Search

Sapphire windows have been inserted in the liner of a single cylinder, 550 cm3 capacity, diesel engine to enable temperatures of piston lands and rings to be monitored during firing. The overall temperatures thus measured are comparable to those reported in the literature obtained using embedded thermocouples. However, the very fast response time and surface specificity of the infrared method have also enabled transient temperature changes which take place just after combustion to be observed.

Einstein's equations of general relativity are solved in terms of gravitational potential derivatives, withTµ? equal to mass and/or field energy such thatTµ??0 outside a body. The line element equation then describes the variance of test particle internal geometrical structure and time-rate due to work done in a field, not the space-time curvature. Specific properties of gravitational fields and bodies come from this new solution: (a) The gravitational field consists of electromagnetic spin 2 gravitons which produce the gravitational force through the magnetic vector. (b) The gravitational mass is the Newtonian mass, not the relativistic mass, of a moving body. (c) An ‘action principle’ exists in gravitation theory. (d) Attractive gravity exists between matter and antimatter. (e) Unification with quantum physics appears possible.

Optical interferometry is now a widely used technique for measuring the separating film thickness in model rolling and sliding elastohydrodynamic contacts. There are two limitations of the method as conventionally employed: first, it cannot easily be used to accurately measure films less than one quarter the wavelength of visible light, i.e. less than about 100 nm. Secondly, only certain, discrete thicknesses, spaced at least 50 nm apart can be determined. This paper describes work aimed at overcoming these limitations so as to make optical interferometry applicable to the study of boundary or very thin film elastohydrodynamic lubrication in rolling contacts. A combination of a solid spacer layer with spectrometric analysis of reflected light from the contact enables very thin lubricant films to be accurately measured. The approach is applied to the study of thin films formed in rolling contacts by low viscosity lubricants. Some anomalies in the relationship between film thickness and speed are found with films of less than 15 nm thickness.

Comparisons are made among high-resolution line-profile measurements of Fe I 6065 and 6253 wavelengths in the spectrum of Arcturus. The line-profile measurements were made with four entirely different sets of equipment in order to have a leverage on external errors; three coude spectrographs and one Fourier transform spectrometer are used. The results indicate consistency in line shape to about 1% but zero-level differences of 2-5%. This represents a substantial improvement over the accuracy attained in the past decades. Reference profiles are tabulated for comparison by future observers.

The similarities between gravitational and electric forces are used as a basis for explaining the stability of the various parts of the Solar System in terms of gravitational guiding waves, or quanta. This leads to commensurability and quantisation of all orbital and spin parameters. Ultimately, the theory proves that gravity is an electromagnetic quantum phenomenon.

The similarities between gravitational and electric forces are used as a basis for explaining the stability of the various parts of the Solar System in terms of gravitational guiding waves, or quanta. This leads to commensurability and quantisation of all orbital and spin parameters. Ultimately, the theory proves that gravity is an electromagnetic quantum phenomenon.

A study of the Patella vulgata radula has been made using: the scanning electron microscope in its normal and compositional contrast modes of operation, the electron microprobe analyser, ion etching with argon ions and microhardness testing.