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Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4+T cells, are indispensable in maintaining immune self-tolerance and have been utilized in various diseases. Treg-derived extracellular vesicles (Treg-EVs) have been discovered to play an important role in the mechanism of Treg functions. As cell-derived membranous particles, EVs carry multiple bioactive substances that possess tremendous potential for theranostics. Treg-EVs are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, carrying proteins and miRNAs inherited from the parental cells. To comprehensively understand the function of Treg-EVs, here we reviewed the classification of Treg-EVs, the active molecules in Treg-EVs, their various applications in diseases, and the existing challenges for Treg-EVs based theranostics. This Review aims to clarify the feasibility and potential of Treg-EVs in diseases and theranostics, facilitating further research and application of Treg-EVs.

Soybean (Glycine max) stands as a globally significant agricultural crop, and the comprehensive assembly of its genome is of paramount importance for unraveling its biological characteristics and evolutionary history. Nevertheless, previous soybean genome assemblies have harbored gaps and incompleteness, which have constrained in-depth investigations into soybean. Here, we present Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) assembly of the Chinese soybean cultivar Zhonghuang 13 (ZH13) genome, termed ZH13-T2T, utilizing PacBio Hifi and ONT ultralong reads. We employed a multi-assembler approach, integrating Hifiasm, NextDenovo, and Canu, to minimize biases and enhance assembly accuracy. The assembly spans 1,015,024,879 bp, effectively resolving all 393 gaps that previously plagued the reference genome. Our annotation efforts identified 50,564 high-confidence protein-coding genes, 707 of which are novel. ZH13-T2T revealed longer chromosomes, 421 not-aligned regions (NARs), 112 structure variations (SVs), and a substantial expansion of repetitive element compared to earlier assemblies. Specifically, we identified 25.67 Mb of tandem repeats, an enrichment of 5S and 48S rDNAs, and characterized their genotypic diversity. In summary, we deliver the first complete Chinese soybean cultivar T2T genome. The comprehensive annotation, along with precise centromere and telomere characterization, as well as insights into structural variations, further enhance our understanding of soybean genetics and evolution.

Background: Rivaroxaban has predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, monitoring rivaroxaban concentrations should be provided for special patients with hepatic insufficiency, high bleeding risk, and high thrombotic risk.Objective: This study aimed to correlate chromogenic anti-Xa assay, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thromboelastogram reaction time (TEG R-time), and rivaroxaban concentration measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) (MS-Riva).Methods: Peripheral venous blood was collected from recruited patients 30 minutes before and 2 to 4 hours after drug administration. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and chromogenic anti-Xa assay measured rivaroxaban concentration. Different assays were compared by Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis.Results: A total of 104 patients with 191 plasma were included in the study. Overall analysis shows that chromogenic anti-Xa assay, PT, APTT, and TEG R-time strongly correlated with MS-Riva (r= 0.986; r= 0.884; r= 0.741; r= 0.739; P< 0.001). Rivaroxaban peak concentration detected by HPLC-MS/MS (MS-peak) showed a very strong correlation with the chromogenic anti-Xa assay (r= 0.977, P< 0.001) and moderate correlation with PT, APTT, and TEG R-time (r= 0.670; r= 0.571; r= 0.481, P< 0.001). Rivaroxaban trough concentration detected by HPLC-MS/MS (MS-trough) correlated strongly with the chromogenic anti-Xa assay (r= 0.884, P< 0.001), weakly with APTT (r= 0.313; P= 0.043), and not significantly with PT and TEG R-time (P= 0.140; P= 0.341).Conclusion and Relevance: High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/MS is the preferred choice for monitoring peak and tough concentrations, followed by anti-Xa, while PT is only suitable for peak concentrations. This study can help the clinicians to better adjust the medication regimen and reduce the risk of recurrence of thrombosis as well as the risk of bleeding.

Beam pumping units (BPUs) are key equipment in oilfield production. Currently, many fault diagnosis methods for BPUs have been developed, and most of them are based on feature or image classification of indicator diagrams. However, low-quality monitoring data and the limited proportion of effective pixels in indicator diagram greatly restrict the performances of these methods. This article proposes an efficient two-step fault diagnosis method for BPUs. In the first step, to overcome the impact of low-quality monitoring data, a dynamic time warping-based matching method is proposed to extract the period of the data, and then a physical model driven method optimized by Bayesian gradient descent is proposed to reconstruct the data. In the second step, to overcome the impact of the limited proportion of effective pixels in indicator diagram, a parallel deep network is proposed which directly takes the time series of the displacement and the load of BPUs as the inputs. Extensive experiments on dataset from 45 real oil wells have shown that, the proposed method can achieve the best performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods, meanwhile the computational load is only 5% of other deep learning-based methods.

This study investigates the effect of microwave drying on the color change of different parts of persimmon slices, focusing on the mechanism of enzymatic browning. The samples were partitioned in two directions, the vertical group was divided into three parts from the top to the bottom: A, B and C, and the horizontal group was divided into two parts from the outside to the inside: 1 and 2. The color, the contents of total phenols, soluble tannins, total flavonoids, and the activities of PPO and POD in six parts were investigated under different drying conditions, and correlation and cluster analysis were performed. The results exhibited that PPO and POD were both inactivated under various drying conditions. The contents of total phenols, soluble tannins and total flavonoids in different parts increased with the increase of microwave power and drying time and the decrease of loading amount. When the microwave power was 560 W and loading amount was 1.8 kg/m2, the contents of total phenols, soluble tannins and total flavonoids reached the maximum in part B2. However, the contents of three phenols reached the maximum in part C1 when the drying time was 15 min, which were 14.47 mg GAE/g, 11.72 mg GAE/g, and 16.56 mg RE/g, respectively. Correlation and cluster analysis showed that the color darkening in different parts of persimmon slices was negatively correlated with the content of total flavonoids, the enzymatic browning might be more difficult in part B than in parts A and C, and the color change occurred first in part B2 and spread from inside to outside, which might have little relationship with enzymatic browning during the drying process.

Based on the lumped parameter model (LPM) of the cardiovascular system, an analytic method is developed to derive its hemodynamics theoretically. As soon as the LPM (a series of differential equations) is solved, the hemodynamics would be obtained immediately. However, because of time-varying ventricular elastance and high order, it is difficult to solve analytically. Through simplifying the LPM, the original biventricular system with continuously varying elastance becomes a single ventricular system with discrete elastance which keeps constant during the systolic or diastolic phase. As a consequence, the original time-varying and high-order system becomes a time-invariant and first-order system during each phase. From the analytic solutions of the simplified system, a set of algebraic equations is carried out. Then the hemodynamics are obtained from the solutions of the algebraic equations. The nature of the algebraic equations is an integral form of the differential equations. A connection between the equations and PV loop is established. All of these equations are deduced based on the idealization of replacing the continuous elastance with the discrete elastance. However, there exist algebraic equations, that can be derived directly from volume conservation, still hold for the case of continuous elastance. As a preliminary application, the method is utilized to deduce the hemodynamics of left heart failure (LHF). The results show that the theoretical hemodynamics of LHF are coincident with simulated results. The analytic method can be generalized to investigate biventricular system. A program for developing a more general framework is presented in the last part.

Fabrication of ingenious nanomedicines to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–brain–tumor barrier (BBTB) for efficient glioblastoma (GBM) therapy remains a big challenge. In this work, macrophage–cancer hybrid membrane-camouflaged nanoplatforms were fabricated for target gene silencing-enhanced sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of GBM. The J774.A.1 macrophage cell membrane and the U87 glioblastoma cell membrane were fused to create a hybrid biomembrane (JUM) with good BBB penetration and glioblastoma targeting capability for camouflaging. The ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized for indocyanine green (ICG) and HIF-1α siRNA encapsulation (ICG-siRNA@ZIF-8, ISZ) with a high loading efficiency. After accumulation in the tumor sites, the pH sensitivity of the nanoplatform enabled release of ICG and HIF-1α siRNA in the tumor cells. Then, the expression of HIF-1α could be efficiently inhibited by the released HIF-1α siRNA to increase the SDT efficiency under hypoxic conditions. In vitroand in vivoexperiments revealed that ISZ@JUM showed good BBB penetration and brain tumor-targeting capability and could achieve effective gene silencing-enhanced SDT, demonstrating great promise for clinical applications.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of diseases, especially cancer. The existing miRNA detection methods usually need external instruments for quantitative signal output, limiting their practical applications in point-of-care (POC) settings. Here, we propose a distance-based biosensor through a responsive hydrogel, in combination with a CRISPR/Cas12a system and target-triggered strand displacement amplification (SDA) reaction for visual quantitative and sensitive measurement of miRNA. The target miRNA is first converted into plenty of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) via target-triggered SDA reaction. Then, the dsDNA products trigger the collateral cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas12a, leading to the release of trypsin from magnetic beads (MBs). The released trypsin can hydrolyze gelatin, and hence the permeability of gelatin-treated filter paper is increased, resulting in a visible distance signal on a cotton thread. Using this system, the concentration of the target miRNA can be quantified visually without any assistance of instruments, and a detection limit of 6.28 pM is obtained. In addition, the target miRNA in human serum samples and cell lysates can also be detected accurately. Owing to the characteristics of simplicity, sensitivity, specificity, and portability, the proposed biosensor provides a new tool for miRNA detection and holds great promise in POC applications.

Imaging of both the positions and orientations of single fluorophores, termed single-molecule orientation-localization microscopy, is a powerful tool for the study of biochemical processes. However, the limited photon budget associated with single-molecule fluorescence makes high-dimensional imaging with isotropic, nanoscale spatial resolution a formidable challenge. Here we realize a radially and azimuthally polarized multi-view reflector (raMVR) microscope for the imaging of the three-dimensional (3D) positions and 3D orientations of single molecules, with precisions of 10.9 nm and 2.0° over a 1.5-μm depth range. The raMVR microscope achieves 6D super-resolution imaging of Nile red molecules transiently bound to lipid-coated spheres, accurately resolving their spherical morphology, despite refractive-index mismatch. By observing the rotational dynamics of Nile red, raMVR images also resolve the infiltration of lipid membranes by amyloid-beta oligomers without covalent labelling. Finally, we demonstrate 6D imaging of cell membranes, where the orientations of specific fluorophores reveal heterogeneity in membrane fluidity. With its nearly isotropic 3D spatial resolution and orientation measurement precision, we expect the raMVR microscope to enable 6D imaging of molecular dynamics within biological and chemical systems with exceptional detail.

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are promising electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal probes for their outstanding biocompatibility, unusual molecule-like structures, and versatile optical and electrochemical properties. Nevertheless, their relatively low ECL efficiency and poor stability in aqueous solutions hindered their application in the ECL sensing field. Herein, a facile host–guest recognition strategy was proposed to enhance the ECL efficiency and stability of Au NCs by rigidifying the surface of ligand-stabilized AuNCs via supramolecular self-assembly between cucurbiturils[7] (CB[7]) and l-phenylalanine (l-Phe). Meanwhile, mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was introduced as a ligand in order to cooperatively enhance the performance of the AuNCs and facilitate the link between AuNCs and bioactive substances. The prepared CB[7]/l-Phe/MPA-AuNCs had a higher ECL emission efficiency, achieving about 2-fold stronger ECL intensity than that of l-Phe/MPA-AuNCs. In addition, after non-covalent modification with CB[7], the finite stability of the papered AuNCs was significantly improved. The prepared CB[7]/l-Phe/MPA-AuNCs showed excellent D-dimer sensing results, exhibiting a linear range from 50.00 fg/mL to 100.0 ng/mL and a detection limit of 29.20 fg/mL (S/N = 3). Our work demonstrated that the host–guest self-assembly strategy provided a universal approach for strengthening the ECL efficiency and stability of nanostructures on an ultra-small scale.

A novel dual-mode microfluidic analytical device integrating self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing with electrochromic visualization analysis was developed for ultrasensitive ofloxacin (OFL) detection. First, an advanced dual direct Z-scheme BiVO4@Ni-ZnIn2S4/Bi2S3(BVZIS) heterojunction was designed as a photoanode matrix to steadily provide electrons. The dual Z-scheme structure formed in photoactive BVZIS composites greatly accelerated the migration of electrons. In addition, the doping of Ni in ZnIn2S4markedly enhanced the optical absorption and promoted the separation of the photocarrier. Second, electrochromic material polyaniline-modified Au (Au/PANI) was first electrodeposited on the photocathode for immobilizing aptamers and realizing visualized readout. On the one hand, Au/PANI with excellent conductivity could receive electrons from the photoanode without external energy supply. On the other hand, PANI would be rapidly reduced by the received electrons and change its color from blue to green obviously. With the increase in OFL, the increased steric hindrance resulted in the significant decline in the PEC signal and RGBgreen value. Third, wide linear ranges of PEC (0.05 pg/mL to 150 ng/mL) and electrochromic technique (0.1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL) as well as low detection limits of PEC (18 fg/mL) and electrochromic (30 fg/mL) sensors could achieve the ultrasensitive detection of OFL in milk and river water.

Federated learning is an effective solution for edge training, but the limited bandwidth and insufficient computing resources of edge devices restrict its deployment. Different from existing methods that only consider communication efficiency such as quantization and sparsification, this paper proposes an efficient federated training framework based on model pruning to simultaneously address the problem of insufficient computing and communication resources. First, the framework dynamically selects neurons or convolution kernels before the global model release, pruning a current optimal subnet and then issues the compressed model to each client for training. Then, we develop a new parameter aggregation update scheme, which provides training opportunities for global model parameters and maintains the complete model structure through model reconstruction and parameter reuse, reducing the error caused by pruning. Finally, extensive experiments show that our proposed framework achieves superior performance on both IID and non-IID datasets, which reduces upstream and downstream communication while maintaining the accuracy of the global model and reducing client computing costs. For example, with accuracy exceeding the baseline, computation is reduced by 72.27% and memory usage is reduced by 72.17% for MNIST/FC; and computation is reduced by 63.39% and memory usage is reduced by 59.78% for CIFAR10/VGG16.

Current trends in modern research revolve around new technologies that can predict material properties without the expense of time, effort, and experimentation. Adapting machine learning methods to calculate various attributes of materials is receiving increasing attention. This study aims to forecast the 28-day compressive strength of high-performance concrete using both stand-alone and compound machine learning techniques. To this end, a stand-alone radial basis function and two ensemble optimizers, Gorilla Troops Optimization and Moth-Flame Optimization, have been applied. The R2(coefficient of determination), RMSE (root mean absolute error), MAE (mean absolute error), SI (scatter index), and NRMSE (normalized root mean squared error) cross-validation were used to validate the performance of each model. In addition, the input parameters’ contribution to the outcomes’ forecast is specified by using a sensitivity analysis. All techniques used have proven to show improved performance in predicting results. The RBF–MFO model was the most accurate, with an R2value of 0.996, compared to the RBF–GTO, with an R2value of 0.987. Moreover, in the RBF–MFO index, RMSE = 0.937, NRMSE = 0.0149, MAE = 0.1875, and SI = 0.0149. On the other hand, for the combined RBF–GTO model, RMSE = 1.9588, NRMSE = 0.0304, MAE = 0.8111, and SI = 0.0304. Based on the data obtained, it is clear that the combined RBF–MFO model has achieved better performance.

The alkali spreading value (ASV) of rice is a widely measured quality parameter and accepted indicator of gelatinization temperature (GT) class. However, the alkali test, developed in 1958, is labor intensive and subjective. Better methods to measure ASV and GT, for single kernel and bulk rice would provide an important tool to determine the effects of individual kernels on end‐use quality and rice with desired cooking qualities. An instrument developed by the USDA‐ARS and a commercially available near infrared (NIR) instrument were evaluated for determining ASV and classification of intermediate and low GT levels for single kernel and bulk milled rice, respectively. Quantitative prediction of ASV scores (2–7) demonstrated the potential of NIR spectroscopy for screening with a standard error of prediction for validation samples ranging from 0.91 to 1.39 for the single kernel NIR instrument, and from 0.97 to 1.19 for the commercial instrument. GT categorization into intermediate and low values, using ASV scores, showed 82.4% and 85.0% correct classification using 1 and 30‐single kernel average calibration models, respectively. GT was correctly classified (93.6%–84.4%) using a commercial NIR instrument. NIR spectroscopy has potential for rough screening of ASV and for two‐category GT rice classification. Considering that NIR spectroscopy has been proven to be applicable for other quality parameters, such as rice starch content and quality, protein content, and milling degree, the addition of calibrations for ASV as a predictor of GT class will be highly beneficial while not requiring additional resources. The rapid and nondestructive classification of individual kernels may also enable physical segregation of individual kernels for use by rice researchers and/or industry for additional studies on kernels with specific quality parameters and for determining the extent of variant kernels in a milled rice lot that could affect end use quality. Future studies on the use of NIR spectroscopy for brown rice should be evaluated so that quality could be assessed, while maintaining seed viability, and then used in field studies.

Compared with traditional plugging methods, the in-pipe intelligent isolation plugging tool (IPT) is advantageous in safety and work efficiency. However, during the plugging process, the flow field around the IPT changes drastically, resulting in vortex-induced vibration and potential failure of the plugging operation. In this study, three foldable spoilers were designed at the tail of the IPT to optimize the flow field. The vibration of the IPT can be alleviated by adjusting the angles of the spoilers. A vibration reduction control system of the IPT was designed based on deep reinforcement learning. First, we conducted an experiment for vibration reduction system. Second, a nonlinear model of the pressure difference based on experimental data was established. Then, a multi-agent self-learning system based on the deep Q-network (DQN) was designed, and the optimal actions were selected in each agent to adjust the spoiler angles during the plugging process. Finally, a controller based on fuzzy reinforcement learning was proposed to flip the spoilers to the optimized angles. The results show that the vibration reduction control system of the IPT reduced the pressure difference by an average of 28.32%, which indicates the stability of the plugging process and a successful reduction of the IPT vibration.

The epidemic of obesity imposes unprecedented challenges on human adipose tissue (WAT) storage capacity that may benefit from adaptive mechanisms to maintain adipocyte functionality. Here, we demonstrate that changes in the regulatory feedback set point control of Insig1/SREBP1 represent an adaptive response that preserves WAT lipid homeostasis in obese and insulin-resistant states. In our experiments, we show that Insig1 mRNA expression decreases in WAT from mice with obesity-associated insulin resistance and from morbidly obese humans and in in vitro models of adipoeyte insulin resistance. Insig1 downregulation is part of an adaptive response that promotes the maintenance of SREBP1 maturation and facilitates lipogenesis and availability of appropriate levels of fatty acid unsaturation, partially compensating the antilipogenic effect associated with insulin resistance. We describe for the first time the existence of this adaptive mechanism in WAT, which involves Insig1/SREBP1 and preserves the degree of lipid unsaturation under conditions of obesity-induced insulin resistance. These adaptive mechanisms contribute to maintain lipid desaturation through preferential SCD1 regulation and facilitate fat storage in WAT, despite ongoing metabolic stress. Diabetes 62:3697-3708, 2013, The epidemic of obesity is testing the capacity of white adipose tissue (WAT) to cope with an unprecedented nutritional pressure and demand to expand. We and others have proposed that [...]

•Elevated biliary amylase concentration, observed in patients with PBR, emerges triggering a cascade of events.•Bile with heightened amylase concentration stimulates macrophages, resulting in an upsurge of the inflammatory factor IL-8.•Elevated amylase concentration is implicated in inducing DNA damage in biliary epithelial cells.•IL-8 is identified as a promoter of migration and the augmentation of tumor cells through the PI3K/NFκB signaling pathway.

A novel microfluidic photoelectrochemical (PEC) analytical device based on AgBiS2@Ag nanozyme-mediated signal amplification was developed for ultrasensitive detection of cytokeratin 19 fragment 21–1 (CYFRA 21–1). First, a brand new Z-scheme BiVO4/ZnIn2S4(BZIS) photoactive material was utilized as a sensing matrix to supply a stable photocurrent. Under anodic bias, the photoexcited holes in BiVO4could oxidize water to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which markedly enhanced the separation efficiency of the electron–hole pairs. Besides, the Z-scheme heterojunction formed between BiVO4and ZnIn2S4further accelerated the transport of the electron. Second, for improving the sensitivity of the PEC sensor, a new strategy of catalytic dissociation of the hole-derived H2O2by AgBiS2@Ag nanozyme was proposed to amplify the PEC signal. AgBiS2@Ag composites, possessing an excellent peroxidase-mimicking feature, could efficiently catalyze the H2O2to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and lead to the significant enhancement of the photocurrent. Third, automatic sample injection and detection were successfully realized by integrating the photoelectrode into microfluidic chips. Based on this advanced sensing strategy, the designed microfluidic PEC sensor displayed a wide linear range (0.1 pg/mL – 100 ng/mL) and a low detection limit of 35 fg/mL (S/N = 3), which could be efficiently applied to the ultrasensitive determination of CYFRA 21–1 in a human serum sample.

Interface engineering has been widely investigated to regulate the structure and performance of electrodes and photoelectrodes, but the investigation of multiple carbon interface modifications on the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still shortage. Herein, we report remarkable promotion of OER performance on the NiFe-based nanocomposite electrocatalyst viathe synergy of multiple carbon-based interface engineering. Specifically, carbon nanotubes were in situgrown on carbon fiber paper to improve the interface between CFP and NiFeOxHy, and graphite carbon nanoparticles were in situloaded and partly doped into the NiFeOxHyto modify the intergranular interface charge transfer and electronic structure of NiFeOxHy. Consequently, the as-obtained NiFeOxHy-C/CNTs/CFP catalyst exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic OER activity with an overpotential of 202 mV at 10 mA cm−2in 1 mol L−1KOH. Our work not only extends application of carbon materials but also provides an alternative strategy to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts.

An innovative self-powered microfluidic photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was developed that uses photoactive AgBr/CuBi2O4(ACO) composites as the photocathode matrix for ultrasensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ofloxacin (OFL). The formation of direct Z-scheme heterojunctions in ACO composites greatly aided electron/hole pair separation. Meanwhile, ZnIn2S4-decorated CdS nanorod arrays (CZIS) as the photoanode were used instead of a platinum counter electrode to provide electrons. The “signal-off” CIP detection was accomplished through the steric hindrance effect in the photoanode due to the combination of aptamer(CIP)and CIP. To increase the cathodic photocurrent intensity for OFL determination, controlled release of luminol was first used. Luminol molecules were successfully embedded in the porous structure of silicon dioxide nanospheres (PSiO2) by the electrostatic adsorption between PSiO2and aptamer(OFL). The luminol released by specific recognition between OFL and aptamer(OFL)could not only react with •O2–but also produce chemiluminescence emission, resulting in the “signal-on” state. Because of the signal “on–off–on”, the proposed aptasensor exhibited wide linear ranges for CIP (0.001–100 ng/mL) and OFL (0.0005–100 ng/mL) detection. Furthermore, the low detection limits of CIP (0.06 pg/mL) and OFL (0.022 pg/mL) could achieve the ultrasensitive analysis.

Structural characterization techniques are fundamental to correlate the material macro-, nano-, and molecular-scale structures to their macroscopic properties and to engineer hierarchical materials. Here, we combine X-ray transmission with scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (sSWAXS) to investigate ultraporous and lightweight biopolymer-based foams using cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as building blocks. The power of multimodal sSWAXS for multiscale structural characterization of self-assembled CNFs is demonstrated by spatially resolved maps at the macroscale (foam density and porosity), at the nanoscale (foam structural compactness, CNF orientation in the foam walls, and CNF packing state), and at the molecular scale (cellulose crystallite dimensions). Specifically, we compare the impact of freeze–thawing–drying (FTD) fabrication steps, such as static/stirred freezing and thawing in ethanol/water, on foam structural hierarchy spanning from the molecular to the millimeter scale. As such, we demonstrate the potential of X-ray scattering imaging for hierarchical characterization of biopolymers.

We report a radially and azimuthally polarized (raPol) microscope for high detection and estimation performance in single-molecule orientation-localization microscopy (SMOLM). With 5000 photons detected from Nile red (NR) transiently bound within supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), raPol SMOLM achieves 2.9 nm localization precision, 1.5° orientation precision, and 0.17 sr precision in estimating rotational wobble. Within DPPC SLBs, SMOLM imaging reveals the existence of randomly oriented binding pockets that prevent NR from freely exploring all orientations. Treating the SLBs with cholesterol-loaded methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD-chol) causes NR’s orientational diffusion to be dramatically reduced, but curiously NR’s median lateral displacements drastically increase from 20.8 to 75.5 nm (200 ms time lag). These jump diffusion events overwhelmingly originate from cholesterol-rich nanodomains within the SLB. These detailed measurements of single-molecule rotational and translational dynamics are made possible by raPol’s high measurement precision and are not detectable in standard SMLM.

Background: The employment of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) provides a potential selection for heat dissipation and energy storage. The main reason that hinders the wide application is the low thermal conductivity of PCMs. Combining the proper metal fin and copper foam, the fin/composite phase change material (Fin-CPCM) structure with good performance could be obtained. However, the flow resistance of liquid paraffin among the porous structure has seldom been reported, which will significantly affect the thermal performance inside the metal foam. Furthermore, the presence of porous metal foam is primarily helpful for enhancing the heat transfer process from the bottom heat source. The heat transfer rate is slow due to the one-dimensional heat transfer from the bottom. It should be beneficial for improving the heat transfer performance by adding external fins. Therefore, in the present study, a modified structure by combining the metal fin and copper foam is proposed to further accelerate the melting process and improve the temperature uniformity of the composite. Objective: The purpose of this study is to research the differences in the heat transfer performance among pure paraffin, Composite Phase Change Materials (CPCM) and Fin/Composite Phase Change Material (Fin-CPCM) under different heating conditions, and the flow resistance of melting paraffin in copper foam. Methods: To experimentally research the differences in the heat transfer performance among pure paraffin, CPCM and Fin-CPCM under different heating conditions, a visual experimental platform was set up, and the flow resistance of melting paraffin in copper foam was also analyzed. In order to probe into the limits of the heat transfer capability of composite phase change materials, the temperature distribution of PCMs under constant heat fluxes and constant temperature conditions was studied. In addition, the evolution of the temperature distributions was visualized by using the infrared thermal imager at specific points during the melting process. Results: The experimental results showed that the maximum temperature of Fin-CPCM decreased by 21°C under the heat flux of 1500W/m2 compared with pure paraffin. At constant temperature heating conditions, the melting time of Fin-CPCM at a temperature of 75°C is about 2600s, which is 65% less than that of pure paraffin. Due to the presence of the external fins, which brings the advantage of improving the heat transfer rate, the experimental result exhibited the most uniform temperature distribution. Conclusion: The addition of copper foam can accelerate the melting process. The addition of external fins brings the advantage of improving the heat transfer rate, and can make the temperature distribution more uniform.

Background:Many renal diseases have been associated with profound clinical effects on thrombosis. To our knowledge, patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) display an elevated risk of vein thrombosis, which is among the common causes of mortality in patients with renal diseases. In addition, venous thrombosis, as a complication, has also been reported in a variety of other renal diseases such as glomerulonephritis without the NS, hypertensive nephropathy, and polycystic kidney disease. With the increasing incidence of kidney diseases and the deeper understanding of the disease, clinicians are becoming more and more aware of the complications of thrombus formation in kidney disease. Summary:We reviewed recent publications of vein thrombosis in kidney diseases, including primary and secondary glomerular diseases, CKD, hereditary kidney disease, renal transplantation, and hemodialysis-induced, catheter-related thrombus, focusing mainly on the main clinical manifestations, possible mechanisms, related risk factors as well as hereditary influencing factors. Key Messages:Vein thrombosis is a complicated complication of a wide spectrum of kidney diseases due to different possible underlying mechanisms.

Dynamic self-assembly of iridium complexes in water-soluble nanocontainers is an important bottom-up process for fabricating electrochemiluminescence (ECL) bioprobes. PEGylated apoferritin (PEG-apoHSF) as the host offers a confined space to alter and modify the self-assembly of trans-bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)2(acac)] based on a pH-dependent depolymerization/reassembly pathway, allowing the formation of ECL-active iridium cores in PEG-apoHSF cavities (Ir@PEG-apoHSF). With an improved encapsulation ratio in PEG-apoHSF, the coreactant ECL behavior of the fabricated Ir@PEG-apoHSF nanodots with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) was further demonstrated, exhibiting maximum ECL emission at 530 nm that was theoretically dominated by the band gap transition. The application of Ir@PEG-apoHSF as a bioprobe in a “signal-on” ECL immunosensing system was developed based on electroactive Ti3C2TxMXenes/TiO2nanosheet (Ti3C2Tx/TiO2) hybrids. Combining with the efficiently catalyzed electro-oxidation of TPrA and Ir(ppy)2(acac) by Ti3C2Tx/TiO2hybrids, the developed immunosensor showed dramatically amplified ECL responses toward the target analyte of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Under experimental conditions, linear quantification of NSE from 100 fg/mL to 50 ng/mL was well established by this assay, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 35 fg/mL. The results showcased the capability of PEGylated apoHSF to host and stabilize water-insoluble iridium complexes as ECL emitters for aqueous biosensing and immunoassays.

Development of highly efficient and pH-universal oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts with reduced noble metal dosage while enhancing catalytic performance is essential for the commercial application of water electrolyzers. Here, we report the NiIrx/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid nanostructures in situgrown on carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrate for efficient OER in wide pH ranges. In 0.5 M H2SO4, the resulting NiIrx/CNT/CFP electrode only demands 196 mV overpotential to achieve 10 mA cm–2, which is significantly superior to those of the Ni/CNTs, Ir/CNTs, and NiIrxsamples. Meanwhile, it also shows high performance in alkaline solution with a low overpotential of 220 mV at 10 mA cm–2. The in situgrown approach guarantees the intimate contact between the substrate and the catalyst, and the CNTs provide high conductivity and high exposed surface area for active sites. Furthermore, the introduction of Ni triggered electronic coupling between Ir and Ni that regulates the adsorption energy for the OER intermediates, as indicated by density functional theory calculations. This work demonstrates the cooperative effect not only between the noble metals and the support but also between noble metals and the non-noble metals for the OER.

Strong light–matter interaction in 2D materials at the few-exciton level is important for both fundamental studies and quantum optical applications. Characterized by a fast coherent energy exchange between photons and excitons, strongly coupled plasmon–exciton systems in 2D materials have been reported with large Rabi splitting. However, large Rabi splitting at the few-exciton level generally requires large optical fields in a highly confined mode volume, which are difficult to achieve for in-plane excitons in 2D materials. In this work, we present a study of a strongly coupled gold dimer antenna with a sub-10 nm gap on a monolayer tungsten disulphide (WS_2), with an estimated number of excitons of 4.67±0.99. We demonstrate that varying the spatial mode overlap between the plasmonic field and the 2D material can result in up to a ∼tenfold increase in the number of excitons, a value that can be further actively tuned via plasmon-induced heating effects. The demonstrated results would represent a key step toward quantum optical applications operating at room temperatures.

Heart failure is a major health risk, and with limited availability of donor organs, there is an increasing need for developing cardiac assist devices (CADs). Mock circulatory loops (MCL) are an important in-vitro test platform for CAD’s performance assessment and optimisation. The MCL is a lumped parameter model constructed out of hydraulic and mechanical components aiming to simulate the native cardiovascular system (CVS) as closely as possible. Further development merged MCLs and numerical circulatory models to improve flexibility and accuracy of the system; commonly known as hybrid MCLs. A total of 128 MCLs were identified in a literature research until 25 September 2020. It was found that the complexity of the MCLs rose over the years, recent MCLs are not only capable of mimicking the healthy and pathological conditions, but also implemented cerebral, renal and coronary circulations and autoregulatory responses. Moreover, the development of anatomical models made flow visualisation studies possible. Mechanical MCLs showed excellent controllability and repeatability, however, often the CVS was overly simplified or lacked autoregulatory responses. In numerical MCLs the CVS is represented with a higher order of lumped parameters compared to mechanical test rigs, however, complex physiological aspects are often simplified. In hybrid MCLs complex physiological aspects are implemented in the hydraulic part of the system, whilst the numerical model represents parts of the CVS that are too difficult to represent by mechanical components per se. This review aims to describe the advances, limitations and future directions of the three types of MCLs.

With the wide application of nanocomposite protective coatings in various fields, there are higher requirements for their properties. At the same time, the traditional chemical deposition and electrodeposition processes have defects with different degrees. Nanocomposite coating was prepared by pulse current assisted chemical deposition process, which has the advantages of effectively improving the chemical deposition rate and ensuring the uniformity and compactness of the deposition layer surface morphology. In this paper, the effect of different duty ratios on Ni–P-(sol)Al2O3nanocomposite deposition was studied. The surface morphology, composition, hardness, wear resistance and elastoplastic mechanical properties of the nanocomposite coating were tested through experiments. The experimental results showed that, when the duty ratio of pulse current was 20%, the prepared Ni–P-(sol)Al2O3nano-composite deposition layer has the best performance, and its deposition rate reached 45.99 μm/h, hardness value was 629 HV, friction coefficient was 0.395, wear-width was 126.33 μm, Young modulus was 135.216 GPa, elastic recovery ratio he/hmaxreached the maximum value of 0.3976, H3/E2reached the maximum value of 0.0505 GPa. Compared with the coatings prepared by the traditional chemical deposition process, it is found that both coatings show good compactness and uniformity. However, the pulse-assisted chemical deposition method is significantly superior to the latter in hardness and wear resistance. The deposition layer prepared by pulse-assisted chemical deposition not only has a uniform and compact surface, but also has high hardness, good toughness and optimal wear resistance.

Objective: Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are major pathological manifestations observed in left ventricular remodeling induced by angiotensin II (AngII). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis in myocardial infarction (MI) through mechano-transduction and its downstream pathways. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LIPUS could exert a protective effect by ameliorating AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and if so, to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: We used AngII to mimic animal and cell culture models of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. LIPUS irradiation was applied in vivo for 20 min every 2 d from one week before mini-pump implantation to four weeks after mini-pump implantation, and in vitro for 20 min on each of two occasions 6 h apart. Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis levels were then evaluated by echocardiographic, histopathological, and molecular biological methods. Results: Our results showed that LIPUS could ameliorate left ventricular remodeling in vivo and cardiac fibrosis in vitro by reducing AngII-induced release of inflammatory cytokines, but the protective effects on cardiac hypertrophy were limited in vitro. Given that LIPUS increased the expression of caveolin-1 in response to mechanical stimulation, we inhibited caveolin-1 activity with pyrazolopyrimidine 2 (pp2) in vivo and in vitro. LIPUS-induced downregulation of inflammation was reversed and the anti-fibrotic effects of LIPUS were absent. Conclusions: These results indicated that LIPUS could ameliorate AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis by alleviating inflammation via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway, providing new insights for the development of novel therapeutic apparatus in clinical practice.

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) possess high light stability and biocompatibility because of their unique quantum size effect, which has gradually become a new type of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanomaterial for immunoassays. However, the luminescence efficiency of metal NCs is too low to meet the needs of trace analysis, which limits its application. Herein, Ag NCs served as signal probes and Pd-Cu2O hybrid nanoconcaves served as coreaction promoters, developing a highly efficient peptide-based biosensor for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) detection. Utilizing the reversible cycle of Cu+/Cu2+and the reduction characteristics of Pd NPs, Pd-Cu2O greatly accelerates the reduction of S2O82–. Meanwhile, Pd-Cu2O has good hydrogen evolution activity, which promotes the generation of oxygen by improving the redox efficiency of the overall reaction, thus increasing the yield of active intermediates (OH•) to promote the reduction of S2O82–. Specially, this is an effective attempt to use the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to accelerate the ECL emission of the S2O82–system. In addition, a short peptide ligand (NARKFYKGC, NFC) was developed to implement the targeted immobilization of antibodies, which can specifically bind to the Fc fragment of antibodies, thereby avoiding the occupation of the antigen binding site (Fab fragment). The introduction of NFC not only improves the binding efficiency of antibodies but also protects its bioactivity, thus significantly improving the sensitivity of the biosensor. Based on these strategies, the proposed biosensor provides a new perspective for the applications of metal NCs in ECL systems.

• Metal oxide mesocrystals and MSCs are potential materials for solar energy conversion. • The detailed synthetic methods of metal oxide mesocrystals and MSCs are presented. • The carrier transfer behavior in metal oxide mesocrystals and MSCs are described. • The strategies to achieve highly efficient systems are discussed. Metal oxide mesocrystals (MCs) and mesoporous single crystals (MSCs) exhibit superior carrier transport ability, high specific surface area, shortened photo-carrier diffusion lengths to interfaces and enhanced absorbance of the incident sunlight. These advanced features make metal oxide MCs and MSCs be a promising candidate material in photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Recently, remarkable advances of applying metal oxide MCs and MSCs in these areas have been achieved. Therefore, it is extremely important to deeply understand the influence of the unique properties of metal oxide MCs and MSCs on solar energy conversion systems. Herein, we presented a brief introduction on the synthesis and carrier transfer behavior of metal oxide MCs and MSCs. Then, the rational structure design and modification of metal oxide MCs and MSCs for photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, DSSCs and PSCs are systematically discussed. Finally, the perspectives on extending the application of metal oxide MCs and MSCs are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of thermostability will lead the groundbreaking of unraveling the mechanism of influence of ion-doping on the properties of calcium phosphates. In this work, octacalcium phosphate (OCP), a metastable precursor of biological apatite, was used as a stability model for doping ions (Fe3+and Sr2+) with different ionic charges and radii. After treated under hot air at different temperatures (110–200 °C), the phase, morphology, structure, physicochemical properties, protein affinity, ions release, and cytological responses of the ion-doped OCPs were investigated comparatively. The results showed that the collapse of OCP crystals gradually occurred, accompanying with the dehydration of hydrated layers and the disintegration of plate-like crystals as the temperature increased. The collapsed crystals still retained the typical properties of OCP and the potential of conversion into hydroxyapatite. Compared to the undoped OCP, Fe-OCP, and Sr-OCP had lower and higher thermostability respectively, leading to different material surface properties and ions release. The adjusted thermostability of Fe-OCP and Sr-OCP significantly enhanced the adsorption of proteins (BSA and LSZ) and the cytological behavior (adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation) of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to a varying extent under the synergistic effects of corresponding surface characteristics and early active ions release. This work paves the way for understanding the modification mechanism of calcium phosphates utilizing ion doping strategy and developing bioactive OCP-based materials for tissue repair.

AbstractAimFerritin is a hepatic protein that plays vital roles in diagnosing and predicting diseases, but its potential in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unknown.MethodWe collected clinical records from 79 COVID-19 patients at Wuhan Union hospital (China). Spearman’s correlation analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were employed.ResultsPatients with elevated ferritin levels had a higher incidence of severity illness (50.0 vs 2.9%) and liver injury (52.3 vs 20.0%) when compared with patients with normal ferritin levels (p < 0.05). Ferritin could effectively identify the severity of illness (ROC area 0.873) and liver injury (ROC area 0.752). The elevated ferritin group showed longer viral clearance time (median 16 vs 6 days, p < 0.001) and in-hospital length (median 18 vs 10 days, p < 0.001).ConclusionsIt suggests that ferritin could act as an easy-to-use tool to identify liver injury and severity illness and predict the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Intensive surveillance is necessary for patients with abnormal ferritin levels.

Conventional thermally flexible composite phase change materials (FCPCM) is prone to leak, rigid, and less flexible, which limit their development in battery thermal management (BTMs). In this paper, a room-temperature flexible composite phase change materials (RFCPCM) is proposed with a block copolymer thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) formed by butadiene or pentadiene and styrene as the flexibilizer, paraffin (PA) as the phase change matrix, and expanded graphite (EG) as the heat-conducting particle. RFCPCM characterization results show that the cross-linked network structure and rubbery elasticity of the TPE, synergistically encapsulated with the porous EG to PA, resulted in a CPCM with outstanding thermal stability, room-temperature flexibility, and efficient enthalpy utilization (≥96 %). Meanwhile, it has a tensile rate of 215 % at 25 °C and excellent torsional properties over a wide temperature band (−30 °C–50 °C). The contact thermal resistance test results show that the RFCPCM has a contact thermal resistance of 0.11 W/°C, which is much lower than other FCPCM. The thermal management effect of RFCPCMs in BTMs was analyzed by experiment and simulation. The results show that RFCPCMs fits tightly with the batteries, and the performance of suppressing temperature rise and controlling temperature difference is superior than that of traditional thermally FCPCMs. Especially, the temperature difference of the battery module decreased by 6.1 °C at 2C ratio, and the temperature homogeneity effect is obvious. The good mechanical and temperature control performance of the RFCPCM are helpful to promote its application in BTMs.

The efficient production of high-quality scintillators with long radioluminescence afterglow is crucial for high-performance X-ray luminescence extension imaging. However, scaling-up the synthesis of ligand-free scintillators to fabricate large-area X-ray imaging screens for industrial applications remains a challenge. In this study, we report an efficient method to synthesize ligand-free, lanthanide-doped microscintillators by a one-pot reaction viathe concentrated hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized microscintillators exhibit prolonged persistent radioluminescence for up to 30 days after X-ray exposure and remain high stability in air or water for more than 18 months without deterioration. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the size effect is responsible for the excellent afterglow performance of the microscintillators. We employ these high-quality lanthanide-doped microscintillators to fabricate a large-area X-ray imaging detector using a blade-coating method, a spatial resolution of 24.9 lp/mm for X-ray imaging. Our study offers a solution for scaling-up the synthesis of low-cost microscintillators for practical applications.

Highly responsive interface of semiconductor nanophotoelectrochemical materials provides a broad development prospect for the identification of low-abundance cancer marker molecules. This work innovatively proposes an efficient blank WO3/SnIn4S8heterojunction interface formed by self-assembly on the working electrode for interface regulation and photoregulation. Different from the traditional biomolecular layered interface, a hydrogel layer containing manganese dioxide with a wide light absorption range is formed at the interface after an accurate response to external immune recognition. The formation of the hydrogel layer hinders the effective contact between the heterojunction interface and the electrolyte solution, and manganese dioxide in the hydrogel layer forms a strong competition between the light source and the substrate photoelectric material. The process effectively improves the carrier recombination efficiency at the interface, reduces the interface reaction kinetics and photoelectric conversion efficiency, and thus provides strong support for target identification. Taking advantage of the process, the resulting biosensors are being explored for sensitive detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, with a limit of detection as low as 0.037 pg/mL. Also, this study contributes to the advancement of photoelectrochemical biosensing technology and opens up new avenues for the development of sensitive and accurate analytical tools in the field of bioanalysis.

Macrocyclic arenes represent one of the most important and intensively investigated entities in supramolecular chemistry. However, research on the redox activities of macrocyclic arenes, especially their isolable and crystalline polyradical analogues, has been rarely reported. Here, we present the synthesis, redox activity, and application of methylene-bridged macrocyclic phenothiazines, where polyradical cations are successfully isolated and unambiguously characterized for the first time. This research provides an effective method for preparing polyradical macrocycles, which expands the scope of investigation into macrocyclic arenes and their potential applications.

Numerical computation and repeated experiments are the main optimization methods used in traditional battery thermal management systems (BTMs) to obtain a better structure by changing a single variable, which incurs higher time cost. In this paper, a prediction model based on back propagation neural network (BPNN) is established by combining the data mining approach, and then the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is used for the optimization of BTMs. In this study, the battery spacing, liquid cooling tube diameter, and inlet velocity are adopted as three independent variables of the surrogate model, and the maximum temperature (Tmax), maximum standard temperature difference (ΔTtsd) and system maximum pressure drop (ΔPmax) are used as dependent variables for multi-objective optimization. The prediction results revealed that the deep learning trained BPNN model is a high fidelity model with the correlation coefficient R reaching 0.99988 and the mean square error (MSE) decreasing to 9.5185E-6 during the iteration process. The results of the algorithm showed that Tmaxdecreased by 0.22 K, ΔTtsddecreased by 0.18 K, and ΔPmaxdecreased by 95.7 Pa compared to the original design. Among them, the ΔPmaxdecreases significantly, and 55.17 % of the system pressure drop decreases compared to initial structure. Combining the predictive model with the algorithm not only improves the efficiency of designing the BTMs, but also significantly improves the cooling efficiency, which results in energy savings and improved economics.

The ion-conductive nature of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and poor dispersibility of graphene are considered to be vital problems that limit their applications in the field of metal protection. This work aims to simultaneously solve the two problems by tunable assembly of LDHs and graphene. MgAl-LDH/graphene hybrids (LGHs) with different microstructures were prepared by controlled hydrothermal method. The experiments reveal that LGHs prepared after 6 h of hydrothermal reaction are less permeable to water than LDHs and more dispersible than graphene, which makes LGHs-6/polymer coating possess a more excellent metal protection performance than pristine LDH/polymer coating and graphene/polymer coating.

Central post‐stroke pain (CPSP) is a chronic neuropathic pain caused by cerebrovascular lesion or disfunction after stroke. Convincing evidence suggest that excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and neuroinflammation are largely involved in the development of pain. In this study, an effective strategy is reported for treating pain hypersensitivity using an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted metal–organic framework (MOF)‐confined ruthenium (Ru) nanozyme. The Ru MOF is coated with a p‐dodecylbenzene sulfonamide (p‐DBSN) modified liposome with endoplasmic reticulum‐targeted function. The experimental results reveals that ROS, Emmprin, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9 are upregulated in the brain of CPSP mice, along with the elevated expression of inflammation markers such as TNF‐α and IL‐6. Compared to vehicle, one‐time intravenous administration of ER‐Ru MOF significantly reduces mechanical hypersensitivity after CPSP for three days. Overall, ER‐Ru MOF system can inhibit oxidative stress in the brain tissues of CPSP model, reduce MMPs expression, and suppress neuroinflammation response‐induced injury, resulting in satisfactory prevention and effective treatment of CPSP during a hemorrhagic stroke. The ER‐Ru MOF is expected to be useful for the treatment of neurological diseases associated with the vicious activation of ROS, based on the generality of the approach used in this study. An endoplasmic reticulum‐targeted metal–organic framework–confined Ruthenium (Ru) nanozyme (ER‐Ru MOF) with excellent catalase‐ and superoxide dismutase‐like activity is designed. The ER‐targeting nanozyme system exhibits enhanced CPSP relief ability through reducing the expression of TNF‐a and IL‐6, and inhibiting the activity of Emmprin, MMP‐2, MMP‐9.

Many biophysical techniques, such as single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer, and fluorescence anisotropy, measure the translation and rotation of biomolecules to quantify molecular processes at the nanoscale. These methods often simplify data analysis by assuming isotropic rotational diffusion, e.g., that molecules wobble within a circular cone. This simplification ignores the anisotropy present in many biological contexts that may cause molecules to exhibit different degrees of diffusion in different directions. Here, we loosen this assumption and establish a theoretical framework for describing and measuring anisotropic rotational diffusion using fluorescence imaging. We show that anisotropic wobble is directly quantified by the eigenvalues of a 3-by-3 positive-semidefinite Hermitian matrix Mconsisting of the second-order moments of a molecule’s transition dipole μ. This formalism enables us to model the influence of unavoidable shot noise using a Hermitian perturbation matrix E; the eigenvalues of Edirectly bound errors in measurements of wobble via Weyl’s inequality. Quantifying various perturbations Ereveals that anisotropic wobble measurements are generally more sensitive to errors compared to quantifying isotropic wobble. Moreover, severe shot noise can induce negative eigenvalues in estimates of M, thereby causing the anisotropic wobble measurement to fail. Our analysis, using Fisher information, shows that techniques with worse orientation measurement sensitivity experience stronger perturbations Eand require larger signal to background ratios to measure anisotropic rotational diffusion accurately. Our work provides deep insights for improving the state of the art in imaging the orientations and anisotropic rotational diffusion of single molecules.