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Little is known about how the proportions of dependency states have changed between generational cohorts of older people. We aimed to estimate years lived in different dependency states at age 65 years in 1991 and 2011, and new projections of future demand for care.

Second harmonic generation (SHG) and time-resolved, total internal reflection fluorescence (TR-TIRF) spectroscopy were used to examine the adsorption, solvation, and aggregation of a coumarin solute, Coumarin 152 (C152), at the silica/methanol interface. Experiments were performed as a function of bulk C152 concentration with SHG data providing information about relative surface coverage and ground state solvation environment. TR-TIRF data measured emission lifetimes of C152 adsorbed to the silica/methanol interface. SHG spectra show strong resonance enhancement at 365 nm, a result that is blue-shifted considerably from C152’s electronic excitation of ∼400 nm in bulk methanol. Given C152’s solvatochromic behavior, this observation implies that C152 adsorbed to the silica/methanol interface experiences a local dielectric environment that is significantly less polar than in bulk methanol. TR-TIRF decays at sub-micromolar bulk concentrations were fit to two lifetimes: one assigned to C152 emission in bulk methanol (0.9 ns) and a longer lifetime assigned to contributions from adsorbed C152 (∼4 ns). The longer lifetime is similar to C152 in alkanes, a result that is consistent with SHG data. Isothermal data from SHG experiments show unusual behavior as bulk C152 concentration increases. Instead of approaching an asymptotic limit signifying monolayer coverage, the SHG response rises at the lowest C152 concentrations and then decreases dramatically, suggesting the onset of aggregate formation. Changes in the TR-TIRF emission behavior of C152 at higher C152 bulk concentrations support this hypothesis. These findings are interpreted in terms of C152’s ability to self-associate, and the energetics of dimer formation are explored using ab initiocalculations and polarizable continuum models.

Complementary experimental and theoretical studies presented in this work examine the structure, organization, and solvating properties of methanol at a silica/methanol, solid/liquid interface. Findings from these experiments illustrate how strong association between a silica substrate and methanol solvent creates a distinctly nonpolar solvation environment for adsorbed solutes. Resonance-enhanced second-harmonic spectra and time-resolved fluorescence emission in a total internal reflection geometry both show that adsorbed solutes sample an interfacial environment having properties resembling those of a nonpolar solvent. Molecular dynamics simulations identify the origin of this effect. Strong hydrogen bonding between the first layer of methanol and silica’s silanol groups creates what is effectively a methyl-terminated surface that leads to a second layer having significantly reduced density and hydrogen bonding compared to bulk solution. The calculated solvent reorientation times in these first two layers is significantly slower than in bulk, implying slow dielectric relaxation and supporting both second-harmonic and time-resolved fluorescence results. Collectively, these studies illustrate how surface-induced changes in solvent structure change the chemistry at strongly associating solid/liquid interfaces as compared to bulk solution limits.

AbstractIn support of the conversion of the Oregon State TRIGA Reactor (OSTR) from highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel to low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, a comprehensive neutronic analysis utilizing MCNP5 was performed on the HEU and LEU core configurations. The initial 1974 HEU core provided an opportunity for verification of the MCNP5 baseline model; all fuel elements in the initial core were congruent in geometry and material composition, having no burnup. In addition, a substantial database of core parameters was documented during the initial HEU core start-up. This verification study examined control rod worth, core excess reactivity, burnup, core power, power per element, temperature coefficient of reactivity, void coefficient of reactivity, moderator coefficient of reactivity, axial and radial power profiles, prompt-neutron lifetime, effective delayed-neutron fraction, power defect, and xenon poisoning.Fuel material composition and core loadings are presented. The excellent comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data of the initial HEU core established an objective, credible baseline model and methodology, which were then extended to the LEU core neutronic analysis. Comparison between the numerically calculated core physics values for the new LEU core and data collected during start-up provided a complete verification that the MCNP5 models developed for both the HEU and LEU cores were representative of the OSTR.

AbstractThe Oregon State TRIGA Reactor (OSTR) was converted from highly enriched uranium (HEU) Fuel Life Improvement Program (FLIP) fuel to low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel in October 2008. This effort was driven by the U.S. Department of Energy's Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactor program. The new LEU fuel is 30/20 U-Zr1.6H (30% uranium in the fuel matrix, 19.75 wt% enriched) in contrast to the FLIP fuel having U-Zr1.6H (8.5% uranium in the fuel matrix, 70 wt% enriched). This new fuel composition provides the best match in performance of the available mixture ratios when compared to the previous FLIP fuel. To support conversion, a complete assessment and reevaluation of the OSTR Safety Analysis Report was performed. This evaluation included steady-state thermal-hydraulic and neutronics characterizations of the HEU and LEU cores as well as a transient behavior (pulse) analysis of both core types.This paper presents a summary of the methods used and results produced during the pulse analysis identifying power, temperature, and reactivity during pulsed operation for the FLIP and new LEU fuel. This analysis was performed using RELAP5-3D version 2.4.2 and point reactor kinetics simulation software; these two methods are found to agree very well. We discuss the differences between the two fuels and the impact of pulse behavior on the safety limits for the converted reactor.

AbstractOregon State University has recently conducted a complete core conversion analysis as part of the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors Program. The goals of the thermal-hydraulic steady-state analysis were to calculate natural-circulation flow rates, coolant temperatures, and fuel temperatures as a function of core power, as well as peak values of fuel temperature, cladding temperature, surface heat flux, critical heat flux ratio, and temperature profiles in the hot channel for both the highly enriched uranium and low-enriched uranium cores.RELAP5-3D Version 2.4.2 was used for all computational modeling during the thermal-hydraulic analysis. This is a lumped parameter code forcing engineering assumptions to be made during the analysis. A single-hot-channel model’s results are compared to results produced from more refined two- and eight-channel models in order to identify variations in thermal-hydraulic characteristics as a function of spatial refinement.

We examined life history characteristics of populations of yellowbellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) at 2900 m elevation and 3400 m elevation to test hypotheses about effects of elevation on life history traits. The accumulation of fat is strongly influenced by short growing seasons and marmots living at high elevations often have shorter active seasons than populations at lower elevations due to prolonged snow cover. We compared growth rates and reproductive effort of marmots amongst age and sex classes from the two elevation sites. Growth rates of yellowbellied marmots vary significantly with sex, age, and location. Juvenile growth rates were significantly higher at lower elevation sites. Yearlings at the high elevation site had significantly higher growth rates compared to low elevation yearlings. Low elevation yearling males were twice the size of high elevation yearling males at the beginning of the summer; the higher growth rates in high elevation populations reduced the mass differences between the two groups prior to hibernation. Adult growth rates and masses were not significantly different between elevation sites. At higher elevation, females did not reproduce in consecutive years. Differences in growth rates between elevation sites may be explained by reproductive status and time allocated to foraging.

Poly(p‐xylylene) has existed commercially for many years but has never gained widespread acceptance due to its poor thermal and optical properties. Parylene X, a new chemical vapor depositable polymer on the same process platform as poly(p‐xylylene), is a copolymer of poly(ethynyl‐p‐xylylene) and poly(p‐xylylene). It exhibits thermal stability to at least 420 °C, has a low coefficient of thermal expansion of 55 ppm after it is crosslinked, and exhibits low stress. It possesses a glass transition temperature of 73 °C and starts to crosslink at ∼160 °C with a peak isotherm at 250 °C. The ethynyl functional groups crosslink to form the very stable phenyl moiety.

Using the parylene polymer platform, benzylic brominated poly(trifluoroacetyl‐p‐xylylene) thin films are deposited at room temperature from a novel synthesized precursor, 2‐trifluoroacetyl‐α,α,α′ tribromo‐p‐xylene using CVD. The as‐deposited benzylic brominated parylene‐type polymer is nearly transparent. However, upon subsequent post‐deposition anneals dehydrohalogenation can take place, yielding vinyl and ethynyl moieties and a highly conjugated absorbing polymer. Previous attempts with the deposition and annealing of the analogous non‐functionalized phenyl group polymer did not yield the desired structure, due to polymer crystallization that ‘locked up' the structure preventing any further chemical reactions from occurring. The as‐deposited films contain much hydroxyl bonding; however, after post‐deposition annealing, the films dehydrate and hydrogen bromide eliminates at 200, 300, and 380 °C. During HBr removal the films become much thinner, more absorbing in the visible region, and denser. After the 300 °C anneal the films stay amorphous, as seen from X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and some bromine still resides in the structure. 0.4 bromine atoms per repeat unit are left compared with 1.8 bromine atoms per repeat unit in the as‐deposited condition.

Effect of supplementation frequency and supplemental urea level on forage use (Exp. 1) and performance (Exp. 2 and 3) of beef cattle consuming low-quality tallgrass-prairie were evaluated. For Exp. 1 and 2, a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure was used, such that two supplements (30% CP) containing 0 or 30% of supplemental degradable intake protein (DIP) from urea were fed daily or on alternate days. In Exp. 1 and 2, supplement was fed at 0.41% BW daily or at 0.83% BW (DM basis) on alternate days. For Exp. 3, a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure was used, such that four supplements (40% CP) containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% of supplemental DIP from urea were fed daily or 3 d/wk. Supplements were group-fed at 0.32% BW daily or at 0.73% BW (DM basis) 3 d/wk. In Exp. 1, 16 Angus × Hereford steers (initial BW = 252 kg) were blocked by BW and assigned to treatment. Urea level × supplementation frequency interactions were not evident for forage intake, digestion, or rate of passage. Forage OM intake (OMI) and total digestible OMI (TDOMI) were not significantly affected by treatment. Total-tract digestion of OM (P= 0.03) and NDF (P= 0.06) were greater for steers supplemented daily. In Exp. 2, 48 Angus × Hereford cows (initial BW = 490 kg) grazing winter tallgrass prairie were used. Significant frequency × urea interactions were not evident for BW and body condition (BC) change; similarly, the main effects were not substantive for these variables. In Exp. 3, 160 Angus × Hereford cows (initial BW = 525 kg) grazing dormant, tallgrass prairie were used. Supplement refusal occurred for cows fed the highest urea levels, particularly for cows fed the supplement with 45% of the DIP from urea 3 d/wk, and supplement refusal increased closer to calving. A frequency × urea interaction (P= 0.02) was observed for prepartum BW changes. As supplemental urea level increased, prepartum BW loss increased quadratically (P= 0.02); however, a greater magnitude of loss occurred when feeding supplements containing ≥ 30% of DIP from urea 3 d/wk. Cumulative BC change followed a similar trend. In conclusion, moderate protein (≤30% CP) supplements with ≤30% of supplemental DIP from urea can be fed on alternate days without a substantive performance penalty. However, infrequent feeding of higher protein (>30% CP) supplements with significant urea levels (>15% of DIP from urea) may result in decreased performance compared with lower urea levels.

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of changing the proportion of supplemental degradable intake protein (DIP) from urea on forage intake, digestion, and performance by beef cattle consuming either low-quality, tallgrass prairie forage (Exp. 1, 2, and 4) or forage sorghum hay (Exp. 3). Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were intended to have four levels of supplemental DIP from urea: 0, 20, 40, and 60%. However, refusal to consume the 60% supplement by cows grazing tallgrass prairie resulted in elimination of this treatment from Exp. 1 and 2. Levels of supplemental DIP from urea in Exp. 4 were 0, 15, 30, and 45%. Supplements contained approximately 30% CP, provided sufficient DIP to maximize digestible OM intake (DOMI) of low-quality forage diets, and were fed to cows during the prepartum period. In Exp. 1, 12 Angus x Hereford steers (average initial BW = 379) were assigned to the 0, 20, and 40% treatments. Forage OM intake, DOMI, OM, and NDF digestion were not affected by urea level. In Exp. 2, 90 pregnant, Angus x Hereford cows (average initial BW = 504 kg and body condition [BC] = 5.0) were assigned to the 0, 20, and 40% treatments. Treatment had little effect on cow BW and BC changes and calf birth weight, ADG, or weaning weight. However, pregnancy rate tended to be lowest (P = 0.13) for the greatest level of urea. In Exp. 3, 120 pregnant, crossbred beef cows (average initial BW = 498 kg and BC = 4.6) were assigned to the 0, 20, 40, and 60% treatments. Prepartum BC change tended (P = 0.08) to be quadratic (least increase for 60% treatment), although BW change was not statistically significant. Treatment effect on calf birth weight was inconsistent (cubic; P = 0.03), but calf ADG and weaning weight were not affected by treatment. Pregnancy rate was not affected by prepartum treatment. In Exp. 4, 132 pregnant, Angus x Hereford cows (average initial BW = 533 and BC = 5.3) were assigned to the 0, 15, 30, and 45% treatments. Prepartum BC loss was greatest (quadratic; P = 0.04) for the high-urea (45%) treatment, although BW loss during this period declined linearly (P < 0.01). Prepartum treatment did not affect pregnancy rate, calf birth weight, or ADG. In conclusion, when sufficient DIP was offered to prepartum cows to maximize low-quality forage DOMI, urea could replace between 20 and 40% of the DIP in a high-protein (30%) supplement without significantly altering supplement palatability or cow and calf performance.

We used a combination of dip-pen nanolithography and scanning optical confocal microscopy to fabricate and visualize luminescent nanoscale patterns of various materials on glass substrates. We show that this method can be used successfully to push the limits of dip-pen nanolithography down to controlled deposition of single molecules. We also demonstrate that this method is able to create and visualize protein patterns on surfaces. Finally, we show that our method can be used to fabricate polymer nanowires of controlled size using conductive polymers. We also discuss the factors that influence the size of these nanowires.

Three independent experiments were conducted each using 16 ruminally fistulated beef steers fed bermudagrass (8.2% CP, 71% NDF; Exp. 1), bromegrass (5.9% CP, 65% NDF; Exp. 2), or forage sorghum (4.3% CP, 60% NDF; Exp. 3) hays to evaluate the effects of increasing level of supplemental degradable intake protein (DIP) on forage utilization. In each experiment, steers were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four treatments, and hay was offered to each steer at 130% of average voluntary intake for the preceding 5-d period. Supplemental DIP (sodium caseinate) was placed in the rumen at 0700, immediately before feeding forage. Levels of DIP supplementation were .041, .082, and .124% BW; the control received no supplemental DIP. Following a 10-d adaptation, intake and total fecal output were measured for 7 d. In Exp. 1, neither forage OM intake (FOMI) nor fiber (NDF) digestion were influenced (P≥ .20) by increasing level of DIP supplementation. The DIP supplied by the bermudagrass hay was estimated to be 8.2% of the total digestible OM intake (TDOMI) for control steers. In Exp. 2, increasing level of supplemental DIP did not affect (P≥ .26) FOMI but tended to increase total OM intake linearly (TOMI; P= .10). The tendency for a rise in TOMI coupled with a slight numeric increase in digestion resulted in an increase (linear; P= .06) in TDOMI. In the treatment group in which the maximum TDOMI was observed (supplemental DIP treatment of .082% BW), total DIP intake constituted approximately 9.8% of the TDOMI. In Exp. 3, FOMI, TOMI, organic matter digestion (OMD), and TDOMI were improved (P< .01) by increasing amounts of supplemental DIP. Although there was some evidence of a tendency for a decrease in the magnitude of change in TDOMI in response to increasing DIP supplementation, a clear plateau was not achieved with the levels of supplement provided. When the highest level of supplemental DIP was fed, DIP constituted approximately 12.8% of the TDOMI. In conclusion, significant variation was observed among forage in the amount of DIP needed to maximize intake and digestion when expressed in relationship to the digestible OM.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of increasing levels of supplemental soybean meal (SBM) on intake, digestion, and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality prairie forage. In Exp. 1, ruminally fistulated beef steers (n = 20; 369 kg) were assigned to one of five treatments: control (forage only) and .08, .16, .33, and .50% BW/d of supplemental SBM (DM basis). Prairie hay (5.3% CP; 49% DIP) was offered for ad libitum consumption. Forage OM intake (FOMI) and total OM intake (TOMI) were increased (cubic, P = .01) by level of supplemental SBM, but FOMI reached a plateau when the daily level of SBM supplementation reached .16% BW. The concomitant rises in TOMI and OM digestibility (quadratic, P = .02) resulted in an increase (cubic, P= .03) in total digestible OM intake (TDOMI). In Exp. 2, spring-calving Hereford × Angus cows (n = 120; BW = 518 kg; body condition [BC] = 5.3) grazing low-quality, tall-grass-prairie forage were assigned to one of three pastures and one of eight treatments. The supplemental SBM (DM basis) was fed at .08, .12, .16, .20, .24, .32, .40, and .48% BW/d from December 2, 1996, until February 10, 1997 (beginning of the calving season). Performance seemed to reach a plateau when cows received SBM at approximately .30% BW/d. Below this level, cows lost approximately .5 unit of BC for every .1% BW decrease in the amount of supplemental SBM fed. Providing supplemental SBM is an effective means of improving forage intake, digestion, and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality forages.

Ruminally fistulated steers (n = 13; 263 kg) were used in an incomplete Latin square with 13 treatments and four periods to evaluate the effects of level and source of supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) and level of degradable intake protein (DIP) on the utilization of low-quality, tallgrass-prairie hay. Steers were given ad libitum access to forage (5.7% CP, 2.6% DIP, and 74.9% NDF). The supplementation treatments were fashioned as a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement plus a negative control (NC; no supplement). The factors included two DIP levels (.031 and .122% BW) and three CHO sources (starch, glucose, and fiber) fed at two levels (.15 and .30% BW) within each level of DIP supplementation. The effect of supplementation on forage OM intake (FOMI) was dependent (P< .01) on level and source of CHO and level of DIP fed. When DIP was low, forage, total, and digestible OM intakes were generally greater for the starch treatment than for the nonstarch treatments. However, when the DIP level was high, intakes were greater for the nonstarch (i.e., fiber and glucose) treatments. Generally, FOMI decreased (P< .01) when more supplemental CHO was provided. Supplementation typically increased fiber digestion, but the response was dependent (P< .01) on level and source of CHO and level of DIP. Generally, supplements with low levels of CHO improved NDF digestion (NDFD). However, supplements with the high level of CHO decreased NDFD, except for fiber at the high level of DIP. Organic matter digestion was increased by supplementation, but the impact of increasing CHO was dependent (P< .01) on source of CHO and level of DIP. Supplementation treatments had significant impact on ruminal pH, NH3N, and the total concentration of organic acids as well as their relative proportions. In conclusion, supplemental DIP enhanced the use of low-quality forage; however, the impact of supplemental CHO on low-quality forage use was dependent on source and level of CHO offered, as well as the level of DIP provided.

Offers several essentials on deer hunting. Why cost of venison is not cheap; Finding a place to hunt; Choosing a weapon; Strategies; Dressing the animal where it falls; Getting animal out of woods. INSET: Hunting mule deer--and related thoughts, by D. Petersen..

Suggests ways to stock a basic fishing tackle box. Types of lures, bobbers, hooks; Spinners and jigs; The box itself.

Wild weeds waken winter-slow blood with flavors of change; Hunting out, identifying, collecting, preparing and enjoying wild edible plants; Examples and recipes for dandelion, wild mustard, Lamb's Quarters (pigweed) and day lily.

How to select the correct gun for the novice hunter; Description of the .22 rifle; Selecting a scattergun; Selecting proper shells; Buying high-powered firearms. INSET: Three choices for selecting scopes..

Fishing tips for the novice; Necessary gear; Rod and reel selection; Hooks, sinkers, bobbers and artificial lures; Livebait; How to fish in ponds, lakes, slow rivers, ocean shores, streams and fast rivers. INSET: Tackle; Bottom rigs.;Steps to simple spin-casting; Five....

Occurrence of estrus, conception rate, and fecundity were compared between postpartum suckled beef cows fed or not fed melengestrol acetate (MGA) before synchronizing estrus with prostaglandin F2α(PG). One hundred thirty-three purebred Angus cows were stratified by age and days postpartum to one of two treatments. All cows received an injection containing 25 mg of PG; however, one group (MGA + PG) was fed .5 mg of MGA•cow-1•d-1for 14 d then received PG 17 d after the last feeding of MGA. The other group (PG) received only PG. Cows in both treatments that failed to exhibit estrus within 6 d after PG received a second injection of PG 11 d after the first injection was administered. Cows were checked for estrus from the first PG injection until 6 d after the second PG injection. Cows were inseminated with semen from a 3/4 Brahman bull 12 h after observed estrus. Cows were exposed to Angus bulls after the AI period. Conception date was determined by palpation per rectum and verified by calving date and calf phenotype. Differences in response variables were analyzed by chi-square. A greater proportion of cows (P< .04) that were pretreated with MGA exhibited estrus after the first injection of PG (76%) than of cows that received only PG (60%). Total response did not differ between treatments after both injections of PG. Conception rate among cows that received a first service was higher (P <.007) for the MGA + PG (88%) group than for the PG (67%) group, although the total number of cows that received a first service was not different between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aufgrund der Ergebnisse aus Umfragen werden folgende Themen diskutiert: Berufstätigkeit von Chemikern in Irland, Beschäftigung von Chemikern und Technikern auf dem Gebiet der Analytischen Chemie, Erfordernisse für die Ausbildung, Lehrgangstypen und Lehrpläne.

In 1979 a 30-bed spinal injuries unit was opened at Burwood Hospital in Christchurch, New Zealand. The design of the building included built-in environmental control facilities for tetraplegic patients. This paper outlines 10 years of experience with environmental controls in a hospital setting, and discusses some of the problems encountered. Special mention is made of ease of setting up equipment, patient interface switches, patient acceptance, and a major upgrade and modification of the original control system. Although not utilized as much as originally anticipated, a definite need for environmental controls with the spinal injuries unit has become firmly established.

We describe the design and performance of large-aperture (>30 cm × 30 cm) optical switches that have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, active switching of a high-energy (>5 kJ) optical pulse in an inertial-confinement fusion laser. These optical switches, which consist of a plasma-electrode Pockels cell (PEPC) and a passive polarizer, permit the design of efficient, multipass laser amplifiers. In a PEPC, plasma discharges on the faces of a thin (1-cm) electro-optic crystal (KDP or KD*P) act as highly conductive and transparent electrodes. These plasma electrodes facilitate rapid (<100 ns) and uniform charging of the crystal to the half-wave voltage and discharging back to 0 V. We discuss the operating principles, design, optical performance, and technical issues of a 32 cm × 32 cm prototype PEPC with both KDP and KD*P crystals, and a 37 cm × 37 cm PEPC with a KDP crystal for the Beamlet laser. This PEPC recently switched a 6-kJ, 3-ns pulse in a four-pass cavity.

We discuss the design and fabrication of 80-cm-diameter random phase plates for target-plane beam smoothing on the Nova laser. Random phase plates have been used in a variety of inertial confinement fusion target experiments, such as studying direct-drive hydrodynamic stability and producing spatially smooth x-ray backlighting sources. These phase plates were produced by using a novel sol-gel dip-coating technique developed by us. The sol-gel phase plates have a high optical damage threshold at the second- and third-harmonic wavelengths of the Nd:glass laser and have excellent optical performance.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of breed, sex and plane of nutrition on the growth response to zeranol in Angus and crossbred calves prior to weaning. Eighty-eight heifers and 118 steers received either a high or low plane of nutrition using a first and last grazing technique. Half of the calves in each nutrition group received a zeranol implant (36 mg) at an average age of 3.4 mo. Both zeranol and the higher level of nutrition increased (P< .001) growth rate prior to weaning (7.4 mo of age). Zeranol did not affect hip height at weaning (P> .1), but calves on the higher plane of nutrition were taller (P< .01) than calves on the lower plane of nutrition. The zeranol × nutrition interaction was not significant (P> .1) for growth rate or hip height. Steers grew faster (P< .01) preweaning and were taller (P< .01) at weaning than heifers. Crossbred calves gained more rapidly (P< .001) preweaning and were taller (P< .001) at weaning than Angus calves were. Neither sex nor breed interacted with zeranol to influence any of the traits examined. Based on these results we conclude that preweaning growth was affected by zeranol and this effect was consistent across sexes, breeds and planes of nutrition tested.

This paper presents work in progress related to the development of a procedure for identification of objects using a multifingered hand. The procedure consists of i) recording object information in a useful format. ii) determining if the object information is complete. iii) making deductions about additional information that is needed to identify the object. Preliminary results of simulation indicated that the procedure is effective in the object identification process.

Topographic maps of brain electrical activity from scalp EEG electrodes were obtained from healthy adult female volunteers using a Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM) system. Each woman received both ethanol (0.7 g/kg, p.o.) and placebo in a counterbalanced order under double-blind conditions at an interval of 1-6 days. Subjective reports of intoxication were obtained continuously via an instrumental joystick device. Subjects reported when they detected ethanol and qualitatively pleasant (i.e., euphoric) or unpleasant (i.e., dysphoric) effects. All subjects reliably discriminated ethanol from placebo. Pronounced increases in EEG alpha activity occurred during ethanol-induced intoxication in all subjects. Analysis of topographic maps revealed that the distribution of high-amplitude, fast-frequency EEG alpha activity extended further frontally to the central sulcus and temporally during ethanol intoxication than during control sessions or after placebo administration. Area analysis and significant probability mapping techniques were used to quantify the increased alpha activity and to monitor changes during the process of intoxication in each individual. One woman, with a positive family history of alcoholism, experienced only a mild degree of ethanol intoxication. This behavioral response was accompanied by a slight decrease or no change in both slow- and fast-frequency alpha activity. This finding in a single subject provides additional evidence that a possible genetic predisposition for ethanol-related effects on behavior may be reflected in measures of brain electrical activity. Overall, these data also suggest that ethanol induces rapid and widespread increases in EEG alpha activity which may be associated with the reinforcing properties of ethanol.

Focuses on the importance of protein, particularly degradable intake protein (DIP), in supplements for cattle consuming low-quality forage. Where forage digestion primarily occur; How the potential impact of supplementing cattle fed low-quality forage with ruminally available protein versus ruminally energy was clarified.

1. A previously elevated cholesterol concentration in the liver, serum, and aorta of the chicken was reduced by administration of beta-sitosterol in presence or absence of dietary cholesterol, or by withdrawal of dietary cholesterol. 2. Tissue cholesterol concentrations observed as a result of these treatments always approached the normal values. 3. When 4% beta-sitosterol was fed in the diet, total sterol content of liver was slightly lower than in birds fed the basal diet only. Further, total sterol content of the serum and aorta tended to be lower than that of birds fed basal diet only. 4. Atheroma regression in the chicken was accomplished by administration of beta-sitosterol in presence of dietary cholesterol. 5. Atheroma regression in the chicken was paralleled by a drop in cholesterol concentration of the blood and liver.

Hunting equipment: Rifles and scopes; Using a bore sighter; Adapting the sighting-in process and calibrations to align rifle ballistics and scopes.

When hunting, it is essential to be certain never to leave a wounded animal after it is shot. Hence the need for tracking skills. What to look for; When to track; Weather; Observation; Two-team tracking; Stubborn tracking.