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The origin of domesticated Asian rice (Oryza sativaL.) has been controversial for more than half a century. The debates have focused on two leading hypotheses: a single domestication event in China or multiple domestication events in geographically separate areas. These two hypotheses differ in their predicted history of genes/alleles selected during domestication. Here we amassed a dataset of 1,578 resequenced genomes, including an expanded sample of wild rice from throughout its geographic range. We identified 993 selected genes that generated phylogenetic trees on which japonicaand indicaformed a monophyletic group, suggesting that the domestication alleles of these genes originated only once in either japonicaor indica. Importantly, the domestication alleles of most selected genes (~80%) stemmed from wild rice in China, but the domestication alleles of a substantial minority of selected genes (~20%) originated from wild rice in South and Southeast Asia, demonstrating separate domestication events of Asian rice.

Root architectural traits are most affected by phosphorus (P), one of the most limiting primary macro-nutrients in the soil. In a 2-year field experiment, variations in P-dependent root proliferation and their impact on stalk strength, lodging resistance, and grain quality traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) were studied. Basal P fertilizer applications (control, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1of superphosphate) were applied, and lodging rate and related traits were investigated. The quinoa grown without P-inputs exhibited 15% less root surface area and 17–19% less root diameter than 100 kg P ha−1. The application of 150 kg P ha−1increased total root length by 17 and 8% in the 2 years. Control plants exhibited higher total soluble sugar fraction and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, while this pattern was notably reverted after 100 kg P ha−1application. Furthermore, the total free protein, lipid, and starch content of quinoa grains were enhanced by P application which exhibited 8, 5–12, and 10% increase at 100 kg P ha−1, respectively. This primarily suggested amelioration of oxidative stress by P-application linked with high superoxide dismutase activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in quinoa roots. Therefore, we singled out 100 kg P ha−1as the optimal level, promoting stalk strength and reducing the risk of lodging through enhancements in root diameter and stalk strength, leading to increased quinoa yield and grain quality traits.

In order to alleviate traffic load during large-scale activities held in cities, the concepts of traffic planning is applied in this paper. To forecast traffic demand of large-scale activities, the traditional four-stage method is imposed. Traffic forecasting model is set up in simulation tool TransCAD, and then traffic loads are gained in road around large-scale activities. Based on the result of simulate, appropriate measures are taken and re-assignment is implemented. By comparing simulation results between before and after the implementation of traffic control measures, the impact of large-scale activities to the road network and effectiveness of control measures are verified in the paper.

With the rapid development of high-speed railway in soft foundation, foundation treatment technology has become mature, the most outstanding is CFG pile composite foundation technique. CFG pile composite foundation is made of cement fly ash gravel pile(CFG pile), pile of soil and sandstone , between sand and gravel several problems such as the medium material composition together constitute layer. It has high bearing of capacity, convenient, low costing, strong adaptability and quality control easier.So it is widely applied and promoted. Under static and dynamic loads, the relations of the high-speed railway CFG pile composite foundation is very complex. In order to further understand the intensity of pile-net structure subgrade stability and deformation, pile , requirements of the high-speed railway roadbed ,it needs to do pile-net structure parameter sensitivity analysis. According to high-speed railway CFG pile composite foundation , the numerical analysis can well solve the coupling effect of piles and soil. So, this paper adopts FLAC3D finite difference software is simulated and analyzed.

800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} The settlement of railway subgrade has an important connection with the quality, safety and natural life of the railway, the excessive settlement of subgrade will directly cause too many problems in the process of railway using. Especially in high speed railway, these problems will be more outstanding, thus affecting the development and progress of the railway. For the foundation of traffic infrastructure in areas with soft subsoil often embankments supported by piles are necessary due to the settlement requirements. For sufficient load transfer into the piles different construction methods are possible. For the construction of a high speed railway, a cement stabilization of the embankment material and geogrid reinforcement on top of the piles were used. Before the temporary load the settlement is monitored continuously for 10 months. In this paper, the method of construction is described and important field monitoring results are presented.

In this paper, mathematical models of smooth and enhanced tubes were established. A new mathematical model in evaluating single-tube falling film absorption effect outside enhanced tubes is proposed. The liquid film outside enhanced tubes is assumed to consist of two layers, i.e. internal and external layers. The analytical solutions to the distribution of the velocity, temperature and concentration in the internal layer are obtained by means of theoretical analysis, while the solutions in the external layer are calculated by using numerical method. The governing equations of the two layers are coupled using a second-order coupling method. The effects of the height and the angle of the ribs on the performances of the heat and mass transfer of the liquid film are discussed. It is shown that the agreement is good between the calculation results and the experimental data.

Two compounds, apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-(hydroxymethylthio)ethanol, were extracted from the fermentation products of a strain of endophytic fungus, Colletotrichumsp. NTB-2, isolated from the leafstalk of Ginkgo biloba.The structures of the two compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. The compounds were obtained from microorganisms for the first time.