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The deposition of atmospheric nitrogen sourced from emissions has broad environmental consequences, but long-term measurements of recent air pollution control and nitrogen management effectiveness in China are rare. Here we report measurements from a ground-based monitoring network that show a 14% decline in the rate of nitrogen deposition over China from 2010 to 2020, including a 34% decrease in oxidized nitrogen (mainly industrial) and a 10% decline in reduced nitrogen (mostly agricultural) with larger declines over eastern China. The increasing ratio of reduced to oxidized nitrogen deposition (from 1.5 to 2.0 between 2010 and 2020) underscores the need for effective agricultural nitrogen management.

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In this article, the tunable Zn-doped Ga2O3 films were obtained by introducing ZnO intercalation during the film deposition using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). The effect of the ZnO cycle ratio on the performance of solar-blind photodetectors (PDs) was first analyzed. Compared to the pure Ga2O3, an obviously enhanced performance of Zn-doped Ga2O3 films PDs was observed by the introduction of Zn dopants, especially photocurrent or responsivity, even if the light intensity is low. A high sensitivity of Zn-doped Ga2O3 PD has been achieved with superior photoelectric characteristics for an extremely low dark current of $2.22\times 10^{-{13}}$ A, an ultrahigh light ON/ OFF current ratio of $2.89\times 10^{{6}}$ , and a satisfactory responsivity of 104 mA/W when the ZnO cycle ratio is 5%. The above excellent results imply that the Zn-doped Ga2O3 PD can be greatly beneficial to the application in deep-ultraviolet (DUV) detection.

Traits of the spore‐bearing generation have historically provided the basis for systematic concepts across the phylogenetic spectrum and depth of mosses. Whether taxa characterized by a simple sporophytic architecture are closely related or emerged from independent reduction is often ambiguous. Phylogenomic inferences in the Funariaceae, which hold the model taxon Physcomitrium patens, revealed that several such shifts in sporophyte complexity occurred, and mostly within the Entosthodon‐Physcomitriumcomplex. Here, we report the rediscovery of the monospecific, Himalayan endemic genera Brachymeniopsisand Clavitheca, after nearly 100 years and 40 years since their respective descriptions. The genera are characterized by, among other traits, their short sporophytes lacking the sporangial peristome teeth controlling spore dispersal. Phylogenomic inferences reveal that Brachymeniopsis gymnostomaarose within the clade of Entosthodons.str., a genus with typically long‐exserted capsules. We therefore propose to transfer B. gymnostomato the genus Entosthodon, as E. gymnostomuscomb. nov.Furthermore, Clavitheca poeltii, the sole species of the genus, is morphologically highly similar to E. gymnostomus, and should also be transferred to Entosthodon, but is retained as a distinct taxon, E. poeltiicomb. nov., until additional populations allow for testing the robustness of the observed divergence in costa and seta length between the Nepalese and Chinese populations.

Aluminum nitride (AlN) film is a promising material which is used in various fields. In this study, AlN films with different plasma powers were grown by remote plasma atomic layer deposition. Saturation experiments have been applied in the plasma power between 1000 and 3000 W. The influence of plasma power on preferential orientation, chemical, optical, and electrical properties of AlN films are investigated. AlN films displayed multiphase hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with (002) preferential orientation for higher plasma power, while the predominant orientation shifted toward (100) at lower plasma power. The optical emission spectroscopy analyses show that NH and NH2radicals conduce to the deposition of AlN films and H radicals selectively dissociate Al–OH bonds which were on AlN film surface and etch deposition films. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that the 1500 W prepared AlN film with smallest surface roughness may be related to the relatively smaller concomitant crystal grains of (100) and (002). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation presents that oxygen content decreases as the plasma power increases. The obtained maximum value of dielectric constant and breakdown electrical field of AlN film deposited at 3000 W is 8.23 and 5.42 MV/cm, respectively.

In this work, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films are grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) with trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water, and inserted into blue mini-light-emitting diodes (mini-LEDs) as a moisture barrier layer to provide chip-level encapsulation. The effect of the inserted Al2O3 layer on the stability of the mini-LED performance is investigated. The experimental results show that the optimized substrate temperature for preparing the Al2O3 films under self-limiting surface reaction conditions and linear growth is in the range of 200 °C–250 °C. The highest film density, lowest impurity content, and lowest water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) can be obtained at 250 °C. The performance of the mini-LEDs with the Al2O3 layer does not degrade after 1000 h in 85% relative humidity (RH) and 85 °C temperature aging conditions, while the device without the moisture layer completely fails after 500 h. The degradation is found to be related to the increased series resistance and ideality factor of the devices. Moreover, it is found that the addition of the Al2O3 moisture layer improves the light intensity of mini-LEDs. The inserted Al2O3 layer with a simple process and thin thickness is therefore capable of providing excellent resistance against high humidity and high temperature environment for mini-LEDs.

Space-selectable microwave heating is a new trend of customized heating at present and in the future. Controllable antenna array (CAA) can effectively achieve space-selectable heating, which has drawn wide attention. In this article, a novel CAA approach of frequency multiplexing patch antenna array (FMPA) is proposed, with which the constituted patch elements have totally different resonant frequencies and each patch element exclusively takes charge of the heating task for certain subarea of entire planar area under heating. An all-metal four-element FMPA is designed as an example. It is integrated with a metal chamber where the target heating area is enclosed. Simulation results verify that the proposed FMPA has the function of independent space-selectable heating. Then, a controllable microwave heating system is built for the subsequent heating experiment. The experiment shows that, after the corresponding patch element being activated, the coverage ratio of each target heating subarea is more than 90%, and the error ratio is less than 1.5%. The proposed CAA technique of the FMPA enjoys vast potential in customized heating applications that has higher requirements for resolution of the subareas under heating. Its advantages include low cost, low loss, and high space utilization rate.

Transparent indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin film transistor (IGZO-TFT) prepared by all plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) has been firstly investigated. As the chemical composition has a considerable impact on the performance of IGZO TFTs, the properties of IGZO film and IGZO-TFT based on different In2O3 cycle ratios are investigated. The IGZO film prepared by PEALD shows amorphous state with excellent conformity and uniformity. Moreover, the a-IGZO films with different In2O3 cycle ratios are applied to TFT fabrication. When the a-IGZO thin film with 35% In2O3 cycle ratios, the transistor presents satisfactory electrical performance with a threshold voltage ( $\text{V}_{\text {th}}$ ) of 1.7 V, a saturation mobility ( $\mu _{\text {sat}}$ ) of 8.8 cm2/Vs, a subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.2 V/decade and an $\text{I}_{ON}/\text{I}_{OFF}$ of $2.2\times 10^{{8}}$ . This work provides a new way to achieve transparent TFT which better for practical commercial applications.

The central topic for the philosophical study in China during the past century was to relate our study to Western philosophy and solve the problem of the modernization of Chinese philosophy. Thus, the development of Chinese philosophy during this period is marked by identifying itself with Western criteria of values in addition to its self-orientation, self-introspection, self-development, and self-perfection. In the 21st century, Chinese philosophers will transcend the boundaries of the country to reconcile itself with the world and, at the same time, maintain a style of our own and set up a new theoretical system of Chinese philosophy.

Albeit their variated manifestations, a distinct humanistic spirit that is also characteristic of Chinese philosophy as a whole is found among the thoughts of the masters of Song-Ming Study of Principle. They advocated the pursuit of transcendence through concrete cultivation which generates refined faith, sincerity, courage and an enjoyable state-of-attainment. These contributions played a decisive part in the refinement of Confucian thought regarding theories of transcendence, for developments in the theory of spiritual effort in pursuit of transcendence during this period are unique both with respect to China and abroad. This essay explores this uniqueness, through which we can enrich our understanding of Song-Ming Study of Principle as a tradition, and further appreciate the transcendental dimension from the perspective of social practice. Exemplifications of a quest for self-transcendence, including self-cultivation and the concern for ultimate values are rooted in everyday life and carried out in concrete social practice.

An epidemic of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 relies on its spike protein to invade host cells by interacting with the human receptor protein Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes 2 (ACE2). Therefore, designing an antibody or small-molecular entry blockers is of great significance for virus prevention and treatment. This study identified five potential small molecular anti-virus blockers via targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by combining in silico technologies with in vitro experimental methods. The five molecules were natural products that binding to the RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 was qualitatively and quantitively validated by both native Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). Anti-viral activity assays showed that the optimal molecule, H69C2, had a strong binding affinity (dissociation constant KD) of 0.0947 µM and anti-virus IC50of 85.75 µM.

ABSTRACTOxide fibres have attracted considerable attention as protective layers for alumina composites. In this study, alumina (Al2O3f/Al2O3) matrix composites reinforced with continuous fibres were fabricated by a sol–gel process and were coated with Y2O3or ZrO2to improve their ablation resistance. The ablation behaviour of the coated composites was analysed under the oxyacetylene torch flame test. The results suggested that the Y2O3and ZrO2coatings as sacrificial barrier layers could protect the integrity of the composites. The linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate of composites with Y2O3coating were 0.00251 mm s−1and 0.00143 g s−1, respectively; the linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate of composites with ZrO2coating were 0.00142 mm s−1and 0.00112 g s−1, respectively. After a 120 s ablation test at 2200°C, the coatings still showed a stable structure and a high protection performance.

Swift changes in both industrialization and pollution control in China over the past 15 years have created a complex and evolving relationship between emission sources and the depositional sinks of air pollutants. Here, by combining an emissions inventory, an air quality model and a statistical model to estimate bulk deposition (wet plus a part of dry), we present the changes and driving factors of source–sink relationships of typical pollutants throughout China between 2005 and 2020. We find that the deposition of sulfate and nitrate has declined more slowly than the emissions of their precursors, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which we attribute, in part, to increased precipitation. In four developed regions of China, enhanced air pollution transport also plays an important role in the slower decline of deposition compared with that of emissions, as has a changing aerosol chemistry in the case of sulfur compounds. Our analysis shows that reducing deposition is not as simple as merely reducing its precursor emissions and suggests that the design of future policies to reduce associated risks may need to vary by region and species, accounting for their evolving interactions over time.

This paper mainly studies the influence factors and the theoretical model of OGM anti‐visibility. The factor experiment is performed by controlling the Mesh Space, the double‐layer metal reflectance difference |Rd|%, and the metal reflectivity R%. Though the research on the relationship between the factor and the level of anti‐visibility of the touch screen, Mesh Space, |Rd|%, and R% have a negative correlation with Anti visibility ability. To improve anti‐visibility ability, it is necessary to reduce Mesh Space, |Rd|% and R%. By establishing the OGM anti‐visibility theoretical model, the visibility of the human eye to the OGM metal mesh is equivalent to the human eye's ability to distinguish the smallest unit of metal mesh line. When mesh Space and |Rd|% increases, which is equivalent to the larger the resolution line distance of the mesh , it is easier for human eye to recognize metal mesh according to the Rayleigh criterion, so that the metal mesh is visible and anti‐ visibility ability decreases. When R% increases, metal reflection energy increases, and the background difference from the display module increases, making it easier to be recognized.

Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Most recent researches have focused on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans. Especially, different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities, and several natural flavonoids exhibited significant antiviral properties both in vitro and in vivo. This review provides a survey of the literature regarding the evidence for antiviral bioactivities of natural flavonoids, highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of natural flavonoids on viruses, and presents the details of most reported flavonoids. Meanwhile, future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections were discussed.

Wire mesh packing has been extensively utilized in laboratory and industry applications in rotating packed bed (RPB) because of the high mass transfer performance and low cost. Conventional wire mesh packings formed by the coiling meshes with constant porosity have an increasing cross-sectional area along the radial direction, which affects the fluid flow behavior and mass transfer performance. Herein, wire mesh packings with controllable cross-sectional area were designed and rapidly fabricated using the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Gas–liquid mass transfer efficiencies of wire mesh packings with various structures and cross-sectional areas were evaluated. The gas–liquid effective interfacial area (ae) and liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLae) of the concentric wire mesh packing with constant cross-sectional area were, respectively, 25.5 and 14.7% higher than those of the coiled one with increasing cross-sectional area. The correlations for prediction of aeand kLae, considering previous and current data, were respectively established with acceptable deviations.

Significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in subsurface has been increasingly documented in recent years, whereas the mechanisms controlling ROS production and distribution in subsurface remain poorly understood. Here we show that water table fluctuations regulate the dynamics of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and distribution in unconfined aquifers. In one hydrological year, we measured the dynamics of H2O2distribution in an unconfined aquifer impacted by a 14 m water level fluctuation in the adjacent Yangtze River. H2O2concentrations in groundwater attained up to 123 nM at rising water table stage in summer, but were low or even below the detection limit at the other stages of stable and falling water table. Lab experiments and kinetic models revealed that abiotic reactions between dissolved O2and reduced species (i.e., Fe(II) and organic matter) were responsible for H2O2production in the aquifers. Both field observations and reactive transport models unveiled that a rising water table developed a thermodynamically unstable banded zone in the unconfined aquifer in which elevated coexisting dissolved O2and reduced species favored abiotic H2O2production. Our findings provide fundamentals for understanding and predicting ROS distribution in unconfined aquifers, and constrain the significance of ROS in aquifers to specific temporal and spatial domains.

Riparian zones are one of the most complex redox‐dynamic systems, where sequential redox zones of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, manganese dioxide, ferric hydroxide and sulfate reduction commonly form. River stage dynamics and microbes are two key controls on nutrient transformation in the riparian zone. Microbial growth, on one hand, increases the biogeochemical reaction rate by altering the microbial population. On the other hand, decreases the permeability of the media due to clogging effects, thereby increasing the residence time of solutes. However, previous studies have often concentrated on steady‐state flow systems and overlooked the impacts of river stage fluctuations and dynamic microbial growth on redox zonation. In this study, we investigated the interactions among river fluctuations, nutrient supplies, microbial metabolisms, and sediment physical properties in a dynamic riparian system. A column experiment was conducted, and a one‐dimensional modeling framework that coupled flow, reactive solute transport, dynamic microbial growth and bioclogging processes was developed to study the spatiotemporal evolution of redox zonation in response to river stage fluctuations and microbial growth. Our results showed that two redox zonation patterns, including a typical sequence and an interlaced sequence, could form in the dynamic riparian zone. Increasing exogenous dissolved organic carbon concentration facilitates the occurrence of anomalous sequence redox zonation. Modeling results also indicated that ignoring microbial growth leads to a significant difference in the spatiotemporal characterization of the redox zonation, especially for a more permeable sediment. Our results implicate the occurrence of more complicated redox zonation in a dynamic riparian system than previously reported. Two redox zonation patterns including a normal sequence and an anomalous sequence can form in a dynamic riparian zoneVariations in exogenous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and distributions of solid‐phase terminal electron acceptors jointly control the anomalous sequence redox zonationRedox zonation in high‐permeable media is more sensitive to external DOC than that in low‐permeable media Two redox zonation patterns including a normal sequence and an anomalous sequence can form in a dynamic riparian zone Variations in exogenous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and distributions of solid‐phase terminal electron acceptors jointly control the anomalous sequence redox zonation Redox zonation in high‐permeable media is more sensitive to external DOC than that in low‐permeable media

This paper is the first study of Metal Mesh Node corrosion. The corrosion of Metal Mesh Node were occurred during the experiment, which was used to value the stock time of OGM. Based on our research,sensor protective film cause the node corrosion can be literal. With a replace of a neutral antistatic agent, issue such as node corrosion can be addressed. The results showed that the higher PH would increase the risk of product failure. We also investigated the mechanism of node corrosion and a reaction of the metal and OH− or H+ mechanism is proposed. The OH− or H+ was separating from Sensor protective film. This research can be used for guiding the production of sensor protective film. This research also pointed that the PH of sensor protective film should be 7

Objective This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of left liver anatomical resection via the left vertical groove following intraoperative antegrade cholangioscopy (biliary exploration through the left hepatic duct orifice) in patients with left-sided hepatolithiasis (LSH) and previous biliary tract surgery.Methods Between January 2012 and January 2016, eligible patients with LSH (n = 28) who underwent left liver anatomical resection via the left vertical groove followed by intraoperative antegrade cholangioscopy, were referred to our hospital. Clinical results, such as the overall operative time, length of hospital stay, intraoperative complications, residual stones and postoperative bile leaks, were recorded and analyzed.Results No residual stones and bile leakage occurred in the patients. No patients experienced intraoperative complications or T-tube placement. The mean operative time was 135.1 ± 18.9 minutes. The mean postoperative duration of hospitalization was 7.8 ± 1.8 days.Conclusions Left liver anatomical resection via the left vertical groove combined with intraoperative antegrade cholangioscopy is a safe and useful method for patients with LSH and previous biliary tract surgery. This technique simplifies the operative procedure by avoiding dissection of the porta hepatis and subsequent choledochotomy.

Fifty mosses are reported new for the island of Kauaʻi. Sixteen species represent the first collection for the State of Hawaiʻi and are indicated by an asterisk (*). The moss flora of Kauaʻi is comprised of 170 taxa.

Increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition can influence food production, environmental quality and climate change from the regional to global scales. As the largest developing country, China is expected to experience a rapid increase in N deposition. However, the lack of information on dry N deposition limits our understanding of the historical trend of the total N deposition, as well as the main drivers of this trend. Here, we use extensive datasets that include both wet and dry N deposition to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation of N deposition and the changes of its components in China during 1980–2015. Three significant transitions in N deposition in China were observed. First, the total N deposition began to stabilize in 2001–2005, mostly due to a decline in wet NH4+deposition. Subsequently, a shift to approximately equal wet and dry N deposition occurred in 2011–2015, accompanied by increasing dry deposition. Finally, the contribution of reduced N components in the deposition decreased due to increasing NO3−deposition. These transitions were jointly driven by changes in the socioeconomic structure in China and vigorous controls in N pollution. The three observed important transitions challenge the traditional views about the continuous increase in N deposition in China. Nitrogen deposition in China has been almost constant over the past decade, as decreasing wet deposition has balanced increasing dry deposition, according to analyses of extensive datasets on wet and dry nitrogen depositions in China.

Due to increasing global demand for crop production and energy use, more and more reactive nitrogen (Nr) has been generated and emitted to the environment. As a result, global atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has tripled since the industrial revolution and the ecological environment and human health have been harmed. In this study, we measured dry and wet/bulk N deposition from July 2013 to December 2015 in a semi-arid grassland of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The samples of dry and wet/bulk N deposition were collected monthly with a DELTA (DEnuder for Long Term Atmospheric sampling) system and with Gradko passive samplers and a precipitation gauge. The measured results show that the annual mean concentrations of NH3, NO2, HNO3, particulate NH4+(pNH4+) and particulate NO3−(pNO3−) in atmosphere were 2.33, 1.90, 0.18, 1.42 and 0.42 μg N/m3, respectively, and that the annual mean volume-weighted concentrations ofNH4+-N and NO3−-N in precipitation were 2.71 and 1.99 mg N/L, respectively. The concentrations of Nr components (including NH3, NO2, HNO3, pNH4+, pNO3−,NH4+-N and NO3−-N) exhibited different seasonal variations. Specifically, NO2and HNO3exhibited higher concentrations in autumn than in summer, while the other Nr components (NH3, pNH4+, pNO3−,NH4+-N and NO3−-N) showed the highest values in summer. Based on measured concentrations of Nr components and their deposition velocities estimated using the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model, the calculated annual mean dry deposition fluxes were 3.17, 1.13, 0.63, 0.91 and 0.36 kg N/(hm2•a) for NH3, NO2, HNO3, pNH4+and pNO3−, respectively, and the calculated annual mean wet/bulk deposition fluxes were 5.37 and 3.15 kg N/(hm2•a) forNH4+-N and NO3−-N, respectively. The estimated annual N deposition (including dry N deposition and wet/bulk N deposition) reached 14.7 kg N/(hm2•a) in grassland of Duolun County, approaching to the upper limit of the N critical load (10–15 kg N/(hm2•a)). Dry and wet/bulk deposition fluxes of all Nr components (with an exception of HNO3) showed similar seasonal variations with the maximum deposition flux in summer and the minimum in winter. Reduced Nr components (e.g., gaseous NH3and pNH4+in atmosphere andNH4+-N in precipitation) dominated the total N deposition at the sampling site (accounted for 64% of the total N deposition), suggesting that the deposited atmospheric Nr mainly originated from agricultural activities. Considering the projected future increases in crop and livestock production in Inner Mongolia, the ecological and human risks to the negative effects of increased N deposition could be increased if no mitigation measures are taken.

Efficient parameter extraction method is essential to establish large signal statistical model. This paper presents an automatic parameter extraction method of I-Vmodel for Gallium nitride (GaN) High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) large signal statistical model. To accurate modeling the statistical characterization, all of 53 parameters in an I-Vmodel are considered. In order to realize automatic parameter extraction, the model parameters are divided into blocks according to their physical meaning to reduce the complexity of the I-Vmodel. Different parameter blocks are extracted separately by fitting the pulsed I-Vtransfer characteristic curves of the device at different quiescent bias points. A large signal statistical model for 0.25µm GaN HEMTs process has been established by using the proposed method after measuring 34 GaN HEMTs from 10 batches. The results show that the large-signal performances (Output power and Power added efficiency) can be reproduced with high accuracy by the proposed statistical model.

The activation of an Mg acceptor in p-GaN with rapid thermal annealing (RTA) assisted low-temperature supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment (RTA-A-SCF) was investigated. After RTA-A-SCF treatment, the luminescence band of the N vacancy in the PL spectra was significantly suppressed. An evident decrease in H concentration is also observed in secondary ion mass spectrometer measurements, it indicates an obvious decrease of Mg–H complexes in the p-GaN. In addition, the ohmic contacts have been well improved and the hole concentration has increased by an order of magnitude. The activation mechanism of RTA-A-SCF treatment was further analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

scalable large-signal model of Al- GaN/GaN High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) suitable for multi-harmonic characterizations is presented. This model is fulfilled utilizing an improved drain-source current (Ids) formulation with a geometry-dependent thermal resistance (Rth) and charge-trapping modification. The Idsmodel is capable of accurately modeling the highorder transconductance (gm), which is significant for the prediction of multi-harmonic characteristics. The thermal resistance is identified by the electro-thermal Finite element method (FEM) simulations, which are physically and easily scalable with the finger numbers, unit gate width and power dissipations of the device. Accurate predictions of the quiescent currents, S-parameters up to 40GHz, and large-signal harmonic performance for the devices with different gate peripheries have been achieved by the proposed model.

This article describes how in recent years, models-based software reliability test methods have been a hot topic. In order to summarize the research results of the reliability test models created in recent years, and to find new research hot topics on this basis, two kinds of test models are in this article. These include the operational profile and the usage model which are introduced and compared. In addition, the methods of constructing a usage model are also discussed in detail. Finally, the topic of building a usage model is presented.

In this paper, the effect of temperature-dependent access resistances (TDARs) on intrinsic parameters extraction of compact model in AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is analyzed. Comparison of small-signal, large-signal, and dynamic load line results between the proposed method and conventional method are presented. It reveals that considering the TDARs effect can improve the accuracy of the large-signal model at high input power conditions. This is attributed to the improved accuracy of the extracted intrinsic parameters. Moreover, the nonlinearity of gate-drain series resistance (Rgd) is modeled for the first time. It shows that the consideration of nonlinear Rgd model can extend the applicable bias-voltage range of the large-signal model. A 0.15 um gate-length GaN HEMT on SiC substrate is used for method validation. The results of the paper can be useful for millimeter-wave GaN circuits design.

On-resin cyclization strategy has been developed into an efficient approach to synthesize cyclopeptidomimetics with interesting biological activities.

The evolution of texture in AA6016 alloy during processing was systematically investigated. The hot-rolled 6016 plates were cold-rolled to 0.9mm through three different rolling processes. One was directly rolled to 0.9mm, the other two were rolled to 1.8mm and 2.3mm, respectively, followed by intermediate annealing at 360°C for 2h, and then rolled to 0.9mm. Finally, the three kinds of cold rolled plates were performed continuous annealing at 560oC. The textures and microstructures of each stage were characterized by the X-ray diffraction and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The results show that the texture of hot-rolled sample is mainly composed of Brass, S and Copper; the relative amount and maximum density changed after 1st cold-rolling. After intermediate annealing, the Cube and Cube+ND20 texture replace the deformation texture and rise with the rolling reduction. Then the conducting of final cold rolling results in the decrease of Cube and Cube+ND20 component and increase of deformation texture. After the continuous annealing, R, Brass-R, Goss, Cube and Cube+ND20 components are observed. Particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) and nucleation at shear bands dominate the competition of recrystallization.

The capacitance–resistance model (CRM) has been widely used to identify the interwell connectivity in waterflooding reservoirs. Although this technique has been extended to deal with the blocks having multiple layers, almost all these models require that the injection profiles of all the injectors or the production profiles of all the producers should be available. This demanding requirement limits its applications. We propose a multilayer capacitance–resistance model (ML-CRM) to identify the interwell connectivity within each layer using incomplete injection/production profiles. All the known injection/production profiles are input into the model directly, whereas the unknown profiles of the other wells are estimated by matching the historical production data. Based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) network, we also propose a method to identify the connectivity accounting for well shut-in. Our model is solved by coupling the biogeography algorithm (BBO) and the least-squares regression. We examine the performance of ML-CRM using both the data generated from numerical simulations of different synthetic fields and actual production data from the Shengli oilfield, China. We also discuss the noise effect on the model performance. Our results suggest that even though limited injection/production profiles are available, our proposed model fully utilizes the known information and can still provide reliable results. A comparison with the interwell tracer test in the real field indicates that this model well captures the different connectivities within the two layers, which is beyond the capability of traditional CRM.

Porous media usually exhibit distinct transport properties of a dual domain, which is attributed to layering, fracturing, or aggregation. In this study, a mobile‐mobile (MM) model of radial solute transport consisting of two advection‐dispersion equations (ADEs) is presented to describe the bimodal (or double‐peaked) breakthrough curves (BTCs) through two distinct pore domains consisting of interrelated fast‐flow and slow‐flow domains. Transport processes, including advection, dispersion, and first‐order mass transfer between the two domains, were considered in the model. Semi‐analytical solutions were derived using a Laplace transform, matrix diagonalization and numerical Laplace inversion method, and the solutions were verified against the existing analytical solution for the mobile‐immobile (MIM) model under the special case of zero velocity in the slow‐flow domain. In addition, Markov Chain Monte Carlo is applied to estimate the MM model parameters using the experimental data. The results indicate that a larger transfer coefficient between the fast‐flow and the slow‐flow domains resulted in a weaker bimodal phenomenon for concentration distribution curves, which was notably more apparent when there was a greater variation in pore flow velocities between the two domains. Also, the MM model can be used to investigate other types of abnormal transport features such as late arrival and early arrival. Finally, the ADE, MIM, and MM models were used to interpret the experimental data conducted by Fernàndez‐Garcia et al. (2004, http://doi.org.10.1029/2004wr003112), and it was found that the proposed MM model can explain the bimodal feature of BTCs while the ADE and MIM models fail to do so. A semi‐analytical solution of a mobile‐mobile (MM) model for radial solute transport in a dual‐permeability porous medium is presentedThe presented solution of the MM model has been validated to capture the bimodal behavior in a radial tracer testKey differences and responses to bimodal transport phenomena between the MM model and previous models (advection‐dispersion equations and mobile‐immobile) are also presented A semi‐analytical solution of a mobile‐mobile (MM) model for radial solute transport in a dual‐permeability porous medium is presented The presented solution of the MM model has been validated to capture the bimodal behavior in a radial tracer test Key differences and responses to bimodal transport phenomena between the MM model and previous models (advection‐dispersion equations and mobile‐immobile) are also presented

Under the condition where there is no seasonal demand fluctuation, short life cycle product supply chain should confront the market environment such as the decreasing of product value, the launch of substitutes and the appearance of competitors’ similar products, and the supply chain will become a very complex system. In this paper, the authors consider a TOC-based scheduling mechanism in this complex supply chain system. under the constant total production cost, it is more important to improve the availability of the wanted product in order to enhance the overall supply chain competitiveness so to obtain more effective output(profit rate) for the supply chain in a long period. Especially we try to apply the SDBR concept into a schedule mechanism in a particular supply chain system, and use numerical analysis to test the efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A copper-catalyzed regioselective sulfenylation of indoles and a pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine with arylsulfonyl chlorides has been developed by using low loadings of a copper catalyst and the cheap reductant PPh3. This method is effective for both N-protected and unprotected indoles, providing a series of structurally diverse indole thioethers in good to excellent yields with extremely high regioselectivity. Just a pinch of Cu: A general strategy for the sulfenylation of indoles and a pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine with arylsulfonyl chlorides has been developed by using low loadings of a copper catalyst. A series of structurally diverse indole thioethers were obtained from N-protected and unprotected indoles in good to excellent yields with extremely high regioselectivity.

The influences of high temperature pre-straining (HT-PS) on the natural aging and bake hardening of Al–Mg–Si alloys were investigated by Vickers microhardness measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization. The results show that pre-straining at 170 °C immediately after quenching can effectively resolve the rather high T4 temper hardness caused by the conventional room temperature (RT) pre-straining treatment, and give a better bake hardening response (BHR) after paint-bake cycle. HT-PS 7% at 170 °C for 10 min is chosen as the optimum process as it provides lower T4 temper hardness and better BHR. The simultaneous introduction of dislocations and Cluster (2) can significantly suppress the natural aging and promote the precipitation of β″ phase, and reduce the effects of deformation hardening by dynamic recovery.

This study was conducted to analyze the factors that negatively influence Pakistani farmers' willingness to participate in crop insurance. Probit model was applied to identify the significant factors which influenced our dependent variable “not willing to participate”. The results of the analyses showed that crop insurance premium was the most influencing factor which had positive and significant impact on dependent variable. Similarly dissatisfaction with crop loan insurance scheme, lacking of knowledge about crop insurance, believing of being against Islamic rules and time taking process was also found to be positive and significantly influenced the dependent variable. While limited decision power and limited perils were not found to be significant in the results.

This paper proposes a new method of multiplexed voltage measurement for serial connected power lithium battery string. The method has some advantages such as simple circuit, the simultaneous measurement and high accuracy. The principle of the voltage measurement circuit is analyzed in this paper, and proposes the solution to the factors affecting the measurement precision of the circuit. Experiments show that this circuit leakage current and temperature drift is small, and also have high precision.

To assess the safety and effectiveness of Dengzhanxixin injection (DZI) extracted from Dengzhanxixin (Herba Erigerontis Breviscapi) and identify its potential risks.

La0.72Ca0.28MnO3thin films were deposited on untilted and 15° tilted LaAlO3(100) single crystalline substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The polycrystalline targets used in the deposition process were synthesized by sol–gel and coprecipitation methods, respectively. The structure, electrical transport properties and surface morphology of the targets and films were studied. It is found that, compared with coprecipitation method, the sol–gel target has more homogeneous components and larger density and grain size, thus the higher insulator–metal transition temperature and larger temperature coefficient of resistivity. The thin film prepared by sol–gel target has a uniform grain size and higher quality. The metal–insulator transition temperature is higher and the laser induced voltage signal is larger. Preparing the target by sol–gel method can largely improve the properties of corresponding thin films in pulsed laser deposition process.

This study has been conducted in three districts of Punjab Province namely, Dera Ghazi Khan, RajanPur and Bahawalpur of Pakistan. The study showed the results of a survey of 300 farmers which was organized to assess awareness level of farmers regarding crop insurance, factors affecting the awareness level among farmers and the perception of farmers about crop insurance. Based on exploratory research work upon the responses of farmers, the average and standard deviation were calculated. Probit model was applied to explore the factors affecting the awareness level of farmers. SPSS was used for the analysis of the collected data. The results revealed that out of 300 farmers, 184 farmers were aware with crop insurance and rests of the 116 farmers were not aware. Banks and E-media were found to be the two most important sources of the awareness for the respondent farmers. In the study area, the climatic risks were reported as the most severe risks faced by the farmers. The results also revealed the existence of negative perceptions of the farmers about crop insurance i.e. farmers perceived crop insurance as a kind of tax and they believed premium was so high that it was out of range of poor farmers and only large scale farmers could afford it. Results obtained by applying Probit model revealed that “education” and “previously availed agricultural credit” were the two most important factors which affected the awareness of the farmers regarding crop insurance.

Solute transport through riparian zone was studied experimentally and numerically with the consideration of silt layer. The silt layer had markable change on flow field and lead to a significant variation of the breakthrough curves (BTCs). BTCs of solute tracer tests show non-Fickian features as early arrival of peak value and long tailings. BTCs were fitted by advection dispersion equation (ADE), mobile and immobile model (MIM) and the continuous time random walk (CTRW) models. MIM and CTRW can fit BTCs better than ADE and MIM fit better on the capture of the peak value and CTRW fit better in description of the long tailing.

Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is a very popular dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) device, which is produced in the field of optical communication technology. Instead of traditional grating and lens spectral system, AWG is used as the spectral chip in miniature Raman spectrometer. It’s quite important for miniature Raman spectrometer in miniaturization and low cost. This paper analyzed the basic principles of AWG device, and introduces the insertion loss, crosstalk and phase error performance parameters, also focuses on the specific technical requirements about wavelength, optical channel number, phase error, wavelength resolution and bandwidth, which are applied in miniature Raman spectrometer. Some new researches and a series of related simulation have been made, finally won the 1 * 40 channels AWG spectral chips, with wavelength range of 880-920 nm, insertion loss of center wavelengths is better than-0.9 dB.

In this paper, some criteria on pth moment stability and almost sure stability with general decay rates of stochastic differential delay equations with Poisson jumps and Markovian switching are obtained. Two examples are presented to illustrate our theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically investigate the photon statistics in a cavity quantum electrodynamics system of a single quantum dot coupled to a bimodal nanocavity. It is shown in a recent work [A. Majumdar, M. Bajcsy, A. Rundquist, and J. Vuckovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 183601 (2012)] that the system can generate strongly sub-Poissonian light when one of the cavity modes is driven coherently and resonantly. We study the two-mode coherent driving regime of the coupled system. The effect of additional cavity mode driving on statistical characteristics of photon emission is presented by evaluating the zero-delay second-order correlation function g²(0). The antibunching character can be optimized by regulating the ratio between driving strengths of two cavity modes to achieve optimal combination of superbunched and coherent light. As a result g²(0) can be reduced up to several orders of magnitude [g²(0)~ 10-7] with proper system parameters, compared with the one-mode driving system [g²(0) ~0.1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]