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Abstract: Using extensively available information on heat transfer, construction methods, ventilation, and human transient thermal response, the authors demonstrate the feasibility of the concept of firesafe sanctuaries for high-rise structures.

Composition, densities and biomass of sublittoral macrozoobenthos were investigated at 14 sites in the enclosed Rhine-Meuse Delta. The aim was to identify the main macrozoobenthic assemblages and to establish their relationship with environmental conditions, including sediment pollution. Most sites were dominated by the tubificidsLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri andL. claparedeanus. Four zoobenthic assemblages could be identified. They are related to different geomorphological phases of a basin filling up with fluvial sediment causing a longitudinal sediment gradient. The ’Rhine river’ assemblage was found in the Nieuwe Merwede, filled up in the 1970's, the ’soft mud’ assemblage in the Hollands Diep at sites with high sedimentation rates; the ’basin silt’ assemblage in the Amer, Hollands Diep and Haringvliet, at sites with lower sedimentation rates, and the ’basin shoal’ assemblage at former flats with low sedimentation rates. CANOCO was used to relate the TWINSPAN indicator species to a selection of environmental parameters. Sediment pH, water content, sand fraction, total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and current velocity explained 44% of the variance of the average abundance of the indicator taxa per site. Sediment firmness, indicated by sediment water content, and high ammonium concentrations probably were together responsible for the very low densities in the ’soft mud’ assemblage. Densities and biomasses in the other assemblages were low as well, except for theDreissena polymorpha habitat, where very high total zoobenthic biomass values (max. 55.8 g m−2) were observed. It is argued that sediment contamination has a considerable impact on macrozoobenthic densities and species composition in all assemblages, the ’basin shoal’ assemblage excepted.

We consider the problem of light focusing by a high-aperture lens through a plane interface between two media with different refractive indices. We compare two recently published diffraction theories and a new geometrical optics description. The two diffraction approaches exhibit axial distributions with little difference. The description based on geometrical optics is shown to agree well with the diffraction optics results. Also, some implications for three-dimensional imaging are discussed.

It is shown that viscosity induced by a magnetic field excludes certain Bianchi models. In fact, it is proved that a homogeneous, nonrotating universe of Bianchi class A, containing a viscous fluid and a large-scale magnetic field, can be only of Bianchi type I or VI0.

The study of Bianchi class A models is completed with the study of type B models. The theorems of Hughston and Jacobs, and Tsoubelis are sharpened by taking viscosity into account. By confronting theory with observation, it is shown that a homogeneous, nonrotating viscous universe with a large-scale magnetic field can only be of Bianchi type I.

Focusing light through an interface leads to an aberrated intensity distribution that is highly extended with a relatively low peak intensity. We present a method, using a well-chosen annular aperture, that can greatly improve the localization of the intensity about a prescribed point on the axis. Also, the intensity at that point can be increased significantly. By continuously varying the annulus radii, we can scan the intensity peak through the second medium. This localization and scanning method has possible applications in three-dimensional imaging and lithography.

Focusing light through an interface leads to an aberrated intensity distribution that is highly extended with a relatively low peak intensity. We present a method, using a well-chosen annular aperture, that can greatly improve the localization of the intensity about a prescribed point on the axis. Also, the intensity at that point can be increased significantly. By continuously varying the annulus radii, we can scan the intensity peak through the second medium. This localization and scanning method has possible applications in three-dimensional imaging and lithography.

The correction pointed out by Kim et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A35, 591 (2018)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.35.000591] to our paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14, 1482 (1997)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.14.001482] is welcome. A few additional remarks are included in this reply.