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We experimentally demonstrated an all-fiber-based unidimensional continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) protocol and analyzed its security under collective attack in realistic conditions. A pulsed balanced homodyne detector, which could not be accessed by eavesdroppers, with phase-insensitive efficiency and electronic noise, was considered. Furthermore, a modulation method and an improved relative phase-locking technique with one amplitude modulator and one phase modulator were designed. The relative phase could be locked precisely with a standard deviation of 0.5° and a mean of almost zero. Secret key bit rates of 5.4 kbps and 700 bps were achieved for transmission fiber lengths of 30 and 50 km, respectively. The protocol, which simplified the CV QKD system and reduced the cost, displayed a performance comparable to that of a symmetrical counterpart under realistic conditions. It is expected that the developed protocol can facilitate the practical application of the CV QKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]