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Fiber optic temperature sensors for small-scale heat sources have an urgent need in many industrial fields, for example, the temperature field of the laser heat source, mini LED, microchip, and so on. To the best our knowledge, we first propose and demonstrate an ultrashort fiber optic temperature sensor based on a Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer which combines a low reflection fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with Fresnel reflection (i.e., ~4%) on the fiber end face. This unique FBG exhibits a broad Gaussian spectrum with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of 12.4 nm. This FBG-FP cavity structure was fabricated by a femtosecond laser line-by-line (LbL) scanning technology, and it has stronger mechanical strength due to no damage to the fiber material compared to other fiber optic FP interferometers. The free spectrum range (FSR) of the FBG-FP cavity is about 1.56 nm, corresponding to the cavity length can be calculated to be about $530 \mu \text{m}$ . The selected dip wavelength of the FBG-FP cavity sensor changes linearly with the temperature increase, corresponding to the temperature sensitivity of 10.8 pm/°C. Moreover, the FBG-FP cavity sensor exhibits a high spatial resolution of $580 \mu \text{m}$ and it can be used to measure the temperature of the small-scale laser spot due to its compact structure. The experimental results show the temperatures at different positions of 1064 nm laser exposure area are 138.4 °C, 111.5 °C, and 74.4 °C, respectively.

The amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are of great interest due to their high mobility, excellent homogeneity, and low processing temperature. With energy conservation and flexible electronics emerging, further reducing post-processing temperatures has become a primary concern. $\text{O}_{{2}}$ plasma treatment has received much attention because it can supply oxygen atoms directly and enhance the performance of AOS thin films at low temperatures. In this study, we provide a combined post-treatment incorporating low-temperature annealing and $\text{O}_{{2}}$ plasma treatment to improve the performance of praseodymium-doped indium zinc oxide (PrIZO) thin films and TFTs. With the increase of $\text{O}_{{2}}$ plasma treatment power, the density of PrIZO thin films first increases and then decreases, reaching a maximum of 6.3 $\text{g}\cdot $ cm $^{-{3}}$ at 40 W. With the increasing $\text{O}_{{2}}$ plasma treatment power, the surface roughness of PrIZO thin films first decreases and then increases, achieving a minimum of 0.49 nm at 40 W. The optimized PrIZO TFT exhibits good electric performance with a $\mu _{\text {sat}}$ of 17.9 cm $^{{2}} \cdot \text{V}^{-{1}} \cdot \text{s}^{-{1}}$ , a subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.40 $\text{V}\cdot $ dec $^{-1}$ , a threshold voltage ( ${V}_{\text {TH}}$ ) of −1.1 V, and an ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ ratio of 7.4 $\times \,\,10^{{7}}$ ultimately. A novel combined posttreatment incorporating low-temperature annealing and $\text{O}_{\mathbf {2}}$ plasma treatment is proposed and proved promising.

Byline: Dong. Xu, Minghua. Ge, Ankui. Yang, Ruochuan. Cheng, Hui. Sun, Hongcheng. Wang, Jianquan. Zhang, Zhigang. Cheng, Zeyu. Wu, Zhongmin. Wang, Bo. Zhai, Yin. Che, Lin. Chen, Liyu. Chen, Wen. [...]

A printable, flexible display panel is an important trend in the field of information display, which requires better mechanical and electrical properties of device materials. Polymer–metal oxide composite materials are promising in the functional layer of a thin-film transistor (TFT) and can be sufficiently fabricated by polymer–metal salt solution systems through the sol–gel process. For the development of polymer–metal oxide composite ink, it is necessary to study the film-forming mechanism of the composite film during solidification, which is an important reference in ink component design. However, the evolution of the composite structure is quite complex, which brings a challenge to characterization and analyzation. We applied a series of characterization methods to study the film-forming process of composite ink from sol to gel and to solid, and an emerging testing technology, nano-infrared spectroscopy (nano-IR), was applied to characterize the gel film. The research conclusion showed that the type of functional group can significantly affect the morphology of the initial particle and can finally determine the microstructure of the composite film. The study provides references for the development of composite ink as well as the characterization method for ink and film with complex composition.

Two-dimensional dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates confined within an annular potential are investigated. Stable ring-shaped anisotropic dipolar vortex quantum droplets are discovered in this configuration. These droplets remain stable under the influence of the annular potential, even with embedded vorticity up to 11. The stability regions of dipolar vortex droplets with varying embedded vorticity are confirmed through long time evolution. The characteristic parameters of the dipolar vortex droplets are systematically studied, and their existence curves are shown to contradict the well-known V–K criterion. Additionally, the shape transformation of dipolar vortex droplets induced by the strength of the mean-field interaction is examined. Finally, the behavior of dipolar vortex droplets confined within a wake-depth annular potential is also discussed. • The dipolar vortex droplets are investigated under the Lee–Huang–Yang correction. • Stable anisotropic dipolar vortex quantum droplets are found in an annular potential. • Dipolar vortex quantum droplets can be stable when the vorticity is up to 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The structure and properties of different kinds of 2D Xenes are presented. • The synthesis methods of 2D Xenes are summarized, including bottom-up and top-down approaches. • The photoelectronic properties of 2D Xenes is described, and some devices based on 2D Xenes are listed. • It provides an outlook of direction, challenges, and opportunities for future research on devices based on 2D Xenes. Two-dimensional materials, especially graphene-like emerging single-element materials two-dimensional (2D) Xenes, have attracted great research interest since the advent of the graphene. In this review paper, 12 kinds of different Xenes were introduced according to the group and element quality, and their main synthesis methods are outlined. The advantages and limitations of the synthesis methods are analyzed in detail. By summarizing the current photoelectronic properties of 2D Xenes materials, it is found that Xenes in the same group have similar properties, such as the buckling properties of the fourth group and the anisotropy of the fifth group. In addition, the performance of photoelectronic applications based on 2D Xenes materials are summarized, and some possible methods are proposed to improve the performance of future 2D Xenes material photoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the stability and collision dynamics of two-component quantum droplets within the framework of the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation, incorporating PT-symmetric lattice potentials and Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) correction terms. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, the behavior of two-component quantum droplets in PT-symmetric lattice potentials is elucidated. The study reveals that bell-shaped zero-vortex quantum droplets can form in PT-symmetric lattices, and their stability adheres to the Vakhitov-Kolokolov (VK) criterion. Numerical simulations demonstrate three distinct post-collision states of droplets: coalescence, separation, and evaporation, with the specific outcome depending on the droplets' particle number, initial momentum, and relative phase. Additionally, the quadrupole oscillation mode of the coalesced droplets is examined, revealing a relationship between the oscillation period and the norm. These findings provide significant insights for understanding quantum droplet phenomena and designing related experiments. • The quantum droplets are investigated in PT-symmetric optical lattices under the Lee-Huang-Yang correction. • The study reveals three distinct post-collision states: coalescence, separation, and evaporation. • The study found a relationship between the relative phase and the outcome of the collision. • The relationship between the four-pole oscillation period and the norm of the combined phase quantum droplet is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a low-cost clinically viable ventilator design, AmbuBox, using a controllable pneumatic enclosure and standard manual resuscitators that are readily available (AmbuBag), which can be rapidly deployed during pandemic and mass-casualty events with a minimal set of components to manufacture and assemble. The AmbuBox is designed to address the existing challenges presented in the existing low-cost ventilator designs by offering an easy-to-install and simple-to-operate apparatus while maintaining a long lifespan with high-precision flow control. As an outcome, a mass-producible prototype of the AmbuBox has been devised, characterized, and validated in a bench test setup using a lung simulator. This prototype will be further investigated through clinical testing. Given the potentially urgent need for inexpensive and rapidly deployable ventilators globally, the overall design, operational principle, and device characterization of the AmbuBox system have been described in detail with open access online. Moreover, the fabrication and assembly methods have been incorporated to enable short-term producibility by a generic local manufacturing facility. In addition, a full list of all components used in the AmbuBox has been included to reflect its low-cost nature.

The propagation of a truncated Airy beam with spatial phase modulation (SPM) is investigated in Kerr nonlinearity with an optical lattice. Before the truncated Airy beam enters the optical lattice, a sinusoidal phase is introduced on the wave-front of the beam. The effect of the spatial phase modulation and optical lattice on propagation behavior is analyzed by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the propagation direction of a truncated Airy beam can be effectively controlled by adjusting the values of phase shift. The effects of optical amplitude, truncation factor, spatial modulation frequency, lattice period and lattice depth on the propagation are discussed in detail. By choosing a high modulation depth, the finite-energy Airy beam can be deflected with a large deflection angle in an optical lattice.

The digital twins concept enhances modeling and simulation through the integration of real-time data and feedback. This review elucidates the foundational elements of digital twins, covering their concept, entities, domains, and key technologies. More specifically, we investigate the transformative potential of digital twins for the wastewater treatment engineering sector. Our discussion highlights the application of digital twins to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and sewage networks, hardware (i.e., facilities and pipes, sensors for water quality and activated sludge, hydrodynamics, and power consumption), and software (i.e., knowledge-based and data-driven models, mechanistic models, hybrid twins, control methods, and the Internet of Things). Furthermore, two cases are provided, followed by an assessment of current challenges in and perspectives on the application of digital twins in WWTPs. This review serves as an essential primer for wastewater engineers navigating the digital paradigm shift.

The existence and stability of quantum droplets are studied in ultracold atoms in Bose–Einstein condensates with a radial period lattice under the Lee–Huang–Yang correction. Both stable bell-shaped and ring-shaped zero-vorticity quantum droplets are found in this radial lattice. It is found that the existence curves of the zero-vorticity quantum droplets could violate the V–K criterion, which is a necessary condition to form stable solitons. Under the effect of the radial lattice potential, vortex quantum droplets can be still stable when embedded vorticity S is up to S = 10. The vortex quantum droplets can be trapped at the first as well as at the second circular trough of the radial lattice. The stability areas of the vortex quantum droplets with different embedded vorticity S are identified by the long time evolution. The chemical potential of the vortex quantum droplets also violates the V–K criterion. The peak value and effective area of the vortex quantum droplets are independent of the vorticity S , while it only depends on the total norm and the potential of the radial lattice. The double ring quantum droplets, with different embedded vorticity in their inner and outer ring, are also discussed. • The quantum droplets are investigated under the Lee–Huang–Yang correction. • Stable vortex quantum droplets are found in radial lattices. • Vortex quantum droplets can be stable when the vorticity is up to 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory is presented to study the existence and stability properties of fundamental solitons, multi-peaked gap solitons and vortex solitons in self-defocusing media with PT-symmetric superlattice. In the first gap of the superlattice potential, fundamental, dipole, and in-phase quadruple solitons can exist stably within a wide parameter region, while in-phase two-peaked solitons, out-of-phase quadruple solitons and vortex solitons are always unstable. Compared with simple-lattice solitons in similar potentials, the gap solitons in superlattice have a wider stable range than those in simple-lattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lee-Huang-Yang(LHY) correction to the mean field dynamics, originated from quantum fluctuations, can suppress the collapse and create stable localized modes in two and three dimensional systems. Binary quantum droplets(QDs) are studied in free space by introducing the effect of Lee-Huang-Yang correction to the mean field dynamics. Three types of binary QDs are studied, one is belonging to the ground state and the other two are belonging to excited states. In the ground state, the shape change of QDs is demonstrated. Two types of semi-vortex(SV) quantum droplets, one with a bell-shaped fundamental component and the other with the ring-shaped fundamental component, are found in the semi-vortex system. Their characteristics depends on their total norms N , embedded vorticity(topological charge) S and coupling constant g. A noticeable finding is that the SV QDs can be stable up to S = 8. It is found that the size of the quantum droplets depends only on the total norms N , while the inner radii of the vortex component depend only on the embedded vorticity S. The relative share of the total norms of each component with different S is also demonstrated. The stability boundary of the SV QDs are given by the long time evolution. It is found that the SV QDs with the bell-shaped fundamental component are easier to table in relevant small N , while the SV QDs with ring-shaped fundamental components need more large total norms to be stabled. It should be noted that there is a bistable area for these two kinds of SV QDs in the parameter plane of (4 π / g , N). The binary vortex quantum droplets, with different embedded vorticity S in each component, are also discussed. • The quantum droplets are investigated under the Lee-Huang-Yang correction. • Stable binary vortex quantum droplets are found in free space. • Semi-vortex quantum droplets can be stable when the vorticity is up to 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulation of few cells into monodisperse picolitre droplets is an extremely critical step in the process of the droplet based single cell analysis. This paper presents a novel approach, not based on micro-fluidic chips fabricated by standard soft lithography technique, for encapsulating cells into droplets actuated by microfluidic pulse inertia force. The principle of the encapsulating process is to actuate a hollow PZT stack by a signal generator and a voltage amplification to provide an enough pulse inertia force for a tapered glass capillary and the cell suspension inside to eject droplets in mineral oil and a certain number of the cells will be randomly encapsulated in monodisperse picolitre droplets. The tapered glass capillary was fabricated by a glass heating process without complicated microfabrication technology. Therefore, it has the advantages of good chemical resistance, low friction, easy to manufacture and low cost. The minimum size of the spherical cell droplets that can be reached is 20 μm in diameter and about 4 picolitres in volume. The percentage of the droplets with single HL60 cell can reach 42% when the droplet size is 40 μm and the concentration of the cell suspension is 1 × 108cells per milliliter since the alternate changed pulse inertia force can make the cells well dispersed in the tapered capillary. The percentage of viable cells that can be reached is 82% as determined by trypan blue staining, when the cell droplet size is 120 μm. The experiment results present a novel strategy for droplet-based single cell analysis.

Tb0.29(Dy1-xPrx)0.71Fe1.97(x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) alloys prepared by the directional solidification method were treated at 1073, 1123, 1173, 1223 and 1273 K for 4 h for homogenization, respectively. The magnetostriction, micro-morphology and composition distribution were studied by the standard resistance strain gauge technique, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results indicated that heat treatment could make the microstructure of alloys homogeneous effectively and improve the magnetostriction significantly. The optimum temperature was 1223 K. Compared to the as-cast ones, the increase amplitudes of magnetostriction of the corresponding samples were 39.5%, 64.9%, 95.3% and 50.8% when x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, respectively at the compressive stress of 2 MPa and a magnetic field of 80 kA/m. The compressive stress could also improve the magnetostriction. However, further Pr element addition and over high heat treatment temperature would lead to the excessive decomposition of PrFe2and destroy the homogeneity, resulting in the decline of magnetostriction of alloys.

We present an optical steering method in optical lattice with Kerr nonlinearity based on spatial phase modulation. By choosing proper phase modulation parameters, we can easily realize optical deflection, optical switching, and splitting of optical beams. The effect of lattice depth and lattice period on the optical steering is also discussed in detail.

An athermal design for the KTP electro-optical modulator is presented. By using the wave coupling theory of linear electro-optic effect and taking account of thermal expansion, the more accurate athermal static phase retardation (ASPR) directions in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) are found, and the optimized design for a transverse amplitude modulator at ASPR orientation is obtained. The numerical results show that the modulator with an athermal Soleil-Babinet compensator is of excellent thermal stability, and the acceptable error of the ASPR direction is less than 0.1°.

The effect of the polarization state on electro-optic coupling is studied by using the wave coupling theory of the linear electro-optic effect. The numerical results show that the polarization state obviously influences the electro-optic coupling. The conditions for realizing perfect coupling are emphasized. As an application of perfect coupling, a novel polarization rotator, which can rotate the polarization of a light beam with an arbitrary angle but keep the output intensity unchanged, is presented.

This paper presents a method to make vanadium dioxide (VO2) crystallites on silicon substrates by reactive ion beam sputtering. The thickness of the thin film is about 100nm. The phase transition temperature of VO2is 65°C. The transmittance of the semiconducting phase VO2is about 50% and it is reduced to as low as 3% in metal phase at the infrared wavelenghth spectrum. The extinction ratio of the optical switches is 12dB. and the insertion loss is of 1-2dB. The switching time is about 1ms.

A new triterpenoid saponin, named segetoside C (1), and two known saponins, vaccaroid A (vaccaroside A) (2) and dianoside G (3), have been isolated from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis. On the basis of chemical reaction and spectral data, the structure of segetoside C (1) has been established as: gypsogenic acid-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-[6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside.

The modulation instability of quasi-plane-wave optical beams is investigated in the frame of generalized Schrodinger equation with the nonlinear term of a general form. General expressions are derived for the dispersion relation, the critical transverse spatial frequency, as well as the instability growth rate. The analysis generalizes the known results reported previously. A detailed discussion on the modulation instability in biased centrosymmetric photorefractive media is also given.

A new phenylpropanoid glycoside, segetoside A, has been isolated from the seeds of Vaccaria segetalis, and shown to be α-d-(6-O-dihydroferuloyl)glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d- fructofuranoside.

The low radical surgery rate of pancreatic cancer leads to increased local recurrence and poor prognosis. Gemcitabine (GEM) is the preferred chemotherapeutic for pancreatic cancer. However, systemic chemotherapy with GEM has reached a bottleneck due to its serious side effects after frequent injections. In this study, GEM is successfully enwrapped into electrospun fibers via microsol electrospinning technology to form a stable core–shell fibrous structure. The GEM release rate can be adjusted by altering the thickness of the hyaluronan‐sol inner fiber and the quantity of loaded GEM, and the release can be sustained for as long as three weeks. In vitro assays show that these electrospun fibers effectively inhibit pancreatic cancer cells and promote apoptosis. In vivo studies show that the fibrous membranes are better for inhibiting the growth of residual tumors than that of integrated tumors. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry results show that GEM‐loaded fibers promote a higher cell apoptosis rate than does systemically injected GEM in residual tumors. In addition, the local delivery of GEM with fibers significantly reduces liver toxicity. In summary, a core–shell electrospun fiber for the controlled and localized delivery of GEM, which greatly improves the treatment of residual tumors and prevents pancreatic tumor recurrence, is developed. A typical water‐soluble drug, gemcitabine, is successfully enwrapped into electrospun fibers via micro‐sol electrospinning technology to prevent pancreatic cancer recurrence.

We investigate the existence and stability of two-dimensional PT-asymmetric multi-peak solitons in the PT-symmetric potentials, which imaginary part quasi-one-dimensional, based on the self-defocusing cubic nonlinearity. It is found that the in-phase multi-peak solitons with both even and odd number of peaks can stably exist in some regions of the first gap, but these regions are piecewise for some multi-peak solitons. The imaginary part of the potential can dramatically affect the existence and stability of these in-phase PT-asymmetric solitons. The out-of-phase PT-asymmetric multi-peak solitons are unstable in their whole existence regions. In addition, the asymmetry of these solitons is investigated in detail. The properties of PT-symmetric one-, two-, rhombic four and five-peak solitons are also analysed. It is found that the one-, two- and five-peak solitons can be stable in a wide region, while four-peak solitons are unstable in their whole existence regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show families of two-dimensional (2D) composite solitons in spinor quadrupolar Bose–Einstein condensates, with two localized components linearly mixed by the spin–orbit coupling (SOC), and the intrinsic nonlinearity represented by the quadrupole–quadrupole interaction (QQI) between atomic electric quadrupole moments perpendicular to the system’s plane by an external electric field. Recently, stable solitons were predicted in the form of mixed mode (composites built of mixed fundamental and vortical components) in the 2D system combining the SOC and contact attractive interactions. Replacing the latter by the anisotropic long-range QQI, we demonstrate that, for a fixed norm, the system supports a continuous family of stable mixed-mode solitons (MMSs), parameterized by different norm distribution between two components. The chemical potential of the MMSs does not depend on the norm distribution, which shows a highly degeneracy. In order to identify these degenerate solitons, a magnetic field could be applied to the system. In the present system, with the Galilean invariance broken by the SOC, the composite solitons are set in motion by a kick, and we find that the motions of solitons along x and y directions are almost coupling to each other (A kick in x or y direction can probably cause a motion including x and y components). Moreover, by simulation, we also find that semi-vortex solitons (with a vortex in one component and a fundamental soliton in the other) can be supported in our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]