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In October 1998, cohorts of circular migrant men and their non-migrant sexual partners, and non-migrant men and their non-migrant sexual partners from rural South Africa were recruited and followed-up every 4 months until October 2001. At each visit, information on socio-demographic, sexual behaviour, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV was collected. In total, 553 individuals aged between 18 and 69 years were recruited. A man and his sexual partner(s) form a sexual partnership. Migration status, age, marital status, age at sexual debut, recent sexual partners and HIV status were found to be important determinants of STI. The risk of STI varies (σ2=1·45, P<0·001) significantly across sexual partnerships even after controlling for important determinants. The variance implies substantial correlation (0·59) between members of the same sexual partnership. Ignoring this correlation leads to incorrect inference. Migration contributes significantly to the spread of STIs. Community interventions of HIV/STI should target co-transmitter sexual partnerships rather than high-risk individuals.

AbstractThis case illustrates two interesting features. Firstly it describes an unusual cutaneous lymphoma in an adolescent girl. This lymphoma showed features of B and T cell lineages with rearrangements of both immunoglobulin heavy chain and T cell /3 chain genes. Secondly it describes the development of gallium‐67 citrate (67Ga) scan positive benign thymic hyperplasia, 15 months after diagnosis and three months after cessation of intensive chemotherapy. (Aust NZ J Med 1991; 21: 447–450)

In suspensions of Crowley soil, and under conditions of controlled pH and redox potential, sulfide formation took place in the pH range 5.5 to 8.5 and in the redox potential range −175 to −350 mV. At each pH tested, the rate of sulfide formation increased with a decrease of the redox potential. The order of reaction of sulfide formation was found to be ill defined. The optimum pH for both sulfide and methane formation was 6.7. Empirical data were in agreement with thermodynamically predicted values.

Twenty hybrid lambda phages especially designed for molecular cloning have been constructed and named Charon phages. These phages differ in the ranges of sizes of DNA fragments that may be inserted, by the selections and screens which may be used to isolate and detect the incorporation of cloned fragments, by the way transcription of the cloned fragment may be controlled, by the different restriction enzymes that can be used for cloning, by the phage immunities that may be employed for controlling replication and transcription, and by the biological safety features that they contain. The crosses used to produce the vectors are described, and their genealogy is discussed. The structure of each vector has been verified by genetic tests, by DNA length determinations, by electron micrographic analysis of DNA heteroduplexes, and by gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests. In the course of these constructions, a new EcoRI site was found in a derivative of lambda Aam32Bam1 which maps very near the left cohesive end of lambda.

This paper investigates, with predictive models, the utility of ecophysiological responses to climate as predictors of plant distribution. At the global scale responses to extreme minimum temperatures and to the hydrological budget effectively predict the distribution limits of the major vegetation types of the World. A minimum temperature of -15°C, for example, appears critical in controlling the poleward spread of vegetation that is dominated by evergreen broadleaved species; however, the presence or absence of more frost resistant species, such as those that are deciduous broadleaved, is not obviously explained in terms of extremes of climate. In such cases, predicting the competitive relationships between species is necessary and dependent on the climatic sensitivity of population dynamics.

Tomato cell suspensions have been selected for sustained growth on normally lethal concentrations of CdCl2. In cadmium-resistant (CdR) cells, Cd2+ is found complexed with non-protein, cysteine-rich polypeptides which accumulate in high amounts when cells are grown in the presence of Cd2+. Sequence and linkage analysis of these peptides by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry establishes structures of (gamma-Glu-Cys)3-Gly and (gamma-Glu-Cys)4-Gly. Necessity of these peptides for the CdR phenotype is demonstrated by inhibition of their accumulation by buthionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Treatment of CdR cells with a concentration of buthionine sulfoximine below that inhibiting growth in the absence of Cd2+ renders CdR cells sensitive to Cd2+ ion.

The diel activity rhythm shown by Paranephropsis usually unimodal with most activity occurring at night. In constant darkness, locomotor activity is expressed for up to 60days as a free‐running circadian rhythm. The period varies from 18to 38hours following a seasonal cycle (summer mean period 24 hours, winter mean 30hours). No adaptive significance can be attached to either seasonal or individual variations in period and it is suggested that such variations are a consequence of the way in which the clock mechanism operates, the period being linked to the overall activity level following Aschoff's (1960) “Circadian Rule”. Activity levels will inevitably vary individually and seasonally.

Starting with an historical account of the emergence of the Compton effect, the review summarizes the essential features of the processes involved in Compton scattering and outlines the theory required to interpret Compton profiles in terms of the momentum density, momentum wavefunctions and position wavefunctions. In this connection the essentials of the impulse approximation and the convenient concept of the reciprocal form factor are explained. Experimental procedures for the determination of Compton profiles using y-ray, X-ray and electron sources are briefly described and so also is positron annihilation. The advantages and insights afforded by Compton profile measurements in the study of electronic properties are illustrated by reference to a range of materials including elemental and several binary solids. Future prospects, especially in solid-state chemistry where Compton scattering could prove advantageous, are briefly outlined.

The mapping of the sites of cleavage of nine restriction endonucleases (EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, SalI, KpnI, SstI, BglII, XhoI, and XbaI) on 21 Charon phage vectors is described. Maps of individual subsections were obtained and then combined to assemble the complete vector maps. Calculations of maximum and minimum sizes of inserts which may be carried by the vectors using different restriction endonucleases or pairs of restriction endonucleases are presented. The regions mapped include several parts of phi 80 that had not been mapped previously.

A preliminary account is given of measurements of the Compton profile of iron made at low resolution with MoKα x-radiation. The interpretation of the results in terms of the momentum distribution of the outer electrons is discussed briefly.

The Compton profile of MoKα x-rays inelastically scattered from poly-crystalline lithium is compared with the theoretical line shape predicted by a recent band structure calculation assuming the Seitz potential. The discrepancy between experiment and theory, though small, throws doubt on the adequacy of the Seitz potential for lithium.

The dissolution of complex ferric phosphates, CaFe2H4(PO4)4· 8H2O and KFe3H14(PO4)8· 4H2O, was studied in a reduced chemical system. Both salts dissolved incongruently to release calcium and phosphorus in a molar ratio of 1:2 and solid FePO4. Below an Ehof — 200 mV further P was released due to FePO4dissolution. Potassium ferric phosphate crystals dissolved rapidly with complete release of K, whereas dissolution of calcium ferric phosphate was retarded probably due to interference by precipitated FePO4. The solubility of precipitated FePO4differed slightly from that observed with crystalline strengite and at pH 6 and 7, ferric hydroxides apparently entered into the reaction.

IN recent years it has become a well-known experimentally observed fact1–5that the breakdown voltages of certain non-uniform field gaps are strongly dependent on the shape of the applied voltage impulses. For positive-point negative-plane gaps it has generally been found that, for standard double exponential applied voltage impulses and with gap spacings of 1–5 m, the breakdown voltage decreases with increasing rise-time, for rise-times of 100–200 µsec, beyond which it increases again. The magnitude of the effect increases with increase of gap-length and for a 5-m gap, for example, the breakdown voltage at the minimum can be as little as 50 per cent of that for a 1-µsec rise-time impulse.

A simple system, utilizing laboratory pH meters and suitable meter relays, is described for controlling the redox potential and pH of flooded soils.

For years I have used in my laboratory a method for the staining of blood-films which has proved so satisfactory from all points of view as to have earned the term "invariable." The idea is not original with me, but is based on two well-known principles, combined, modified and finally perfected. First of all, single films are best fixed by burning in absolute alcohol; a proper mixing of eosin with Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin gives an excellent stain, one which proved its worth before the panoptic formulas became so popular.This method is especially suited to the needs of the general practitioner, the man who desires invariable results and who cannot become proficient in technic. Certain men, who do considerable blood work, are now using the "invariable" almost routinely. Several of these have prevailed on me to publish the formula and technic; and this will perhaps justify the addition of another

To the Editor:—In The Journal (Nov. 26, 1910, p. 1892), Dr. J. H. Barach gives an interesting criticism of the American India inks with special reference to foreign matter which may be present. His observations are good, especially as regards the "dried" preparations. I desire to add that these inks are not usually sterile, but often contain many microorganisms. Some of these methods, however, especially those in which the "wet" technic has been adopted, have been serving, exceedingly well, men who have found an office diagnosis necessary in many suspected cases of lues (Arch. Diagnosis, January, 1910). Can it be possible that this one communication must drive us back to the more tedious methods? Has any person claimed that these inks are free from extraneous material and their use without objection?It may be well to note the following points:1. No motions or other indications of life

The following report is interesting mainly because of the apparent etiology of the disease: HISTORY. —Mrs. K., American, aged 45, housewife, health previously good, stated that on the evening of September 18 she handled and smelled some papaws. In the morning an eruption appeared on her body, which she supposed was due to these as she had been affected previously in the same way. She used the ordinary sugar-of-lead lotion, but as there was no improvement in a week (September 20) she called on me. FIRST EXAMINATION. —In general this verified the patient's supposition as to the cause and showed the following condition of the skin: On all portions of the body except the hands, forearms, face, back, legs and feet were many small round vesicles filled with fluid. These were of various sizes, but always small and were round and surrounded by a marked hyperemia. Except for an almost

TO THE EDITOR: —It is difficult to criticize your editorials as they usually run, but I am surprised to find in The Journal, Sept. 5, 1914, p. 870, under the caption, "A New Serum Reaction for the Diagnosis of Gastric Carcinoma," an account of the Kelling hemolytic test.Surely this cannot be a new test, for I have used it for about six years, and have applied the revised technic, using diluted serum and hen's corpuscles in 158 cases of suspected visceral malignant neoplasms and several hundred normal controls within the past two years. You state that further reports on the use of the serum test will be awaited with interest, yet the older technic was applied and reported by Weil, Blumgarten, Crile, Wittemore and others quite a few years ago. Furthermore, a couple of years ago I gave my opinion of the newer technic (diluted serums and alien corpuscles)