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The brain’s mystery for efficient and intelligent computation hides in the neuronal encoding, functional circuits, and plasticity principles in natural neural networks. However, many plasticity principles have not been fully incorporated into artificial or spiking neural networks (SNNs). Here, we report that incorporating a novel feature of synaptic plasticity found in natural networks, whereby synaptic modifications self-propagate to nearby synapses, named self-lateral propagation (SLP), could further improve the accuracy of SNNs in three benchmark spatial and temporal classification tasks. The SLP contains lateral pre ( ${\mathrm{ SLP}}_{\mathrm{ pre}}$ ) and lateral post ( ${\mathrm{ SLP}}_{\mathrm{ post}}$ ) synaptic propagation, describing the spread of synaptic modifications among output synapses made by axon collaterals or among converging synapses on the postsynaptic neuron, respectively. The SLP is biologically plausible and can lead to a coordinated synaptic modification within layers that endow higher efficiency without losing much accuracy. Furthermore, the experimental results showed the impressive role of SLP in sharpening the normal distribution of synaptic weights and broadening the more uniform distribution of misclassified samples, which are both considered essential for understanding the learning convergence and network generalization of neural networks.

Converter transformer valve side bushing is an irreplaceable key equipment in the ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission project. In the process of operation, the surface of the epoxy resin-impregnated paper (ERIP) core will produce partial discharge due to insulation defects, and the formed discharge arc will destroy the insulation layer, which seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of the valve side bushing. In this article, an arc ablation experimental platform is built to study the thermal response characteristics of ERIP in SF6 arc ablation. The surface microscopic morphology and dielectric properties of the samples before and after ablation are compared and analyzed, and the intrinsic mechanism of surface insulation failure is further revealed by a mathematical model. The results show that the huge heat generated by the arc discharge causes the decomposition of the epoxy resin, leading to the gradual increase of the internal porosity and permeability of the material, and the carbon layer structure will be formed on the surface after complete pyrolysis. With the increases of the arc action time, the ERIP is gradually transformed into carbide and pore products, the material surface resistance decreases, the roughness increases, and a local failure region is formed, which reduces the surface electrical properties of the material and ultimately leads to the failure of surface insulation.

ABSTRACTThis study utilizes classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to examine the structure and the impact of cerium (Ce4+) incorporation, serving as a surrogate for plutonium (Pu), at the zirconium (Zr4+) site on the threshold displacement energy (Ed) for each atom within the δ-phase Y4Zr3O12material along 100 different directions. The minimum Edvalues obtained for Y, Zr, and O in Y4Zr3O12are 50 eV, 60 eV, and 25 eV, respectively. Notably, the Y cation is more prone to displacement than the Zr cations, while oxygen anions are even more easily displaced than cations, requiring less energy for displacement. Furthermore, the incorporation of Ce4+at the Zr4+site in the Y4Zr3-3xCe3xO12(0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) system reduces both the minimum and average Edvalues for Zr atoms. The presence of Ce also decreases the minimum Edfor Y at x = 0.5 and for OIat x = 0.125, while increasing the minimum Edfor OIIat x = 0.25. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Ce can influence the radiation resistance of the Y4Zr3O12material, thereby offering insights into potential strategies for enhancing its performance under radiation conditions.

Learning from interaction is the primary way that biological agents acquire knowledge about their environment and themselves. Modern deep reinforcement learning (DRL) explores a computational approach to learning from interaction and has made significant progress in solving various tasks. However, despite its power, DRL still falls short of biological agents in terms of energy efficiency. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, we believe that the integration of spiking communication between neurons and biologically-plausible synaptic plasticity plays a prominent role in achieving greater energy efficiency. Following this biological intuition, we optimized a spiking policy network (SPN) using a genetic algorithm as an energy-efficient alternative to DRL. Our SPN mimics the sensorimotor neuron pathway of insects and communicates through event-based spikes. Inspired by biological research showing that the brain forms memories by creating new synaptic connections and rewiring these connections based on new experiences, we tuned the synaptic connections instead of weights in the SPN to solve given tasks. Experimental results on several robotic control tasks demonstrate that our method can achieve the same level of performance as mainstream DRL methods while exhibiting significantly higher energy efficiency.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key marker for a prostate cancer diagnosis. The low sensitivity of traditional lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) methods makes them unsuitable for point-of-care testing. Herein, we designed a nanozyme by in situgrowth of Prussian blue (PB) within the pores of dendritic mesoporous silica (DMSN). The PB was forcibly dispersed into the pores of DMSN, leading to an increase in exposed active sites. Consequently, the atom utilization is enhanced, resulting in superior peroxidase (POD)-like activity compared to that of cubic PB. Antibody-modified DMSN@PB nanozymes serve as immunological probes in an enzymatic-enhanced colorimetric and photothermal dual-signal LFIA for PSA detection. After systematic optimization, the LFIA based on DMSN@PB successfully achieves a 4-fold amplification of the colorimetric signal within 7 min through catalytic oxidation of the chromogenic substrate by POD-like activity. Moreover, DMSN@PB exhibits an excellent photothermal conversion ability under 808 nm laser irradiation. Accordingly, photothermal signals are introduced to improve the anti-interference ability and sensitivity of LFIA, exhibiting a wide linear range (1–40 ng mL–1) and a low PSA detection limit (0.202 ng mL–1), which satisfies the early detection level of prostate cancer. This research provides a more accurate and reliable visualization analysis methodology for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.

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Intrauterine adhesions (IUA) refer to adhesions within the uterine cavity and cervix caused by injuries from uterine surgery. They are a significant cause of female infertility. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an active role in the treatment of IUA. However, the mechanism by which they reduce fibrosis in the damaged endometrium remains unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that exosomes derived from placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) can restore uterine functions and improve the fertility rate of injured animals. This is achieved by promoting cell proliferation, increasing endometrial thickness, and reversing fibrosis. Regarding the molecular mechanism behind these therapeutic effects, we identify three specific miRNAs, namely, miR-125b-5p, miR-30c-5p, and miR-23a-3p, enriched in PMSC-exosomes, as the key players in the treatment of IUA. Specifically, miR-125b-5p/miR-30c-5p and miR-23a-3p inhibit the expression of smad2 and smad3 by targeting their 3′-untranslated regions, resulting in the downregulation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/smad signaling pathway and the reversal of fibrosis. Notably, the safety of PMSC-exosomes in intrauterine treatment was also been confirmed. In conclusion, we illustrate that exosomes derived from PMSCs possess the capability to repair endometrial damage and enhance fertility in injured animals by regulating the TGF-β/smad pathway via miR-125b-5p, miR-30c-5p, and miR-23a-3p. This provides insights into the precision treatment of IUA through exosome-based cell-free therapy.

The surface charge accumulation of solid insulating materials can easily cause flashover along the surface, which is an important factor that must be considered in the design of the insulation system of ultrahigh-voltage direct current (UHVDC) power equipment. Therefore, it is very important to accurately obtain the surface charge distribution of solid insulating materials. In this article, a surface charge inversion method based on a hybrid least squares minimal residual (LSMR) algorithm is proposed, which is suitable for shift-variant systems. The algorithm projects the original potential-charge relationship matrix into the Krylov subspace with increasing dimensions through the Golub–Kahan (GK) bidiagonal process. Tikhonov regularization method is used to solve the LSMR subproblem, which greatly simplifies the computational complexity. The regularization parameters are selected by a modified adaptive weighted generalized cross-validation (MA-WGCV) method. The computational accuracy of the algorithm is discussed in detail through a simulation example and compared with the hybrid LSQR A-WGCV method and the Wiener filter method. Finally, the reliability and effectiveness of the algorithm are verified by electrostatic probe measurement and dust map method.

Potential defects in oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushing during manufacturing or transportation may further deteriorate and develop under long-term operation, affecting the insulation, and leading to transformer damage and power outage. In this article, scaled models are designed and produced according to 550 kV OIP bushing, and typical defects, including the plate wrinkle defect, the plate deviation defect, the plate damage defect, the moisture defect, and the end shield ungrounded defect are set in the models. Based on a long-term high-voltage experiment platform, a 45-day simulated operation is applied to the defect models, as well as the nondefect one. The tests of partial discharge (PD), frequency domain dielectric response, and dissolved gas in oil are carried out every few days. The results indicate the models with the plate wrinkle defect and the moisture defect have the most significant changes, with enhancing PD, increasing dielectric loss, and growing dissolved gas in the oil. The capacitance of the end shield ungrounded defect model is much different, which can be quickly recognized. The results of others have not changed much, perhaps due to the absence of discharge during long-term experiments. In addition, the combination of three tests can provide more valuable references.

Photocatalytic overall water splitting holds great promise for solar-to-hydrogen conversion. Maintaining charge separation is a major challenge but is key to unlocking this potential. Here we discovered a metal–organic framework (MOF) that shows suppressed charge recombination. This MOF features electronically insulated Zn2+nodes and two chemically equivalent, yet crystallographically independent, linkers. These linkers behave as an electron donor–acceptor pair with non-overlapping band edges. Upon photoexcitation, the MOF undergoes a dynamic excited-state structural twist, inducing orbital rearrangements that forbid radiative relaxation and thereby promote a long-lived charge-separated state. As a result, the MOF achieves visible-light photocatalytic overall water splitting, in the presence of co-catalysts, with an apparent quantum efficiency of 3.09 ± 0.32% at 365 nm and shows little activity loss in 100 h of consecutive runs. Furthermore, the dynamic excited-state structural twist is also successfully extended to other photocatalysts. This strategy for suppressing charge recombination will be applicable to diverse photochemical processes beyond overall water splitting.

Reducing large scale of insulating wood paper usage in electric power systems is critical for decarbonizing and achieving neat-zero emissions to address climate change. This requires low-carbon substitutes with excellent electrical insulating properties, high mechanical strength, and heat resistance. Herein, we proposed a feasible way to fabricate low-ash content bamboo paper through hydrochloric acid and magnesium salt processing. The monovalent cation contents are substantially reduced by replacement reaction; meanwhile, impurities, such as hemicellulose and lignin, being hydrolyzed, contributing to a higher crystallinity. The purified bamboo paper demonstrates both high mechanical strength, great thermal stability, and improved impregnation performance. Moreover, the fabricated epoxy/bamboo paper composites exhibit high electrical strength and low dielectric loss under power frequency, making it a comparable substitute for traditional insulating wood paper.

The vector vortex beams are generated by the single-phase modulation of metasurfaces, which severely limits the freedom of design. We use the combination of the propagation phase and the geometric phase to construct a transmissive all-dielectric encoded metasurface. Under two orthogonal circularly polarized incidence conditions, vortex beams with different topological charge can be generated. We utilize the hybrid-order Poincaré sphere to characterize various polarization states of Poincaré vortex beams. Based on the near-field and far-field intensity distribution and phase distribution properties of the vortex beam, the design accuracy of the Poincaré vortex beam is confirmed. In order to improve the degree of freedom of control of vortex beams, we introduce the Fourier convolution principle in digital signal processing. The convolution operation of the encoding array and the phase gradient sequence is performed to construct a new encoding metasurface sequence, and the scattering angle of the vortex beam can be adjusted. Using the principle of coded convolution, functions with arbitrary deflection and beam splitting of vortex beams can be realized.

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum have important applications in optical communication, particle manipulation and quantum information. Vortex beams have multiplexed communication capabilities. Here, at the terahertz band, we propose a spin-multiplexed all-dielectric metasurface that combines vortex phase and encoding sequences. The metasurface can generate asymmetric vortex light with different topological charges under the condition of orthogonal circularly polarized light. Moreover, the flexible manipulation of the deflection angle of the vortex beam can be realized by changing the coding sequence. Meanwhile, the superposition of multifunctional coding sequences can also generate vortex beams with different states. Additionally, the focusing properties of the spin-multiplexed deflected vortex beam were analyzed. This work provides a new method for micro-nano integrated optics to generate deflected vortex light, which can be applied in data communication, micro-manipulation and other fields.

Background: To propose and validate a modified noninvasive method for the diagnosis of chronic syndesmotic injuries.Methods: This study included 16 patients with chronic ankle instability. Herein, we propose the Modified Stabilization Test, a new measurement for use in the diagnosis of chronic syndesmotic injury, as determined by wearing a 60-kPa pneumatic brace. The test combines the center of pressure and sensory organization test to measure postural control. For comparison, we also measured the tibiofibular clear space, tibiofibular overlap, and medial clear space using anteroposterior radiograph; a line marked horizontally above the tibial plaque using computed tomography (CT) to measure the syndesmotic gap and fibular rotation angle; and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to determine the presence of the λ sign. The distance of syndesmosis was confirmed in 16 individuals through arthroscopy, and the results of the examination were used to determine the diagnostic efficacy of each index.Results: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the optimal cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity of the Modified Stabilization Test for the diagnosis of chronic syndesmotic injuries were 0.80, 100%, and 87.5%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of the Modified Stabilization Test was 0.906 (95% CI 0.656, 0.993; P< .001), which was superior to imaging indices such as radiography, CT, and MRI (AUC = 0.516-0.891).Conclusion: We developed the Modified Stabilization Test—a noninvasive diagnostic tool for the screening of chronic syndesmotic injuries. The test showed high sensitivity and specificity for the identification of chronic syndesmotic injuries and is helpful in the identification of chronic syndesmotic injuries.Level of Evidence: Level II, diagnostic—investigating a diagnostic test.

As the key component of the conductor of the gas-insulated power transmission equipment, the electrical connection structure bears high current, high stress, and high temperature for a long time. Electrical contact failures become an important issue, while its failure characteristics and mechanisms are ambiguous so far. In this article, based on complex electrical connection structures of gas-insulated transmission line (GIL), equivalent tests were conducted on the contact failure characteristics of such structure. Result shows that poor contact of the such electrical connection structure will cause two types of situations: microgap discharge and contact overheating. The causes of both are different. First, microslip is a kind of cause of discharge faults despite the separation gap is small. The current transfer area ( ${b}$ ) of such contact structure is the main position, where the arc starts. The contact stability at that location should be fully considered in the layout of such electrical connection structure. Second, combined with the surface morphology and element distribution, the mechanism of contact discharge and the source of metal particles are further explained by the occurrence of coating peeling and material transfer behavior. Finally, the difference in contact state is the main reason for a few contacts overheating. There is a significant temperature difference between contacts in different contact states. The temperature rises nonlinearly with the increase of the current under the condition of uneven current carrying. The above research can provide a practical basis for fault analysis and prevention of such electric contact structures in the ultrahigh voltage (UHV) gas-insulated power transmission equipment.

Power electronic loads are penetrating in DC microgrid. These loads are usually regarded as constant power loads (CPLs) with negative impedance characteristics, which seriously affect the dynamic performance of DC bus voltage and may result in instability of the DC microgrid system. To improve the performance and stability of a boost converter with CPL, proposed herein is a robust adaptive composite control strategy, which mainly includes two control loops. An affine nonlinear mathematical model is established. Based on the differential geometry theory, the minimum phase problem is analyzed under different output functions. In the inner control loop, the inductor current is linearized by using exact feedback linearization theory to a linear system. Meanwhile, sliding mode control method is studied to control the linear system, and an adaptive law is designed to update the sliding mode switching gain. In the outer control loop, the output voltage is regulated by proportional–integral control technology to achieve no steady-state error for the DC bus voltage. Furthermore, the robustness of the closed-loop system is verified, and the global asymptotic stability of the control system is proved. Compared with the existing method, both simulation results and experimental results verify the validity and superiority of the presented control strategy.

To address the deterioration of workshop air quality due to free emission of unorganized fumes from multiple surface sources of residual anode carbon blocks during electrolytic cell opening and anode changing operations, new unorganized fumes collecting equipment based on negative pressure suction was designed. Take a workshop as an example, by the CFD coupled DPM simulation method for unorganized fumes, the influence of the negative pressure Pof the fan, and the distance hbetween the upper surface of the residual carbon block and the exhaust hood on the collection efficiency was investigated. The results showed that the collection efficiency of flue gas and dust increased with the increase in negative pressure and increased at first and then decreased with the rise in the distance between the upper surface of the residual carbon block and the exhaust hood. The collection efficiency of flue gas and dust was the highest when the negative pressure was 5000 Pa, and the distance was 176 mm; at this time the collection efficiency of flue gas was 85.06%, and the dust was 72.58%. Further, validation tests in practical applications were carried out. The experimental results consistently demonstrate that the established CFD coupled DPM simulation method had a good agreement with the experimental results. The error of flue gas collection efficiency was less than 3.1%, and the error of dust collection efficiency was less than 1.2%. The research conducted had critical engineering application values for achieving high cleanliness and low energy consumption operation of unorganized fumes.

Multilevel buck converters are gradually gaining attention in low-power applications. To realize the decoupling of the flying capacitor voltage and the output voltage, this paper proposes an inverse decoupling sliding mode control approach. A nonlinear mathematical model of the multilevel buck converters is built. The reversibility of the model is analyzed based on the inverse system theory, and linearization and decoupling are achieved. In addition, multiple pseudo-linear subsystems are obtained. Then sliding mode controllers are designed to control the linear subsystems. Furthermore, the global asymptotic stability of the control system is verified using the Lyapunov theory, and the robustness of the closed-loop system is demonstrated. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed approach provides a better dynamic response when compared with existing methods.

ABSTRACTThis study employed classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate radiation damage and Cerium (Ce4+) incorporation as surrogate of plutonium (Pu) at Zirconium (Zr4+) site in delta (δ) phase Y4Zr3O12material. The results indicate that Oxygen (O) disorder is dominant due to its higher number of survived defects with 2 keV, 5 keV and 10 keV cascade collision. The number of survived defects produced varies with primary knock-on atom (PKA), incident irradiation energy direction and increases with incident energy. A maximum survived defects of 28 along [103] and a minimum of 17 along [222] directions were generated among the eight different crystallographic directions studied using 5 keV cascade. Additionally, cascade overlap with 5 keV leads to substantial decrease in survival defects. Doping of certain number of Ce atoms at Zr site of δ-Y4Zr3O12may improve its radiation resistance in terms of survived defects formation using a 5 keV cascade. Furthermore, the results showed that the survived defects vary with the number of Ce atoms added, and the highest occurred at x = 0.5 (at equal number of Ce and Zr). Therefore, this work expands understanding of radiation damage effects mechanism in δ-Y4Zr3O12material for potential nuclear technology application.

First-line systemic therapeutic options for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are limited. In this multicenter, double-blind phase 3 trial, a total of 551 patients with previously untreated, locally advanced or metastatic ESCC and PD-L1 combined positive score of ≥1 were randomized (2:1) to receive serplulimab (an anti-PD-1 antibody; 3 mg/kg) or placebo (on day 1), plus cisplatin (50 mg/m2) (on day 1) and continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (1,200 mg/m2) (on days 1 and 2), once every 2 weeks. The study met the primary endpoints. At the prespecified final analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by the blinded independent radiological review committee, serplulimab plus chemotherapy significantly improved PFS compared with placebo plus chemotherapy (median PFS of 5.8 months and 5.3 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.75; P< 0.0001). At the prespecified interim analysis of overall survival (OS), serplulimab plus chemotherapy also significantly prolonged OS compared with placebo plus chemotherapy (median OS of 15.3 months and 11.8 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.87; P= 0.0020). Grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events occurred in 201 (53%) and 81 (48%) patients in the serplulimab plus chemotherapy group and the placebo plus chemotherapy group, respectively. Serplulimab plus chemotherapy administered every 2 weeks significantly improved PFS and OS in patients with previously untreated, PD-L1-positive advanced ESCC, with a manageable safety profile. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03958890).

In this brief, the output feedback control issue is investigated for linear systems under unmeasured states with the influences of measurement disturbances. Due to these unmeasured states, the measurement outputs are used for designing the controller, while, they are mixed with measurement disturbances. In order to construct the feedback controller, the states are observed using a state observer, which is driven via the measurement outputs. A disturbance observer is employed to estimate the measurement disturbances. Then, the linear matrix inequations technique is adopted for disposing the coupling between these observers. Furthermore, the Lyapunov stability theory is applied to prove the stability analysis of closed-loop systems. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the availability of proposed control method.

An efficient catalytic system for nitrogen (N2) photofixation generally consists of light-harvesting units, active sites, and an electron-transfer bridge. In order to track photogenerated electron flow between different functional units, it is highly desired to develop in situcharacterization techniques with element-specific capability, surface sensitivity, and detection of unoccupied states. In this work, we developed in situsynchrotron radiation soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (in situsXAS) to probe the variation of electronic structure for a reaction system during N2photoreduction. Nickel single-atom and ceria nanoparticle comodified reduced graphene oxide (CeO2/Ni-G) was designed as a model catalyst. In situsXAS directly reveals the dynamic interfacial charge transfer of photogenerated electrons under illumination and the consequent charge accumulation at the catalytic active sites for N2activation. This work provides a powerful tool to monitor the electronic structure evolution of active sites under reaction conditions for photocatalysis and beyond.

Smart windows with tunable optical properties for energy-saving and privacy protection applications are receiving increasing attention. However, current studies of smart windows either involve the use of complex material preparation processes and complex device systems for window switching or continue to face several challenges, including low luminous transmittance, low luminous and solar modulation, and narrow wavelength range management problems. Here, we report a dual-responsive smart window that achieves solar light management in the range of 200–2500 nm. This smart window is fabricated by combining a reversible thermoresponsive hydrogel that acts as a thermochromic material with a ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer film that acts as a transparent heater. The as-prepared smart window can modulate solar light over a range from ultraviolet to infrared and achieves active responses to high-temperature weather, with passive responses being produced through electrical heating. The smart window shows high luminous transmittance (81.7%) and high luminous modulation (81.6%), together with an outstanding solar modulation performance (62.9%). In outdoor demonstrations, the as-prepared smart window exhibited a promising temperature regulation ability under strong solar irradiation. Therefore, the proposed smart window promises to provide a simple and effective energy management technology for buildings.

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death worldwide, yet the prognosis of advanced disease remains poor.

Using 11 years of hourly merged rainfall records and ERA reanalysis data, this paper reveals two major circulation modes leading to two types of short‐term heavy rainfall (STHR) along the Taihang Mountains' eastern foothills, and further explains their mechanisms. One circulation mode has a distinct warm anomaly at 300 hPa covering most areas of North China, together with the boundary‐layer westerly anomaly occurring in North China and its southern region (UTWA‐BLWA). UTWA‐BLWA effectively contributes to the reinforcement of the upper‐level divergence and the low‐level moisture convergence by promoting the strengthening of upper anticyclonic and low‐level southwesterly anomalies. The combined effects of low‐level jet (LLJ) and topographic uplift form the central‐northern STHR pattern. The other circulation structure has a 300‐hPa warm anomaly located to the southeastern Russia and a prominent 300‐hPa cold anomaly covering the south, together with the boundary‐layer easterly anomaly occurring over the whole region of eastern China (UTCA‐BLEA). The southern STHR pattern is attributed to the exit of the boundary‐layer jet (BLJ) over lower elevations due to moist transport and dynamic uplift associated with the easterly anomaly. The results indicate that the locations of STHR are related to the direction, intensity, and height of the LLJ. The findings highlight that the upper‐tropospheric temperature anomalies (UTTA) and boundary‐layer easterly flow jointly modulate heavy rainfall. Analysis of the coupled upper troposphere and boundary layer could help understand and forecast heavy rainfall. Short‐term heavy rainfall (STHR) frequently occurs along the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains, which is difficult to forecast accurately and causes significant damage. Operational weather analysis and previous studies have suggested that the atmospheric conditions at the middle‐ and lower troposphere are the most important for STHR. Our findings highlight that the upper‐tropospheric temperature anomalies (UTTA) could represent the evolution of atmospheric structures favorable for heavy rainfall, and the boundary‐layer flow can refine the intensity and locations of orographic rain. The coupled UTTA and boundary‐layer easterly flow can jointly represent the major patterns of STHR over the eastern slope of Mt. Taihang. The results may provide helpful information for weather forecasts and warning issuing and give a better understanding of heavy rainfall in North China. Upper‐tropospheric temperature anomalies (UTTA) can contribute to the favorable atmospheric conditions for short‐term heavy rainfall (STHR)The locations of STHR correspond to the direction, intensity, and height of the low‐level jetCoupling UTTA and boundary‐layer jet provides the two major patterns of STHR Upper‐tropospheric temperature anomalies (UTTA) can contribute to the favorable atmospheric conditions for short‐term heavy rainfall (STHR) The locations of STHR correspond to the direction, intensity, and height of the low‐level jet Coupling UTTA and boundary‐layer jet provides the two major patterns of STHR

Whether or not the addition of immunotherapy to current standard-of-care treatments can improve efficacy in proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)/microsatellite-stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), the predominant type of mCRC, is unclear.

Nanoplastics are ubiquitous in ecosystems and impact planetary health. However, our current understanding on the impacts of nanoplastics upon terrestrial plants is fragmented. The lack of systematic approaches to evaluating these impacts limits our ability to generalize from existing studies and perpetuates regulatory barriers. Here, we undertook a meta-analysis to quantify the overall strength of nanoplastic impacts upon terrestrial plants and developed a machine learning approach to predict adverse impacts and identify contributing features. We show that adverse impacts are primarily associated with toxicity metrics, followed by plant species, nanoplastic mass concentration and size, and exposure time and medium. These results highlight that the threats of nanoplastics depend on a diversity of reactions across molecular to ecosystem scales. These reactions are rooted in both the spatial and functional complexities of nanoplastics and, as such, are specific to both the plastic characteristics and environmental conditions. These findings demonstrate the utility of interrogating the diversity of toxicity data in the literature to update both risk assessments and evidence-based policy actions.

Introduction:Current treatments for patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) provide modest survival benefits. We evaluated the safety and antitumor activity of serplulimab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, plus the bevacizumab biosimilar HLX04 in this patient population. Methods:In this open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study in China, patients with advanced HCC who failed prior systemic therapy received serplulimab 3 mg/kg plus HLX04 5 mg/kg (group A) or 10 mg/kg (group B) intravenously every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was safety. Results:As of April 8, 2021, 20 and 21 patients were enrolled into groups A and B, and they had received a median of 7 and 11 treatment cycles, respectively. Grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 14 (70.0%) patients in group A and 12 (57.1%) in group B. Most immune-related adverse events were grade ≤3. The objective response rate was 30.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9–54.3) in group A and 14.3% (95% CI, 3.0–36.3) in group B. Median duration of response was not reached (95% CI, 3.3–not evaluable [NE]) in group A and was 9.0 months (95% CI, 7.9–NE) in group B. Median progression-free survival was 2.2 months (95% CI, 1.4–5.5) and 4.1 months (95% CI, 1.5–NE), and median overall survival was 11.6 months (95% CI, 6.4–NE) and 14.3 months (95% CI, 8.2–NE) in groups A and B, respectively. Conclusion:Serplulimab plus HLX04 showed a manageable safety profile and promising antitumor activity in patients with previously treated advanced HCC.

Random copolymers comprising chiral and achiral benzene-14,-diyl units were prepared by Ni-mediated copolymerization of optically active 1,4-dibromo-2,5-bis((S)-2-methylbutoxy)benzene with bulky, achiral monomers, i.e., 1,4-dibromo-2,5-diphenylbenzene, 1,4-dibromo-2,5-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)benzene, 1,4-dibromo-2,5-bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzene, and 1,4-dibromo-2,5-bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)-benzene, and the corresponding alternating copolymers were synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of optically active 1,4-bis(dihydroxyboranyl)-2,5-bis((S)-2-methyl-butoxy)benzene with bulky, achiral monomers. Poly(benzene-1,4-diyl)s with achiral 3,5-disubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl groups and chiral (S)-2-methylbutoxy groups in the side chain were thus obtained. The copolymers showed circular dichroism (CD) spectra whose shapes and intensities largely varied depending on the state of the sample (solution or suspension or film) and the chemical structure. In suspensions and films, both the random and alternating polymers with side-chain 3,5-disubstituted phenyl groups showed intense CD spectra suggestive of a chiral conformation such as preferred-handed helices, while they indicated only moderate CD intensities in solution. Both the random and alternating copolymers with side-chain 3,5-disubstituted phenyl groups led to higher anisotropy (gCD) values than those with side-chain phenyl groups, indicating that side-chain bulkiness plays a role in creating a bias on the population of one enantiomeric structure in the solid state. Among the three 3,5-disubstituted phenyl groups, the 3,5-dimethylphenyl group, which is not seemingly the bulkiest one, tended to result in the greatest gCDvalues. On the other hand, the side-chain 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group and unsubstituted phenyl groups led to the greatest anisotropy (glum) values in circularly polarized light (CPL) emission properties in films for the random and alternating copolymers, indicating that the significance of bulkiness of side-chain groups varies between the ground state and excited states. The alternating copolymer with the side-chain 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group showed a glumof +0.012, which arises from the strong electron-withdrawing effects of the −CF3group. CPL emission was more significant for the random copolymers than for the alternating copolymers. Some of the polymers exhibited chiral recognition abilities toward trans-stilbene oxide, Tröger’s base, and flavanone, where resolution performance varied depending on the solvent and polymer structure, and the order of separation factors was not particularly in agreement with the order of gCDvalues in CD spectra in spite of the fact that CD is often generally used to quantify the chirality of materials.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to examine the continuous stiffness measurements (CSM) and nanoindentation behavior at 300 K temperature for body-centered cubic molybdenum (Mo). The nanomechanical behavior was examined by using a spherical indenter and the values of elastic modulus and hardness were extracted. In the nanoindentation model, we made use of a sinusoidal load in order to obtain the dynamical properties such as storage modulus, mechanical damping factor, and loss modulus. Open visualization tool (OVITO) was used to visualize the dislocation analysis, to track the indenter depth and grains response to the applied load. Dislocation loops were generated and found an increase in their areas as the indenter penetrated deep into the sample. This work provides useful insights toward a broad understanding of the structural, nano-mechanical, and damping properties of pure Mo.

Context Seed weight is an important agronomic trait for determining yield and appearance quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Understanding the genetic basis of seed weight might lead to improvement of these traits in soybean by optimising different genes or alleles controlling seed weight. Aims A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed weight, qSW17.1 , was identified previously. In this study, we used progenies of cultivated soybean and wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) for further validation and characterisation of qSW17.1 . Methods A BC4 F2 population, a heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) population, and a pair of qSW17.1 near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed from progenies of a cross between cultivated soybean variety Jackson and wild soybean accession JWS156-1 were cultivated under field conditions. QTL analysis and candidate gene mining were conducted. Key results A QTL corresponding to qSW17.1 , which explained 19.84% and 31.71% of the total phenotypic variance in BC4 F2 and HIF populations, respectively, was detected. The NIL with the cultivated soybean allele showed higher shoot biomass than the NIL with the wild soybean allele under hydroponic growth conditions, suggesting that the large-seed-size allele of qSW17.1 might be beneficial in soybean seedling establishment. qSW17.1 was delimited to a physical interval of 2515kb on chromosome 17. Glyma.17G108500 showed a large (∼3.27-fold) difference in expression between the two NILs, and was considered a candidate gene underlying qSW17.1 . Implications Our results provide valuable information regarding the genetic basis of seed weight control in soybean and its utilisation in soybean molecular breeding.

As the key equipment of UHV transmission and transformation line, UHV bushing needs to carry the ultra-high voltage and large current of UHV power system at the same time. When the operating temperature of UHV bushing is too high, the operation failure rate will increase significantly, which will affect the stability and safety of UHV transmission line. Therefore, it is particularly important to analyze the temperature field characteristics of UHV bushing. This paper takes UHV bushing as the research object. The finite element software is used to calculate the electro thermal coupling. The three-dimensional thermal field distribution characteristics of UHV bushing are simulated and analyzed. This paper analyzes the influence of eddy current on the temperature distribution of UHV bushing under operation condition, and discusses the influence degree of eddy current on the temperature distribution of bushing, which provides an important basis for the temperature distribution, structure improvement and operation maintenance of bushing.

Facing the unbalanced development of resource distribution and productivity, China needs long-distance power transmission and distribution. The long-distance power transmission will lead to a lot of power loss in the process of transmission. In order to achieve long-distance, large capacity, low loss power transmission, it is necessary to build UHV transmission and transformation lines in the power grid for cross regional power allocation. As the key equipment in UHV transmission and transformation, UHV bushing plays a very important role in UHV transmission and transformation line. However, due to working in UHV electric field for a long time, the reduction of UHV bushing failure rate is very important for the smooth operation of UHV transmission line. Therefore, it is necessary to study the electric field distribution characteristics of UHV bushing. In this paper, the electric field distribution characteristics of UHV through wall bushing are studied. The simulation analysis and calculation of electric field are carried out by using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software. By analyzing the electric field distribution of the complex field areas such as the central conductor of the bushing, the end of the liner, the sheath and the capacitor core, the electric field distribution law and the edge electric field diagram of the bushing and its adjacent key areas under different voltage types are obtained. The radial axial electric field distribution of the capacitor core and the edge electric field distribution of the upper and lower steps are compared and analyzed Based on the analysis of the characteristics and local complex field, the variation law of the electric field distribution of the bushing with the structure design is obtained, which provides an optimization idea for the insulation structure design of UHV through wall bushing.

Seasonal influenza vaccines typically provide strain‐specific protection and are reformulated annually, which is a complex and time‐consuming process. Multiepitope vaccines, combining multiple conserved antigenic epitopes from a pathogen, can trigger more robust, diverse, and effective immune responses, providing a potential solution. However, their practical application is hindered by low immunogenicity and short‐term effectiveness. In this study, multiple linear epitopes from the conserved stem domain of hemagglutinin and the ectodomain of matrix protein 2 are combined with the Helicobacter pyloriferritin, a stable self‐assembled nanoplatform, to develop an influenza multiepitope nanovaccine, named MHF. MHF is prokaryotically expressed in a soluble form and self‐assembles into uniform nanoparticles. The subcutaneous immunization of mice with adjuvanted MHF induces cross‐reactive neutralizing antibodies, antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, and cellular immunity, offering complete protection against H3N2 as well as partial protection against H1N1. Importantly, the vaccine cargo delivered by ferritin triggers epitope‐specific memory B‐cell responses, with antibody level persisting for over 6 months post‐immunization. These findings indicate that self‐assembled multiepitope nanovaccines elicit potent and long‐lasting immune responses while significantly reducing the risk of vaccine escape mutants, and offer greater practicality in terms of scalable manufacturing and genetic manipulability, presenting a promising and effective strategy for future vaccine development. A prokaryotic self‐assembled multiepitope nanovaccine is developed by combining conserved linear epitopes of HA2 and M2e with the ferritin nanoplatform. This nanovaccine effectively induces long‐lasting humoral and robust cellular immune responses, and offers greater practicality in terms of scalable manufacturing, fewer escape mutants, and genetic manipulability, making it a promising candidate for the development of universal influenza vaccines.

Nitrogen doped FeS2nanoparticles are realized via a sulfuration process plus the subsequent NH3treatment, which exhibits a low overpotential (126 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and excellent activity stability for hydrogen evolution reaction.

Oxide dispersed strengthened (ODS) steel is an important candidate for Gen-IV reactors. Oxide embedded in Fe can help to trap irradiation defects and enhances the strength of steel. It was observed in this study that the size of oxide has a profound impact on the depinning mechanism. For smaller sizes, the oxide acts as a void; thus, letting the dislocation bypass without any shear. On the other hand, oxides larger than 2 nm generate new dislocation segments around themselves. The depinning is similar to that of Orowan mechanism and the strengthening effect is likely to be greater for larger oxides. It was found that higher shear deformation rates produce more fine-tuned stress-strain curve. Both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and BKS (Bacon-Knocks-Scattergood) model display similar characteristics whereby establishing an inverse relation between the depinning stress and the obstacle distance. It was found that (110)oxide|| (111)Fe(oriented oxide) also had similar characteristics as that of (100)oxide|| (111)Febut resulted in an increased depinning stress thereby providing greater resistance to dislocation bypass. Our simulation results concluded that critical depinning stress depends significantly on the size and orientation of the oxide.

The key to optimizing photocatalysts lies in the efficient separation and oriented migration of the photogenerated carriers. Herein, we report that breaking continuous TiO6tetragonal (D4h) symmetry in titanium dioxide material by oxygen vacancy engineering could induce a dipole field within the bulk phase and thus facilitate the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. After further loading of Cu single-atom co-catalysts, the obtained catalyst attained a hydrogen (H2) yield rate of 15.84 mmol g–1h–1and a remarkable apparent quantum yield of 12.67% at 385 nm from methanol aqueous solution. This catalyst also demonstrated impressive stability for at least 24 h during the photocatalytic tests. The innovative concept of producing dipole fields in semiconductors by breaking the crystal symmetry offers a new perspective for designing photocatalysts.

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The etiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is complex, and the incidence is increasing year by year. The patient’s kidney showed oxidative stress damage, increasing active oxygen species (ROS) content, and vasoconstriction. Due to poor drug solubility and low renal accumulation, the current treatment regimens have not effectively alleviated glomerulopathy and other kidney damage caused by DN. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new treatment strategies and drug delivery systems. Here, we constructed an oral nanodelivery system (Tel/CAN@CS-DA) that reduced oxidative stress and vasoconstriction. Deoxycholic acid (DA)-modified nanoparticles entered into intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2 cells) via the bile acid biomimetic pathway, then escaped from the lysosomes and eventually spat out the cells, increasing the oral absorption of nanoparticles. Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles could achieve renal targeting through specific binding with a renal giant protein receptor and deliver drugs to renal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). In vitro studies also proved that telmisartan (Tel) and canagliflozin (CAN) effectively removed cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced HK-2 cell apoptosis caused by high glucose. In the in vivo model induced by streptozotocin (STZ), the results showed that the nanosystem not only elevated AMPK protein expression, inhibited angiotensin II (Ang II) protein expression to effectively reduce oxidative stress level, dilated renal blood vessels but also reduced the degree of inflammation and fibrosis. Overall, Tel/CAN@CS-DA multifunctional oral nanosystem can effectively treat DN with low toxicity, which provides a new idea for the treatment of DN.

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), a rapid detection technique noted for simplicity and economy, has showcased indispensable applicability in diverse domains such as disease screening, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Nevertheless, challenges still exist in detecting ultra-low concentration analytes due to the inherent sensitivity limitations of LFIA. Recently, significant advances have been achieved by integrating enzyme activity probes and transforming LFIA into a highly sensitive tool for rapidly detecting trace analyte concentrations. Specifically, modifying natural enzymes or engineered nanozymes allows them to function as immune probes, directly catalyzing the production of signal molecules or indirectly initiating enzyme activity. Therefore, the signal intensity and detection sensitivity of LFIA are markedly elevated. The present review undertakes a comprehensive examination of pertinent research literature, offering a systematic analysis of recently proposed enzyme-based signal amplification strategies. By way of comparative assessment, the merits and demerits of current approaches are delineated, along with the identification of research avenues that still need to be explored. It is anticipated that this critical overview will garner considerable attention within the biomedical and materials science communities, providing valuable direction and insight toward the advancement of high-performance LFIA technologies.

Inspired by enzymatic catalysis, it is crucial to construct hydrogen-bonding-rich microenvironment around catalytic sites; unfortunately, its precise construction and understanding how the distance between such microenvironment and catalytic sites affects the catalysis remain significantly challenging. In this work, a series of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based single-atom Ru1catalysts, namely, Ru1/UiO-67-X (X = -H, -m-(NH2)2, -o-(NH2)2), have been synthesized, where the distance between the hydrogen-bonding microenvironment and Ru1sites is modulated by altering the location of amino groups. The −NH2group can form hydrogen bonds with H2O, constituting a unique microenvironment that causes an increased water concentration around the Ru1sites. Remarkably, Ru1/UiO-67-o-(NH2)2displays a superior photocatalytic hydrogen production rate, ∼4.6 and ∼146.6 times of Ru1/UiO-67-m-(NH2)2and Ru1/UiO-67, respectively. Both experimental and computational results suggest that the close proximity of amino groups to the Ru1sites in Ru1/UiO-67-o-(NH2)2improves charge transfer and H2O dissociation, accounting for the promoted photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Photocatalytic CO2reduction holds great potential for alleviating global energy and environmental issues, where the electronic structure of the catalytic center plays a crucial role. However, the spin state, a key descriptor of electronic properties, is largely overlooked. Herein, we present a simple strategy to regulate the spin states of catalytic Co centers by changing their coordination environment by exchanging the Co species into a stable Zn-based metal–organic framework (MOF) to afford Co-OAc, Co-Br, and Co-CNfor CO2photoreduction. Experimental and DFT calculation results suggest that the distinct spin states of the Co sites give rise to different charge separation abilities and energy barriers for CO2adsorption/activation in photocatalysis. Consequently, the optimized Co-OAcwith the highest spin-state Co sites presents an excellent photocatalytic CO2activity of 2325.7 μmol·g–1·h–1and selectivity of 99.1% to CO, which are among the best in all reported MOF photocatalysts, in the absence of a noble metal and additional photosensitizer. This work underlines the potential of MOFs as an ideal platform for spin-state manipulation toward improved photocatalysis.

Nano-composite dielectric materials are considered as the most promising insulating materials for HVDC cables. The effects of different concentration of nano-filler and structure of nanoparticle on the electrical properties of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) composites were studied by using three different chemical treated titanium-silicon molecular sieves TS-1 as nano-filler. The experimental results show that the dielectric properties of the composites increased by 17.76%, 19.16% and 16.36%, respectively, after TS-1 and alkali treatment for 12 h and 24 h. After the addition of the first two fillers, the resistivity was nearly doubled to 46.71% and 47.41%, respectively, and the breakdown field strength was increased by 3.40% and 9.28%, respectively. After 24 h alkali treatment, the volume resistivity and breakdown field strength of TS-1 were lower than that of pure XLPE.

Various design considerations were taken into account when devising a condition monitoring, analysis and diagnosis system for pumped storage power units. UNLIKE the gas turbine, the water turbine has a [...]

Radiation Damage (RD) studies on structural materials provide a way to understand a material's behaviour in a NPP. Oxide Dispersed Strengthened Steel (ODSS) alloys have been considered as one of the promising candidate materials in fast nuclear fission and fusion reactors. There are multiple mechanisms responsible for the microstructural changes instigating substantial alterations in the macroscopic properties of the material as well. Currently, various experimental and simulation studies on RD in ODSS alloys are being carried out owing to their radiation resistant property under different irradiation conditions. Owing to varying experimental approaches, the interpretations are usually incoherent. Simulating irradiation effect through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations offers necessary insight into the production of primary damage defects and microstructural evolution. MD simulations can reveal atomistic details of some hidden phenomena and their mechanistic understanding associated with ODSS alloys, such as: damage cascades, defects interface interactions and radiation stability at elevated temperature. Thus, it is highly desirable to understand the aforementioned phenomena through atomistic simulation techniques, although one simulation technique is not enough to cover ranges of RD. Hence, this paper reviews recent studies performed through MD simulations and irradiation effects in ODSS alloys.

In bacteria, archaea, protists, and plants, the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) by inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) can, under stress conditions, substitute for ATP-driven proton flux to generate a proton gradient and induce luminal acidification. However, this strategy is considered to be lost in eukaryotes. Here, we report that LHPP, a poorly understood PPase that exhibits activity at acidic pH, is primarily expressed in astrocytes and partly localized on lysosomal membranes. Under stress conditions, LHPP is recruited to vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and facilitates V-ATPase-dependent proton transport and lysosomal acidification by hydrolyzing PPi. LHPP knockout (KO) mice have no discernable phenotype but are resilient to chronic-stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Mechanistically, LHPP deficiency prevents lysosome-dependent degradation of C/EBPβ and induces the expression of a group of chemokines that promote adult neurogenesis. Together, these findings suggest that LHPP is likely to be a therapeutic target for stress-related brain disease.

Water quality prediction is vital for solving water pollution and protecting the water environment. In terms of the characteristics of nonlinearity, instability, and randomness of water quality parameters, a short-term water quality prediction model was proposed based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and improved grasshopper optimization algorithm (IGOA), so as to optimize long short-term memory neural network (LSTM). First, VMD was adopted to decompose the water quality data into a series of relatively stable components, with the aim to reduce the instability of the original data and increase the predictability, then each component was input into the IGOA-LSTM model for prediction. Finally, each component was added to obtain the predicted values. In this study, the monitoring data from Dayangzhou Station and Shengmi Station of the Ganjiang River was used for training and prediction. The experimental results showed that the prediction accuracy of the VMD-IGOA-LSTM model proposed was higher than that of the integrated model of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), the integrated model of Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN), Nonlinear Autoregressive Network with Exogenous Inputs (NARX), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), as well as other models, showing better performance in short-term prediction. The current study will provide a reliable solution for water quality prediction studies in other areas.

Past studies have demonstrated that synoptically active weather systems play an important role in the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) within and above the planetary boundary layer. For the first time, we investigate the spatial variability of column‐averaged dry‐air mole fractions of CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$(i.e.,XCO2$\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.,{\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) due to the impact of synoptic scale transport using retrievals from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) for 66 summer cold front passage cases over the conterminous U.S. and Mexico from 2015 to 2019. XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$differences across cold fronts in summer were found to be in good agreement with observations obtained from the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT‐America) field campaign, though with a reduced magnitude due the flat averaging kernel representing fairly uniform vertical sensitivity in the troposphere as opposed to in situ CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$measurements. OCO‐2 observed XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$frontal differences are statistically distinct from north‐south XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$climatological spatial variations on similar spatial‐scales on synoptically benign days, implying that the frontal passages contribute to enhanced XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$spatial contrasts. An exploratory analysis finds no evidence of a linkage between the temperature differences and XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$differences, but a more thorough exploration is left as future work. Atmospheric CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$is one of the main contributors to climate change among the various long‐lived greenhouse gases. The spatial distributions of atmospheric CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$may change abruptly on short time scales (e.g., hours or less) and gradually on long time scales (e.g., years or longer). Due to weather, there are several mechanisms for atmospheric CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$spatial redistribution, for example, the advection of upwind sources and/or sinks. In this paper, we explore the spatial CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$differences related to summer cold fronts. We collect 66 summer cold fronts as seen from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 over the CONUS and north Mexico between 2015 and 2019. The results suggest that the column‐averaged CO2${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$(XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) differences across these 66 summer cold fronts are statistically distinct from the climatological XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$north‐south gradients. The summer cold‐front‐relative contrasts between warm and cold sectors can provide a reference for models in simulating the horizontal advection, source, and/or sink changes in the synoptic weather. XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$retrievals from Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) exhibit enhanced contrasts across cold fronts in the conterminous US during 2015–2019 summers, with larger XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$values in the warm sectors than the cold sectorsAnalyses reveal that OCO‐2 observed transient XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$frontal contrasts that were greater than climatological XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$spatial differences on days without cold fronts in the CONUS in summers during the period 2015‐2019 XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$retrievals from Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) exhibit enhanced contrasts across cold fronts in the conterminous US during 2015–2019 summers, with larger XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$values in the warm sectors than the cold sectors Analyses reveal that OCO‐2 observed transient XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$frontal contrasts that were greater than climatological XCO2${\mathrm{X}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$spatial differences on days without cold fronts in the CONUS in summers during the period 2015‐2019

Zinc–nickel battery attracts much attention because of their excellent rate performance and high operating voltage. However, their applications are strongly restricted by the poor cycling performance, which is caused by the degradation of the zinc anode during battery cycling. To overcome such limitation, a facile strategy to prepare homogeneously Bi2O3coated ZnO composites is proposed. The reaction is conducted in the liquid phase based on redox reaction of Bi3+and I−to directly grow BiOI on commercial ZnO powders, which are then converted to ZnO@Bi2O3by further heat treatment. Benefiting from the uniform Bi2O3coating, the solubility of ZnO is effectively reduced. The well-connected metallic Bi network is formed, which serves as the conductive substrate for uniform zinc deposition and hence inhibits the dendrites growth. The assembled zinc–nickel battery based on ZnO@Bi2O3composites exhibits significantly prolonged cycling life. Even under a high discharge current of 10 A (~ 138 mA cm−2), the battery can keep cycling during 400 cycles with discharge voltage higher than 1.1 V, which is extended by 3 and 1.7 times compared with that of electrodes based on pure ZnO and physical mixture of Bi2O3and ZnO. This work provides a facile strategy for synthesizing uniformly Bi2O3coated ZnO composites, which is helpful for large-scale synthesis of high-performance zinc anodes in practical application.