This novel synthetic method can further be expanded for the production of other quantum dots/graphene composites with a 3D structure as high-performance electrodes for LIBs.

Byline: Xibao Li, Guisheng Wu We empirically estimated the effect of three types of investment in acquiring technological knowledge (in-house R&D, importing foreign technology and purchasing domestic technology) on the innovation output of Chinese firms in four hi-tech industries. These investments on technology are assumed to generate different types of knowledge, which in turn contribute to the enhancement of the technology capability of firms. Based on a dataset constructed from a panel of 30 regions over the ten year period of 1995-2004, we estimated an aggregated patent production function with the region-industry combination as units of analysis. Our results show that investing in foreign technology alone does not facilitate the introduction of innovation, unless it is coupled with a firm's own in-house R&D effort. Domestic technology purchases also favourably influence innovation, suggesting that firms have little difficulty in absorbing domestic technological knowledge. The relative importance of the three types of technological knowledge differs across industries.

Co3O4catalysts supported on TiO2with different crystalline structures (anatase (A), rutile (R) and P25 (Degussa)) were prepared by a deposition–precipitation method, and characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption, XRD, HR-TEM, EPR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and H2-TPR techniques. The results show that Co3O4/TiO2(A) exhibited the highest activity among the three Co3O4/TiO2catalysts: CO can be completely oxidized to CO2at −43 °C. When rutile TiO2or P25 were used as the support, its catalytic activity was decreased obviously, because the TiO2crystal structure has an influence on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the Co3O4catalysts. The results show that the Co3O4/TiO2(A) catalyst contains Ti3+species, which is in an unstable state and can affect the properties of Co3O4by the interaction between the deposited Co3O4and anatase TiO2support. The Co3O4/TiO2(A) catalyst exhibits highly defective structure and good oxygen adsorption ability. The reducibility of Co3O4is improved by the anatase TiO2support, resulting in Co3O4/TiO2(A) possessing the better redox property than the other Co3O4/TiO2catalysts, which is an important factor for its high catalytic activity.

Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays a major role in pigmentation in many species. To investigate if the MC1Rgene is associated with coat color in water buffalo, the coding region of MC1Rgene of 216 buffalo samples was sequenced, which included 49 black river buffalo (Murrah and Nili-Ravi), 136 swamp buffalo (Dehong, Diandongnan, Dechang, Guizhou, and Xilin) with white and gray body, and 31 hybrid offspring of river buffalo Nili-Ravi (or Murrah) and swamp buffalo. Among the three variation sites found, SNP684 was synonymous, while SNP310 and SNP384 were nonsynonymous, leading to p.S104G and p.I128M changes, respectively. Only Individuals carrying homozygote EBR/EBRwere black. The genotype and phenotype analysis of the hybrid offspring of black river buffalo and gray swamp buffalo further revealed that the river buffalo type allele EBRor the allele carrying the amino acid p.104S was important for the full function of MC1R. The in silicofunctional analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions p.G104S and p.M128I had significant impact on the function of MC1R. Above results indicate that the allele EBRor the allele carrying the amino acid p.104S was associated with the black coat color in buffalo.

Pure TiO 2and La-doped TiO 2were prepared by the sol-gel method. Au was supported on TiO 2by the deposition-precipitation (DP) method, and its catalytic activity for CO oxidation was tested. The results showed that doping La in Au/TiO 2could improve its catalytic activity obviously for CO oxidation. The analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area further showed that the presence of La in TiO 2not only increased its surface area and restrained the growth of TiO 2crystallites, but could also enhance the microstrain of TiO 2. In terms of O 2-TPD, a new adsorbed species O −appeared on the surface of La-doped TiO 2. The results of in-situFourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy illustrated that the high activity of Au/La 2O 3-TiO 2was attributed to the presence of La promoting the reactivity of CO adsorbed on the Au site and the formation of the second active site on the surface of TiO 2

SummaryDuring the transformation of the agro‐technology extension system in rural China, many new policy experiments are emerging to rebuild the lost linkages and to improve technology transfer with the system and among systems. Applying the Triple Helix Model of academy‐agriculture‐government relations, this paper explores a new pattern of technology transfer with the case of BaojiCity. The authors interpret the mechanism of “Courtyards for Agro‐experts”, as well as the comparison between different types of courtyards. This article concludes that the Triple Helix in the agro‐sector improves technology transfer and accelerates knowledge‐based regional development. In the interest of farmers there should also be concern over reducing inequity during the reform.