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In 2012, the first domestic commercial edamame processing plant was established in Arkansas and edamame production was contracted out to local growers. Although the state is a major soybean producer, studies of nematode effects on edamame are limited. A survey of nematode genera and density in 64 contracted edamame production fields was conducted in 2013 and 2014. In both years, Meloidogyneand Heteroderawere present in less than half of the surveyed fields while Pratylenchuswas the most prevalent in 2013 and Helicotylenchusin 2014. A microplot study was conducted in 2014 in two locations to evaluate the effects of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, race 3) and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, HG type 2.5.7) on plant growth, yield and food quality components of edamame. Yield was the most consistent factor influenced by nematode pressure with increasing nematode population densities resulting in suppressed pod and seed weight. Additionally, seed protein content was reduced in the highest tested population density of H. glycines. In greenhouse studies, 22 advanced edamame breeding lines from the University of Arkansas soybean breeding program were compared with two susceptible commercial cultivars for suitability as hosts for both M. incognitaand H. glycinesindependently. Four lines showed consistent reductions in M. incognitareproduction relative to the commercial cultivars and could represent sources of moderate resistance for development of future root-knot nematode resistant edamame cultivars.

We propose the use of dipolaritons—quantum well excitons with a large dipole moment, coupled to a planar microcavity—for generating terahertz (THz) radiation. This is achieved by exciting the system with two THz detuned lasers that leads to dipole moment oscillations of the exciton polariton at the detuning frequency, thus generating a THz emission. We have optimized the structural parameters of a system with microcavity embedded AlGaAs double quantum wells and shown that the THz emission intensity is maximized if both of the laser frequencies match different dipolariton states. The influence of the electronic tunnel coupling between the wells on the frequency and intensity of the THz radiation is also investigated, demonstrating a trade-off between the polariton dipole moment and the Rabi splitting.

par J. Wilkes, Docteur traduction: M. F. Corbeil Le Centre d'Ostomie de Montreal celebre son 35-ieme anniversaire. Fonde en 1961 par Mme Bertha Okun, le centre etait le premier du [...]

Denbury II: The Texas Supreme Court's January 6, 2017, Decision The Texas Supreme Court first held that the court of appeals incorrectly focused on the intent of Denbury at the time of its plan to construct the Green Line. On January 6, 2017, the Texas Supreme Court clarified the test for common carrier status under the Texas Natural Resources Code and held that Denbury Green conclusively established it was a common carrier with eminent domain authority. The trial court granted Denbury's motion for summary judgment and held that Denbury was a common carrier with eminent domain authority. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractMitral valve perforation is an uncommon aetiology of mitral regurgitation in the paediatric population. We present a case where 3-dimensional echocardiography assisted in the diagnosis of the source of mitral regurgitation and the surgical correlation.

The capillary rise method is used to measure the room temperature surface tension of several ionic liquids, selected mainly for their high electrical conductivity. They include salts based on the cations 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI), and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (DMI), paired with anions such as GaCl4−, FeCl4−, C(CN)3−, N(CN)2−, SCN−, EtSO4−, BF4−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO3)2N−(Tf2N−) and Au(CN)2−. The method consumes relatively little sample (<0.1 cm3) with measurement errors of 5%. Vacuum-dried samples are placed in the measurement cell under ambient (humid) air, but the meniscus is kept dry by a small flow of dry gas. Failure to dry the active interface leads to rapid contamination in the case of hydrophilic liquids, and to anomalously high surface tension. The highest surface tension measured (61 dyn cm−1) corresponds to DMI–N(CN)2.

A three-dimensional quantitative spectrometric data-activity relationship (3D-QSDAR) model was developed that is built by combining NMR spectral information with structural information in a 3D-connectivity matrix. The 3D-connectivity matrix is built by displaying all possible carbon-to-carbon connections with their assigned carbon NMR chemical shifts and distances between the carbons. Selected 2D ¹³C-¹³C COrrelation SpectroscopY (COSY) (through-bond nearest neighbors) and selected theoretical 2D ¹³C-¹³C distance connectivity spectral slices from the 3D-connectivity matrix to produce a relationship among the spectral patterns for 30 steroids binding to corticosteroid binding globulin. We call this technique a comparative structural connectivity spectra analysis (CoSCoSA) modeling. A CoSCoSA principal component linear regression model based on the combination of ¹³C-¹³C COSY and ¹³C-¹³C distance spectra principal components (PCs) had an r² of 0.96 and a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation q² of 0.92. A CoSCoSA parallel distributed artificial neural network (PD-ANN) model based on the combination of ¹³C-¹³C COSY and ¹³C-¹³C distance spectra had an r² of 0.96, a leave-three-out q3² of 0.78, and a leave-ten-out q10² of 0.73. CoSCoSA modeling attempts to uniquely combine the quantum mechanics information from the NMR chemical shifts with internal molecular atom-to-atom distances into an accurate modeling technique. The CoSCoSA modeling technique has the flexibility and accuracy to outperform the cross-validated variance q² of previously published quantitative structure−activity relationship (QSAR), quantitative spectral data-activity relationship (QSDAR), self-organizing map (SOM), and electrotopological state (E-state) models.

Recent developments in ion sources have enabled generation and mass-spectrometric investigation of multiply charged metal cations coordinated with various ligands. These ions exhibit rich dissociation chemistry, including electron transfer, proton transfer, and ligand cleavage. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the preeminent aprotic solvent. While complexes of two dipositive metal ions with DMSO were observed previously, the fragmentation of these species has remained essentially unknown. Here we present an extensive MS/MS investigation of DMSO complexes of doubly charged divalent metal cations. We determined the minimum sizes at which dications were stable against charge reduction as well as critical sizes above which no electron or proton transfer occurs. For intermediate sizes, low-energy fragmentation pathways were elucidated in detail. Both proton and electron transfers were observed, depending on the metal. We found diverse ligand cleavage channels, the most intense being the sequential scission of one or both carbon−sulfur bonds in one or several DMSO molecules with competitive eliminations of CH3 and CH4 neutrals. This behavior is completely different from that exhibited by acetone complexes of metal dications, or from that of acetonitrile complexes, in which ligand cleavage is always accompanied by charge reduction. Scission of a sulfur−oxygen bond in DMSO forming mostly ligated metal oxide cations is less intense; this is always associated with charge reduction.

Quantitative spectroscopic data-activity relationship (QSDAR) models for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), and biphenyls (PCBs) binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) have been developed based on simulated ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. All the models were based on multiple linear regression of comparative spectral analysis (CoSA) between compounds. A 1.0 ppm resolution CoSA model for 26 PCDF compounds based on chemical shifts in five bins had an explained variance (r²) of 0.93 and a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validated variance (q²) of 0.90. A 2.0 ppm resolution CoSA model for 14 PCDD compounds based on chemical shifts in five bins had an r² of 0.91 and a q² of 0.81. The 1.0 ppm resolution CoSA model for 12 PCB compounds based on chemical shifts in five bins had an r² of 0.87 and a q² of 0.45. The models with more compounds had a better q² because there are more multiple chemical shift populated bins available on which to base the linear regression. A 1.0 ppm resolution CoSA model for all 52 compounds that was based on chemical shifts in 12 bins had an r² of 0.85 and q² of 0.71. A canonical variance analysis of the 1.0 ppm CoSA model for all 52 compounds when they were separated into 27 strong binding and 25 weak binding compounds was 98% correct. Conventional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling suffer from errors introduced by the assumptions and approximations involved in calculated electrostatic potentials and the molecular alignment process. QSDAR modeling is not limited by such errors since electrostatic potential calculations and molecular alignment are not done. The QSDAR models provide a rapid, simple and valid way to model the PCDF, PCDD, and PCB binding activity in relation to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).

Five quantitative spectroscopic data-activity relationships (QSDAR) models for 50 steroidal inhibitors binding to aromatase enzyme have been developed based on simulated ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. Three of the models were based on comparative spectral analysis (CoSA), and the two other models were based on comparative structurally assigned spectral analysis (CoSASA). A CoSA QSDAR model based on five principal components had an explained variance (r²) of 0.78 and a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validated variance (q²) of 0.71. A CoSASA model that used the assigned ¹³C NMR chemical shifts from a steroidal backbone at five selected positions gave an r² of 0.75 and a q² of 0.66. The ¹³C NMR chemical shifts from atoms in the steroid template position 9, 6, 3, and 7 each had correlations greater than 0.6 with the relative binding activity to the aromatase enzyme. All five QSDAR models had explained and cross-validated variances that were better than the explained and cross-validated variances from a five structural parameter quantitative structure−activity relationship (QSAR) model of the same compounds. QSAR modeling suffers from errors introduced by the assumptions and approximations used in partial charges, dielectric constants, and the molecular alignment process of one structural conformation. One postulated reason that the variances of QSDAR models are better than the QSAR models is that ¹³C NMR spectral data, based on quantum mechanical principles, are more reflective of binding than the QSAR model's calculated electrostatic potentials and molecular alignment process. The QSDAR models provide a rapid, simple way to model the steroid inhibitor activity in relation to the aromatase enzyme.

We have developed a spectroscopic data−activity relationship (SDAR) model based on ¹³C NMR spectral data for 30 estrogenic chemicals whose relative binding affinities (RBA) are available for the alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) estrogen receptors. The SDAR models segregated the 30 compounds into strong and medium binding affinities. The SDAR model gave a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation of 90%. Two compounds that were classified incorrectly in the SDAR model were in the transition zone between classifications. Real and predicted ¹³C NMR chemical shifts were used with test compounds to evaluate the predictive behavior of the SDAR model. The ¹³C NMR SDAR model using predicted ¹³C NMR data for the test compounds provides a rapid, reliable, and simple way to screen whether a compound binds to the estrogen receptors.

We have developed four spectroscopic data−activity relationship (SDAR) models of monodechlorination of 32 chlorinated benzene compounds in anaerobic estuarine sediment. The SDAR models were based on combinations of ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared absorption (IR), and electron ionization mass spectrometric (EI MS) data. The SDAR models segregated the 32 compounds into 17 readily monodechlorinated compounds and 15 not readily monodechlorinated compounds. The SDAR model based on ¹³C NMR, IR, and EI MS data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 93.8%. The SDAR model based on a composite of ¹³C NMR and IR data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 90.6%. The SDAR model based on a composite of IR and EI MS data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 84.4%. The SDAR model based on a composite of ¹³C NMR and EI MS data gave a leave-one-out cross-validation of 84.4%. These reliable SDAR models provide a rapid and simple way to predict whether a chlorinated benzene compound will readily go through monodechlorination. The FDA has filed a patent application on methods of using any combination of spectral data (NMR, MS, UV−vis, IR, and fluorescence, phosphorescence) to model a chemical, physical, or biological endpoint.

The interaction of both photoelectrons and X-rays with self-assembled monolayers of n-alkanethiols on gold has been measured using synchrotron radiation as the photon source in the energy range 140−1100 eV. The attenuation length of photoelectrons (λ) was found to vary from a minimum of ~5 Å at an electron kinetic energy (E) of 100 eV up to ~23 Å at a kinetic energy of 1000 eV and can be described by the expression λ = 0.3E^0.64 in the range 300−1000 eV. Exposure of the self-assembled monolayer to X-rays leads to fission of the C−S bond with a cross section of the order of 10^-17 cm² which diplays no apparent dependence on the incident photon energy.

A linear stability analysis of multilayer plane Poiseuille flow of Oldroyd‐B liquids with shear rate dependent viscosities is performed for an arbitary number of layers. Asymptotic solutions at long wavelengths and numerical solutions at wavelengths of O(1) are obtained for two‐dimensional infinitesimal disturbances. The asymptotic solutions are identical for viscoelastic and Newtonian liquids in two‐ and three‐layer flows, except for nearly geometrically symmetric configurations in three‐layer flows. Multilayer flows of viscoelastic liquids can be stable at all wavelengths; thus, operating diagrams of stable flows can be constructed. Symmetric and nearly symmetric configurations in three‐layer flows are unstable when the core layer is more viscous than the cuter layers. For highly elastic liquids, stability is not influenced by elasticity, whereas shear thinning always destabilizes the flow. The analysis provides guidelines to avoid interfacial instabilities, which originate inside dies of multilayer extrusion.

The production of charged hadrons is studied in µXe and µD interactions at 490 GeV beam energy. The data were taken at the Tevatron at Fermilab with the E665 spectrometer, equipped with a streamer chamber as vertex detector. Differences between the µXe and µD data are explained by cascading of hadrons in the Xe nucleus. The average multiplicity of charged hadrons in µXe scattering is compared to previously published pXe scattering data and is found to be strongly reduced. This is traced back to the low number of ‘projectile’ collisions in µXe interactions. From a study of thexBj dependence of hadron production in µXe scattering, and by considering events with a large rapidity gap, evidence is found for a significant contribution of diffractive scattering, which is enhanced in the kinematic region where shadowing of the cross section is observed. This result supports recent models in which diffractive scattering and nuclear shadowing are closely related.

This paper investigates acid disposal by gastric and duodenal mucosa with particular reference to the mechanisms of acid-stimulated luminal alkalinization in the duodenum. The bulk of solute flux across duodenal epithelium occurs by paracellular permeation, and passive diffusion of HCO3via shunt pathways contributes substantially to luminal alkalinization by this tissue in vitro.Effects on epithelial permeability of two treatments which stimulate mucosal alkaline secretion (PGE2and low luminal pH) were studied in vivoby measuring transmucosal fluxes of radiolabe led urea (mol wt 76) and inulin (mol wt ~ 5000). Rats were anesthetized and rates of alkalinization in segments of distal duodenum perfused with saline were monitored by continuous titration. PGE2(10 ?M, topically) increased alkaline secretion from 1.63±0.34 to 3.07±0.54?eq/cm/hr (mean ±sem, N=5). Luminal acid exposure (10 mM HCl for 10 min) increased alkalinization rate from 1.54±0.43 to 2.69±0.76; subsequent addition of PGE2induced a further rise to 3.27±0.54. Recovery of inulin in the luminal perfusate following intravenous injection was <10% of that of urea. Topical PGE2had little or no effect on recovery of either marker. Luminal acidification increased the rate of appearance of urea by 130±30% (P < 0.01, N=6); recovery of inulin rose slightly but did not achieve statistical significance compared with control. Thus stimulation of mucosal alkaline secretion by luminal PGE2or acid are associated with differential effects on mucosal permeability. We conclude that low luminal pH enhances permeability of duodenal epithelium and increases the rate of alkalinization as a result of a rise in passive diffusion of HCO3from the mucosa into the lumen. PGE2produces no changes in permeability in this model and presumably acts as a result of stimulating transport of HCO3via a transcellular mechanism as previously demonstrated in vitro.

The production ofK0, ? and particles is studied in the E665 muon-nucleon experiment at Fermilab. The average multiplicities and squared transverse momenta are measured as a function ofxF andW2. Most features of the data can be well described by the Lund model. Within this model, the data on the K0/p± ratios and on the averageK0 multiplicity in the forward region favor a strangeness suppression factors/u in the fragmentation process near 0.20. Clear evidence for QCD effects is seen in the average squared transverse momentum ofK0 and ? particles.

Results on the production of charged hadrons in muon-deuteron and muon-xenon interactions are presented. The data were taken with the E665 spectrometer, which was exposed to the 490 GeV muon beam of the Tevatron at Fermilab. The use of a streamer chamber as vertex detector provides nearly 4p acceptance for charged particles. The µD data are compared with the µXe data in terms of multiplicity distributions, average multiplicities, forward-backward multiplicity correlations, rapidity and transverse momentum distributions and of two-particle rapidity correlations of charged hadrons. The data cover a range of invariant hadronic massesW from 8 to 30 GeV.

Basic density and extractives content, of the sapwood and outer heartwood respectively, were compared for a fast-and a slow-grown tree in five, 40 year old, coppice clumps of each of six eucalypt species. Rate of growth did not appreciably influence extracted wood density, although outer heartwood extractives levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the larger stems. The juvenile core, as defined by radial variation in basic density, occupied a similar proportion of the tree diameter in the fast-and slow-grown trees, suggesting that sampling was effected in tissues of similar maturity in both tree groups.

Highly purified populations of alveolar epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) were isolated from human lung specimens. These cells were characterised histochemically, by demonstrating the presence of intracellular alkaline phosphatase, and morphologically, by electron microscopic demonstration of lamellar bodies and microvilli. Expression of the epithelial glycoprotein HEA-125, of MHC class I and class II (HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ) antigens and of the intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LFA-3 and B7 was quantified by flow cytometry. Comparison was made between the expression of these molecules by isolated type II cells and by alveolar epithelium in normal human lung tissue after immunocytochemical staining of frozen sections of donor lung. Isolated type II pneumocytes expressed HEA-125 and class I MHC molecules and the class II MHC molecules HLA-DR and -DP; HLA-DQ was not detected. The intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 was expressed constitutively at low levels but there was minimal expression of VCAM-1, LFA-3 and B7. It was not possible to differentiate type II cells from the predominant type I pneumocytes on frozen sections. Alveolar epithelium expressed HEA-125, class I MHC antigens, the class II molecules HLA-DR, and -DP and the intercellular adhesion molecule LFA-3. Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and B7 was variable. As with the isolates, HLA-DQ was not observed on alveolar epithelium. In conclusion, a reproducible method for the isolation of pure populations of human type II pneumocytes has been developed. These cells were not damaged by the isolation procedure. It is not known whether alveolar epithelium can present antigens to T lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Strong magnetic fields inhibit degeneracy in Fermi gases, that is, they postpone degeneracy to higher densities or lower temperatures. We derive this principle, virtually unknown in the physical and astrophysical literature, for the case of an ideal Dirac electron gas. Its possible importance in astrophysics is due to the fact that the equations of state of Fermi gases at given density and temperature can be qualitatively changed by this degeneracy-inhibition by strong fields. All astrophysical work with strong fields up to the present has used the field-free equations of state and the usual MHD approximation: permeability ˜1. Their interest was focussed on the effects of a strong Lorentz force term. We consider an application to hypothetical degenerate stellar objects with arbitrarily strong fields to see what effects the changed equations of state would lead to. One result is that the luminosity-temperature relation of the star is changed: the luminosity is reduced for given mass and interior temperature.

The rate of heartwood development was examined at four heights in stems of Pinus radiata D. Don from 18 mature stands in south-eastern Australia. While the diameter of heartwood tended to be greatest at stump and breast heights, formation commenced earlier (i.e. with fewer sapwood rings) and/or progressed more rapidly 10–20 m above ground level. Appreciable variation in heartwood development was detected between trees in the same and different stands, with both environmental and genetic factors apparently important. Regression analyses involving three parameters of heartwood development (number of rings, diameter and percentage area) and stem characteristics including height, diameter and ring width suggested that heartwood formation is affected little by tree vigour in the post-juvenile growth phase. Rather it seems that the rate at which annual increments are included in heartwood is largely fixed for any particular height level and stem. Thus the amount (but not necessarily the percentage) or heartwood in a stem is substantially dependent on diameter growth early in tree life.

An experimental tillage machine that combines active, rotary-powered tillage elements with conventional passive chisel tines was field tested. Negative draught created by the active elements was used to contribute to the passive tine draught requirements. A tillage machine of this configuration could improve power transmission efficiency for tillage, reduce wheel slip, allow use of lighter tractors and allow tillage to take place in more difficult tractive conditions. Field tests of the experimental active-passive tillage machine were conducted to investigate the effects of velocity ratio (ratio of rotor tip velocity to forward velocity), forward speed and active/passive depth ratio (ratio of depth of active elements to depth of passive elements) on machine performance. The draught of the active-passive tillage machine was at least 50% lower in all cases than a similar machine using purely passive tillage tools. The active-passive tillage machine reduced the gross specific fuel consumption by a maximum of 27% and net fuel consumption by a maximum of 36%. Wheel slip was reduced by at least 55% with the active-passive tillage machine. The active-passive tillage machine was able to reduce the draught, fuel consumption, wheel slip and engine flywheel power requirements compared to a similar passive tillage tool when the velocity ratio was less than 2·0. The velocity ratio was the most influential factor affecting the operating characteristics. Copyright 1993, 1999 Academic Press

Interaction of the trypanocide isometamidium chloride with components of Trypanosoma congolense results in characteristic shifts in the intrinsic fluorescence of the drug. The specificity of this interaction was investigated by analysing the effects of various physicochemical manipulations on its fluorescence properties. The characteristic shifts involved a preferential increase in the intensity of one emission peak over the other, resulting in a systematic increase in the ratio of fluorescence intensities. These effects were apparently due to constraints on fluorophore free rotation in the solution (that is, viscosity). Purified DNA produced similar effects in a saturable manner displaying high affinity for the drug, indicating that the constraint involves binding of the drug to high-affinity binding sites within the DNA. Such binding sites were demonstrated in lysates derived from trypanosomal cells. The binding sites were associated with macromolecular species (M(r) > 12000), and were partly disrupted by thermal denaturation and proteolysis. Treatment with DNase 1 produced high levels of disruption of the binding sites (> 85%), indicating an involvement of DNA in the binding. BSA demonstrated weak non-specific binding of the drug. Entry of drug into live trypanosomal cells (monitored by 14C-labelled drug uptake) was paralleled by fluorescence shifts observed under comparable conditions of drug concentration and buffer conditions. Both systems (fluorescence shifts and accumulation of labelled drug) indicated the presence of a saturable membrane transporter with high affinity for the drug. We conclude that monitoring the fluorescence shifts of isometamidium constitutes a sensitive and highly specific probe for entry of the drug into trypanosomal cells, thereby enabling resolution of the transport events involved.

Isometamidium chloride (Samorin) is the only compound recommended for prophylaxis against bovine trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. The fluorescence property of this compound was used to investigate the interaction of the molecule with in vitro-derived bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma congolense IL 1180. Incubation of isometamidium with trypanosomes at 37 degrees C for 180 min resulted in a gradual alteration of the lambda max. with time (from 600 to 584 nm) and an increase in the intensity of trypanosome-associated fluorescence of approx. 2-fold. The alteration in fluorescence was temperature-dependent and inhibited by the addition of N-ethylmaleimide. In contrast, with intact cells addition of digitonin caused a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity to approximately four times that observed with intact cells. Uptake of isometamidium was also determined using radiolabelled drug; the results indicated that the time course of the uptake process resembled the fluorescence profile and was temperature-dependent. The results therefore indicate that the alteration of fluorescence is due to interaction of isometamidium with an intracellular component(s) and that isometamidium is transported across the plasma membrane via a protein carrier. The data also indicate that the described fluorescence technique can be used to investigate the role of membrane transport in resistance to isometamidium.

The neutron reflectivity from a sample consisting of a silicon nitride layer on a crystalline silicon substrate has been measured. The structure of the sample normal to the reflecting surface has been modelled to produce a scattering length density profile whose simulated reflectivity closely matches that experimentally determined. The layer thickness and the corresponding interface structures are detailed. Two modelling techniques have been used, one based on the well known Born and Wolf matrices and the other based on the Abeles method. The two techniques are compared and the sensitivity of the two techniques are discussed.

The phase diagram of the buffered neutral aluminum chloride + 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride + sodium chloride (AlCl3-EMIC-NaCl) ternary melt system can be represented by a binary phase diagram composed of (EMI)AlCl4 and NaAlCl4. In the binary phase diagram, the salts are liquid at, or near, room temperature for a wide range of compositions. At the 1:1 composition, the congruently melting compound (EMI)(Na)(AlCl4)2 with m.p.=36.7°C is formed. Crystals of this mixed organic-inorganic salt were grown for single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystalizes in the space group with lattice parametersa=10.321(1) Å,b=10.895(3) Å,c=9.284(4) Å, a=98.31(2)°, ß=100.83(4)°, ?=101.95(3)°. Data collected at -120°C gave final residuals ofR=0.037 andRw=0.045 using 2713 observed reflections. The packing diagram reveals Na+ ion zig-zag chains running along thea-axis with each Na+ surrounded by four AlCl4- units, reminiscent of NaAlCl4. The AlCl4- ions form a distorted square planar coordination sphere around Na+ at an average Na-Al distance of 3.76(4) Å. Using a sodium ionic radius of 1.16 Å, a new AlCl4- ionic radius of 2.60 Å is calculated. This radius is 0.21 Å shorter than the reported thermodynamic radius.

Wilkes JM, Scott DR. Hersey SJ. Sachs G. Second messengers in the gastric gland: a focus on calcium. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991, 26(suppl 180), 70-84The rabbit gastric gland model was used to study the nature of the muscarinic cholinergic and gastrin responses of parietal cells. Carbachol (100 μM) stimulation of acid secretion, as measured by the accumulation of aminopyrine. was inhibited hy the M1 antagonist pirenzepine with an IC50 of 13 μM: by the M2 antagonist 11.2-(diethylamino)methyl-l-piperidinyl acetyl-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido 2.343 1,4-benzo-diazepin-6-one (AF-DX 116) with an IC50 of 110μM: and by the M3 antagonist diphenylacetoxy-4-methylpiperidinemethiodide (4-DAMP) with an IC50 of 35 nM. The three antagonists displayed similar lC50 values for the inhibition of carbachol-stimulated production of 14CO2 from radiolabeled glucose. which is a measure of the turnover of the H-K-ATPase. Intracellular calcium levels were measured in gastric glands loaded with FURA2. Carbachol was shown both to release calcium from an intracellular pool and to promote calcium entry across the plasma membrane. The calcium entry was inhibitablc by 20 μM La34. The relative potency of the three muscarinic antagonists for inhibition of calcium entry was essentially the same as for inhibition of acid secretion or metabolism. However, the rise in cell calcium due to release of calcium from intracellular stores was inhibited by 4-DAMP with an IC50 of 1.7 nM. Image analysis confirmed that the effect of carbachol and of the antagonists on intracellular calcium was occurring in the parietal cell. In particular. the high-affinity inhibition of calcium release by 4-DAMP occurs in the parietal cell. Accordingly, it appears that the secretory receptor of the parietal cell is of the M3 type. and acid secretion depends on the entry of calcium rather than on calcium release from intracellular stores. In parallel experiments gastrin (G-17-sulfated) produced a dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium (EC50. 0.14 ± 0.013 μM). No stimulation of acid secretion was observed. but pepsinogen secretion was stimulated dose-dependently (EC50 = 1.17 ± 0.21 μM).

We have used the energy-energy angular pattern of hadrons in inelastic muon-deuteron scattering to study perturbative QCD effects and to extract the gluon distribution functionηG(η) of the nucleon, whereηis the fractional momentum carried by the gluon. The data were taken with the E665 spectrometer using the Fermilab Tevatron muon beam with a mean beam energy of 490 GeV. We presentηG(η) for 0.005<η<0.05 and at an averageQ2of 8 GeV2using this new technique. We find thatηG(η) in this region can be described byηG(η)αηλwithλ=−0.87±0.09(stat.)±0.370.32(sys.). We compare our results to expectations from various parametrizations of the parton distribution function and also to results from HERA.

To maximize the availability of pro-vitamin A carotenoids in sweet potato and to recommend the appropriate start of piecemeal harvesting practice, the main carotenoids in storage roots of 17 different sweet potato cultivars were surveyed using HPLC and spectrophotometry methods, and their variation due to production site, storage root age, and boiling was assessed. There was significant variation in carotenoid content among cultivars. Six different carotenoids were consistently detected in significant quantities. Orange-fleshed roots contained higher total carotenoid and β-carotene content than white- and cream-fleshed lines, and alltrans-β-carotene predominated. The effect of storage root age on carotenoid content was significant. Twelve weeks after planting, the yield and amount of pro-vitamin A present in roots of orange-fleshed cultivars evaluated were high enough to provide adequate dietary pro-vitamin A and suggest the start of piecemeal harvesting. The effect of farming site on total carotenoids was significant; however, the amount of β-carotene was not different over three testing sites. Boiling of roots for 30 min caused a reduction in total carotenoids which varied by cultivar; however, further boiling for up to 60 min did not exacerbate the reduction in total carotenoids.