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High-nickel (Ni ≥ 90%) cathodes which have a high specific capacity hold great potential for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical application is restricted by their high interfacial reactivity because of the presence of residual lithium (Li) compounds on the surface. Herein, the LiNi0.9Co0.06Mn0.04O2(NCM90) cathode is surface-modified with sulfur (S) via a simple and feasible dry mixing and low-temperature heat treatment, converting the residual lithium compound on the surface into inactive lithium sulfate (Li2SO4). This induces the formation of a stable inorganic enriched electrode–electrolyte interface on the cathode surface and inhibits the occurrence of side reactions, ultimately inhibiting lattice collapse and the dissolution of transition metal ions. After modifying, the capacity retention rates of NCM90/Li and NCM90/graphite cells are both greatly enhanced after long cycling. This work provides a new idea for the rational design of the electrode–electrolyte interface of high-nickel cathodes.

Extending serverless computing to the edge has emerged as a promising approach to support service, but startup containerized serverless functions lead to the cold-start delay. Recent research has introduced container caching methods to alleviate the cold-start delay, including cache as the entire container or the Zygote container. However, container caching incurs memory costs. The system must ensure fast function startup and low memory cost of edge servers, which has been overlooked in the literature. This paper aims to jointly optimize startup delay and memory cost. We formulate an online joint optimization problem that encompasses container scheduling decisions, including invocation distribution, container startup, and container caching. To solve the problem, we propose an online algorithm with a competitive ratio and low computational complexity. The proposed algorithm decomposes the problem into two subproblems and solves them sequentially. Each container is assigned a randomized strategy, and these container-level decisions are merged to constitute overall container caching decisions. Furthermore, a greedy-based subroutine is designed to solve the subproblem associated with invocation distribution and container startup decisions. Experiments on the real-world dataset indicate that the algorithm can reduce average startup delay by up to 23% and lower memory costs by up to 15%.

Sulfide solid-state electrolytes have garnered considerable attention owing to their notable ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. However, achieving an electrolyte characterized by both high ionic conductivity and a stable interface between the electrode and electrolyte remains challenging, impeding its widespread application. In this work, we present a novel sulfide solid-state electrolyte, Li3.04P0.96Zn0.04S3.92F0.08, prepared through a solid-phase reaction, and explore its usage in all-solid-state lithium sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs). The findings reveal that the Zn, F co-doped solid-state electrolyte exhibits an ionic conductivity of 1.23 × 10–3S cm–1and a low activation energy (Ea) of 9.8 kJ mol–1at room temperature, illustrating the aliovalent co-doping’s facilitation of Li-ion migration. Furthermore, benefiting from the formation of a LiF-rich interfacial layer between the electrolyte and the Li metal anode, the Li/Li3.04P0.96Zn0.04S3.92F0.08/Li symmetrical cell exhibits critical current densities (CCDs) of up to 1 mA cm–2and maintains excellent cycling stability. Finally, the assembled ASSLSBs exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 1295.7 mAh g–1at a rate of 0.05 C and at room temperature. The cell maintains a capacity retention of 70.5% for more than 600 cycles at a high rate of 2 C, representing a substantial improvement compared to the cell with Li3PS4. This work provides a new idea for the design of solid-state electrolytes and ASSLSBs.

Interfacial solar evaporation technology is considered one of the most promising strategies for alleviating the scarcity of freshwater resources. However, solar-driven evaporation technology cannot eliminate the pollutants in the residual wastewater. To solve this problem, we have prepared a two-in-one solar-driven evaporation/photocatalysis system by decorating MoS2/covalent organic framework (COF) heterojunctions on wood (MoS2/COF-wood). Thanks to the unique porous structure of wood, it provides a strong guarantee for water transport and vapor release during the evaporation process. The introduction of MoS2and COFs can promote the breaking of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which leads to a significant decrease in the enthalpy of evaporation, achieving a water evaporation rate as high as 2.17 kg m−2h−1under 1 sun irradiation. Meanwhile, the resulting MoS2/COF-wood exhibits good salt resistance and reusability. In addition, the heterojunctions formed between COFs and MoS2can effectively inhibit charge carrier complexation and improve the photocatalytic degradation ability of pollutants (over 99%). This study highlights the construction strategy of bifunctional wood-based materials for freshwater production and wastewater remediation.

Prediction of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection performance is critical for estimating reliability in the IC design. However, due to the large injection and deep hysteresis encountered in the snapback of ESD devices, the failure current of ESD devices is hard to be predicted by simulation. In this article, a TCAD simulation method using the shot noise model to predict the failure current of ESD devices is proposed for the first time. The transmission line pulse (TLP) test results show the same trend as the simulation results, indicating that this method is convenient and effective to predict the ESD failure current. It is promising applications for the design of ESD devices and full-chip network protection.

Due to the high energy density, high safety, and low cost of sulfur, all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) are considered one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the insufficient interfacial contact between solid electrolytes (SEs) and the active material of sulfur leads to inadequate electronic and ionic conduction, which increases interfacial resistance and capacity decay. In this paper, commercial carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are activated to form porous-CNTs (P-CNTs), which are used as sulfur-bearing matrix, forming S@P-CNTs-based composite cathodes for ASSLSBs. Compared with CNTs, P-CNTs possess a larger specific surface area and more oxygen-containing groups, providing enhanced interfacial contact and stability between S@P-CNTs and Li6PS5Cl SE, which are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, P-CNTs can form a 3D conductive network in the composite cathodes, facilitating the migration of electrons and the diffusion of ions, as well as improving the utilization of sulfur. As a result, the S@P-CNTs-based ASSLSBs display excellent electrochemical performances, especially rarely reported ultralong lifespan, which deliver a capacity of 1099.2 mA h g–1at a current density of 1.34 mA cm–2, and remarkably maintain 70.4% of the initial capacity over 1400 cycles.

Objective To identify the principal constituents of Nourishing Yin Formula, analyze its active substances and effective targets for treating DOR, and explore its potential mechanism of action.Methods The primary active constituents of Nourishing Yin Formula and their putative targets for treating DOR were identified through a search of Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (BATMAN-TCM), GeneCards, OMIM, and Uniprot databases. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the String database to identify shared targets between the drug and disease. These drug-disease shared targets were then subjected to GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using the DAVID database.Results After screening, the primary chemical constituents of Nourishing Yin Formula for treating DOR were identified, including progesterone, beta-sitosterol, 17-Beta-Estradiol, quercetin, kaempferol, etc Among the 52 critical targets for Nourishing Yin Formula in DOR treatment, the core targets were AKT1, INS, IL6, TNF, EGFR, ESR1, MYC, CTNNB1, NOS3, ERBB2, EDN1, and ESR2.Conclusions The potential mechanism of Nourishing Yin Formula in the treatment of DOR may involve the herbal compound's impact on AKT1, INS, IL6, TNF, and EGFR pathways. It regulates ovarian granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis, and restores ovarian blood supply.

Shuttle effect of polysulfide in the cathode and the safety issues arising from dendrite formation at Li metal anode are the main challenges of traditional liquid lithium‑sulfur batteries. In order to solve the shuttle effect and prevent short circuit, the all-solid-state lithium‑sulfur battery (ASSLSB) is proposed. However, the huge volume expansion of sulfur and the improvement of sulfur conversion efficiency during charge and discharge, which could lead to the limitation of electrochemical performance. Herein, a homogeneous Ni-doped carbon-nanotubes (H-Ni-SVD@CNT) composite cathode of ASSLSB is prepared by sulfur vapor deposition to confine sulfur and promote the conversion of sulfur and Li2S. In this work, SVD-5-S@CNT composite cathode demonstrates high reversible discharge capacity of 1001.1 mAh g−1after 127 cycles and capacity retention rate of 78.6 % at the rate of 0.1C and 60 °C. Moreover, H-Ni-SVD@CNT composite cathode exhibits superior electrochemical performance, displaying the discharge specific capacity of 1519.3 mAh g−1at 0.1C and 60 °C. Meanwhile, the discharge specific capacity of H-Ni-SVD@CNT composite cathode is 1060.9 mAh g−1at room temperature. The synergistic effect of physical confinement and chemical catalysis improves the electrochemical performance of the all-solid-state lithium‑sulfur battery. This work proposes a new strategy for the cathode structure design of the all-solid-state lithium‑sulfur battery.

Li-rich cathodes have potential for use in next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high specific capacity and low cost. However, their intrinsic cycling decay and voltage fading limit practical applications. In addition, these cathodes contain Co, which is nonrenewable, scarce, and expensive. This situation severely limits the rapid and sustainable development of low-cost LIBs. This paper introduces a novel dilute electrolyte to overcome these limitations based on the Co-free Li-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.26O2(LMNO) cathode. An even and robust cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) formed on the surface of LMNO further protects it from side reactions in the dilute electrolyte. This Co-free Li-rich cathode exhibits the best electrochemical performance reported to date among Li-rich cathodes in terms of outstanding cycling stability (capacity retention of 99.8% at 0.5 C) and dramatically suppressed voltage fading (only 0.3% after 100 cycles). This study demonstrates the potential of Co-free Li-rich cathodes for applications in next-generation LIBs.

The H2O concentration in an oxyfuel-combustion atmosphere is higher than that in a traditional combustion atmosphere, which will affect the mercury removal process. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a research on the interference effect of H2O on mercury removal under an oxyfuel-combustion atmosphere. In this paper, corn straw char was modified by NH4Cl, and related experiments were carried out using a fixed-bed reaction system. The characterization results of the sorbent showed that the modification enhanced its physical and chemical adsorption capacities. The addition of H2O in a NO atmosphere was not conducive to mercury removal but could alleviate the toxicity of SO2on the adsorbent in a SO2atmosphere. The coexistence of H2O and NO significantly inhibited the mercury removal, but some nitrate ions were generated during the process, which slightly weakened the negative effects of H2O. The coexistence of low-concentration H2O and SO2would weaken the poisoning effect of SO2on the mercury sorbent, and high-content H2O would react to generate excess H2SO4to block the surface pores. SO3could assist Hg0oxidation, while H2O would hinder the transformation of SO2into SO3. In a HCl atmosphere, high-concentration H2O (20%) inhibited mercury removal, while lower-concentration H2O (5–15%) showed an opposite behavior. The low concentration of H2O did not affect the oxidation of Hg0by HCl, and it was accompanied by the formation of substances conducive to mercury removal. The increase of the H2O concentration would hinder the oxidation reaction of HCl and Hg0.

Oxy-combustion technology is under development for CO2capture. H2O could influence the Hg0removal by sorbent traps in an oxy-combustion atmosphere. A study of the effects of H2O on Hg0removal by biomass char under oxy-combustion conditions is presented in this paper. The kinetic model analysis was conducted to study the adsorption process of Hg0, which included a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic model. Experimental results showed that a low-level of H2O had a promoting effect on the adsorption of Hg0, and high-level of H2O had an inhibiting effect. A high concentration of H2O would form a water film on the surface of sorbent traps to hinder the removal of external mass transfer on Hg0. Although the adsorption rate of Hg0depended both on external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion, external mass transfer was a more important controlling factor. It was found that physical adsorption was one of the main forms of Hg0removal on the surface of sorbent traps, owing to the large specific surface area and good pore structure of the modified corn straw char. The removal of Hg0was mainly attributed to capture by physical adsorption and the formation of HgO by chemisorption.

Li-rich cathodes have been in considerable attention for their high reversible capacity. However, they have serious problems like poor cycling with intense capacity decay and voltage fading, which restrict their access to practical applications. In this work, a facile and efficient strategy is proposed to alleviate these intrinsic issues with a high-efficiency electrolyte system. This special electrolyte enables Li-rich cathodes to deliver superior integrated performance with a high initial discharge capacity of 301 mAh·g–1, outstanding cycling stability with a capacity retention of 88% at 0.5 C over 500 cycles, and a remarkable rate capability of 136 mAh·g–1at 5 C, respectively. What is more, the voltage fading is largely suppressed. Physical and electrochemical characterizations demonstrate that the robust CEI film formed on the cathode surface contributes to the improved electrochemical performance. This work provides a new approach to surmount defects of Li-rich materials and will largely promote their practical applications on Li-ion batteries.

Mercury from recycled oxy-fuel gas needs to be removed because it can damage the aluminum devices in the system. In this work, low-cost NH4Br-modified rice husk char (RHCBr) was prepared as the biosorbent for mercury removal in an oxy-fuel atmosphere. RHCBr was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technologies to study the physical and chemical properties of the prepared sorbents. Effects of O2, HCl, SO2, and HCl/SO2synthesis on mercury removal in a simulated oxy-fuel atmosphere were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. XPS technology was applied to explore the mercury adsorption species and deduce the potential mercury heterogeneous oxidation mechanism in an oxy-fuel atmosphere. It was found that enriched CO2in an oxy-fuel atmosphere could facilitate the mercury removal process. Generally, O2and HCl could promote the mercury removal efficiency in an oxy-fuel atmosphere, while SO2could inhibit it. However, a low concentration of SO2could promote it with the presence of HCl and O2. The mercury adsorption species on RHCBr were mainly HgSO4, HgCl2, and HgBr2in the presence of acid gas components (HCl and SO2). HCl could actively facilitate the generation of C–Cl groups, which were also active sites for mercury removal, while SO2could generate active site cover NH4HSO4, causing the deactivation of active sites. When HCl/SO2synthesis was added, active site cover HSO4–would be removed by HCl, facilitating the mercury removal process. Meantime, HgCl2species could be further converted to the strong-bonded species HgSO4in the presence of O2and SO2, which was also beneficial for mercury removal.

The future energy needs have triggered research interest in finding novel energy storage systems with high energy density. Lithium–sulfur batteries are regarded as one of the most promising options for the next-generation energy storage applications because of their high theoretical energy and low cost. However, the electrochemical performances of lithium–sulfur batteries are seriously compromised by the polysulfide (LiPS) shuttling and the insulating nature of sulfur. To overcome these issues, novel CoNi1/3Fe2O4(CNFO) nanoparticles uniformly covered on the carbon nanotubes are now reported as an efficient functional interlayer. Benefiting from the sufficient sulfiphilic sites of the CNFO for chemically bonding with LiPSs, as well as the conductive interconnected skeleton of carbon nanotubes, this composite material showed great enhancement on the rate capability and cycle stability of Li–S batteries. The Li–S battery using this interlayer exhibited a high initial capacity of 897 mA h g–1and a low capacity decay of 0.063% per cycle within 250 cycles at 2 C. Meanwhile, an reversible specific capacity of 869 mA h g–1(at 0.5 C) with high Coulombic efficiency could be obtained over 100 cycles at an elevated temperature (60 °C). We speculated that the chemical adsorption of CNFO for polysulfide-anchoring is extremely critical for the performances of Li–S batteries under high temperature.

Mother Nature is always the best source for scientists to draw inspiration. Herein, a three-dimensional perylene diimide (PDI)-based molecular acceptor was designed and synthesized, in which six PDI units form an “iris-like” structure upon connecting with the hexaphenylbenzene core. Interestingly, this molecule is the nonfullerene acceptor containing most PDI units, which can absorb solar light to exhibit excellent power conversion efficiency, much more efficient than the natural flowers. This contribution presents an interesting example of learning from Mother Nature to design novel materials for applications.

Multiyear high‐frequency gravity wave (GW) momentum fluxes and variances in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region are revealed using four meteor radars along 120°E longitude at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes for the first time, which are located at Mohe (53.5°N, 122.3°E), Beijing (40.3°N, 116.2°E), Mengcheng (33.3°N, 116.5°E), and Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.2°E), respectively. The seasonal and latitudinal variations of GW momentum fluxes in the midlatitude are discussed. The directions of the monthly mean zonal momentum fluxes are mostly against the background mean zonal winds, which agree well with the selective filtering mechanism. The seasonal variations of meridional momentum fluxes have similar trends over all four stations. The latitudinal variations in the seasonal variation of GW momentum fluxes are mainly due to the latitudinal variations of background winds and GW sources. The unexpected eastward momentum fluxes in winter over Beijing are likely caused by the secondary GWs propagating eastward from the source region over the Tibetan Plateau (25°–40°N, 70–100°E). The GW variances show a V‐shaped structure indicating annual and semiannual variations over four stations in zonal component. A quasi‐4‐month oscillation was observed over Mohe, Mengcheng, and Wuhan in meridional component. The background winds play decisive roles in these GW variance structures. MLT GW momentum fluxes and variances at midlatitudes are investigated using four meteor radar observationsThe zonal momentum fluxes propagate generally against the background zonal windsThe latitudinal variations of GW momentum fluxes and variances are mainly due to the latitudinal variations of mean wind and GW sources

A lot of solar proton events (SPEs) have happened during the ongoing solar cycle 24 including extremely large events. Seven large SPEs from 2012 to 2017 were chosen to find the response of polar atmosphere to them. Three SPEs happened in 2012, and the other four SPEs happened in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2017, respectively. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites 13 proton observations were used to illustrate the proton flux toward the Earth during each SPE. These energetic protons are deposited in the middle and upper atmosphere and ionize the neutral atmosphere constituents and create radicals HOx(H, OH, and HO2). Enhancements in the upper atmospheric hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) of both polar regions of over 1 ppbv are found in the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements immediately after some SPEs happened. The Microwave Limb Sounder observations of ozone (O3) show decreases of >10% in both polar middle and upper atmosphere for a few days with a peak value of >20–60% over 1–3 days. The compositions of HO2and ozone for all the selected SPEs indicate that the polar ozone depletions during the SPEs in a way are the result of the HO2enhancements. The impact of seven largest solar proton events on the mesospheric compositions during solar cycle 24 was discussedThe variations of HO2and ozone were composed separately, and their general response to the solar proton events was analyzedThe ozone depletion is found to be 1‐day delay relative to the HO2increment during the solar proton events for the first time

Atomic sodium (Na) is one of the major meteoric species existing as layers of atoms in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) at altitudes of 80–105 km and atomic ions at higher altitudes. As the boundary between neutral atmosphere and ionosphere, the MLT region is of particular interest because it is influenced by the mesoscale convective weather and thunderstorms from below and exposed to solar photons from above. There has been great interest on the atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling, and numerous studies have been reported on the connection between thunderstorms and the ionosphere. However, the influence of thunderstorms on metallic species, which would significantly enhance our understanding of how Earth's atmosphere interacts with its ionosphere and studying the chemistry and physics of the MLT region, has rarely been studied. Here we present observational results on a statistical basis showing evidence that thunderstorm activities can affect the metal layer, by identifying a statistically significant enhancement of the neutral metal Na layer above thunderstorms at Haikou, China (20.0°N, 110.3°E). The thunderstorm‐generated gravity waves and electric field effects could be the mechanisms responsible for the lightning‐associated enhancement of Na layer. It is the first observation of the enhanced mesospheric Na above thunderstormsThe thunderstorm‐generated gravity waves and electric field effects could be responsibleThunderstorms affect the atmospheric/ionospheric chemistry and may be related to TLEs

The quantitative investigations of the electroreduction of O2 to O2[?] at Au electrode in Q, IQ and a series of methylquinoline solvents were carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). The relevant kinetic parameters (i.e., the standard rate constant, k o, and the cathodic transfer coefficient, ac) were evaluated by NPV. Results show that there is an inverse relationship of the formal potential (Eo,) to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, indicating that O2[?] is more stabilized in a solvent with lower LUMO; and a proportional relationship of ko to diffusion coefficient (D), indicating the solvent dynamics control of the electrode reactions.

The development of effective sorbents using biomass is important to achieve mercury removal in coal combustion flue gas. In this work, a biomass sorbent was prepared by using rice husk as a raw material and CuCl2solution as a modifier. The experiment explored the mercury removal ability of rice husk with different modification solution concentrations. The sorbent showed the best mercury removal capacity with 0.15 mol/L CuCl2solution modified rice husk coke at an inlet mercury concentration of 54.4 μg/m3at 150 °C. It was found that the modification made CuCl2adhere to the surface of the coke sample successfully and chlorine-containing functional groups and copper-containing functional groups in the coke sample both promoted the adsorption of mercury. The increase in chemisorbed oxygen due to the modification also promoted the sorbent removal of mercury. The increase of adsorption temperature and inlet mercury concentration was beneficial to mercury removal, but too high temperature had a negative effect on its mercury removal. The purpose of this work is to explore a novel approach for the efficient use of this agricultural waste, apply it to mercury removal in oxyfuel coal-fired power plants, and provide technical support and theoretical guidance for its application in industry.

Three-dimensional Graphdiyne (GDY) cages have been prepared through a facile layer by layer in-situ carbon-carbon bond coupling strategy under mild conditions, which can inlaid with various nanomaterials (Si, SiO2, Ag, MoS2, etc) forming markisa-structured nanocomposites. For Si nanoparticles@GDY (Si NPs@GDY), the covalently linked 3D GDY cages inlaid with Si NPs, can effectively buffer the dramatic volume change of Si NPs. Meanwhile, the integrative GDY network can also serve as high-speed conductive channels so that all the Si NPs are electrochemically active. As a result, lithium-ion batteries based on Si NPs@GDY anode exhibit high specific capacity, superior rate capability and cycling performance. Furthermore, when getting rid of the wrapped nanomaterials, a 3D GDY matrix composed of interconnected GDY cages by robust covalent bond would received, which would have more applications in catalysis, adsorption, electron device, etc.

We present the migrating tidal winds decomposed jointly from multiple meteor radars in four longitudinal sectors situated in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The radars are located in Cariri, Brazil (7.4°S, 36.5°W), Kototabang, Indonesia (0.2°S, 100.3°E), Ascension Island, United Kingdom (7.9° S, 14.4° W), and Darwin, Australia (12.3°S, 130.8°E). Harmonic analysis was used to obtain amplitudes and phases for diurnal and semidiurnal solar migrating tides between 82 and 98 km altitude during the period 2005–2008. To verify the reliability of the tidal components calculated by the four meteor radar wind measurements, we also present a similar analysis for the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model winds, which suggests that the migrating tides are well observed by the four different radars. The tides include the important tidal components of diurnal westward‐propagating zonal wavenumber 1 and semidiurnal westward‐propagating zonal wavenumber 2. In addition, the results based on observations were compared with the Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere (CTMT). In general, in terms of climatic features, our results for the major components of migrating tides are qualitatively consistent with the CTMT models derived from satellite data. In addition, the tidal amplitudes are unusually stronger in January–February 2006. This result is probably because tides were enhanced by the 2006 Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warming event. The diurnal and semidiurnal migrating tides are derived by multi‐meteor radars in the equatorial regionThe seasonal variations of diurnal westward‐propagating zonal wavenumber 1 (DW1) and semidiurnal westward‐propagating zonal wavenumber 2 (SW2) observations are similar to those tidal components in Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere modelingThe unusual enhancements of DW1 and SW2 in February 2006 are possibly associated with the 2006 Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warming event The diurnal and semidiurnal migrating tides are derived by multi‐meteor radars in the equatorial region The seasonal variations of diurnal westward‐propagating zonal wavenumber 1 (DW1) and semidiurnal westward‐propagating zonal wavenumber 2 (SW2) observations are similar to those tidal components in Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere modeling The unusual enhancements of DW1 and SW2 in February 2006 are possibly associated with the 2006 Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warming event

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries and lithium–selenium (Li–Se) batteries that contain only one single active element have unique advantages and disadvantages. Inspired by ternary lithium batteries, multielement chalcogenide compounds with integrated advantages may improve upon the performance of lithium-chalcogenide batteries at the source. In this work, activated carbon (AC) with an Al2O3@SiO2heterojunction is used as the carrier, and the performances and mechanisms of elemental substances (X/AC, X = S, Se, and Te) are studied in ether and ester electrolytes as the basis for preparing multielement chalcogenide composites (SST/AC,

The copolymerization of methacrylic acid, 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl ester (DM), and allythiourea (AT) was studied under microwave, and the copolymer–copper coordinates Cu‐P(DM‐Co‐AT) was synthesized by the coordination between Cu2+ and the copolymer. IR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electronic spin resonance were used to analyze the structure of Cu‐P(DM‐Co‐AT). The results showed that the inherent viscosity of the copolymer obtained by microwave irradiation can be the maximum of 37.75 ml/g, and the productive rate can be 92%. The obtained Cu‐P(DM‐Co‐AT) can heterogeneously catalyze the polymerization of methyl methacrylate at room temperature. The maximal molecular weight of poly(methyl methacrylate) was 1,400,000. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2072–2075, 2005

Microwave irradiation polymerization was studied in the presence of a carrier. The influence of different carriers, such as Al2O3, SiO2, and MgO on the microwave irradiation polymerization mechanism of acrylamide and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was studied by adopting polymerization inhibitors such as an anionic inhibitor, cationic inhibitor, and radical inhibitor hydroquinone. When the system contains the carriers Al2O3 and SiO2, the polymerization mechanism occurs according to a radical mechanism, but when the system contains MgO, the polymerization mechanism occurs according to not only a radical mechanism but also an anionic polymerization mechanism with superficial grafting occurring. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1519–1524, 2004

•Electrochemical modification on the lithium metal/Li10GeP2S12interface was studied.•The components of the protective layer were mainly LiCO3, LiF and ROCO2Li.•Interface stability was investigated by the symmetric cells.•Best cycle performance and lower interfacial resistance due to SEI-protected Li anode.

The quantitative investigations of the electroreduction of O2to O2−at Au electrode in Q, IQ and a series of methylquinoline solvents were carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and normal pulse voltammetry (NPV). The relevant kinetic parameters (i.e., the standard rate constant, ko, and the cathodic transfer coefficient, αc) were evaluated by NPV. Results show that there is an inverse relationship of the formal potential (Eo,) to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, indicating that O2−is more stabilized in a solvent with lower LUMO; and a proportional relationship of koto diffusion coefficient (D), indicating the solvent dynamics control of the electrode reactions.