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To quantify the relative contributions of Arctic sea ice and unforced atmospheric internal variability to the “warm Arctic, cold East Asia” (WACE) teleconnection, this study analyses three sets of large-ensemble simulations carried out by the Norwegian Earth System Model with a coupled atmosphere–land surface model, forced by seasonal sea ice conditions from preindustrial, present-day, and future periods. Each ensemble member within the same set uses the same forcing but with small perturbations to the atmospheric initial state. Hence, the difference between the present-day (or future) ensemble mean and the preindustrial ensemble mean provides the ice-loss-induced response, while the difference of the individual members within the present-day (or future) set is the effect of atmospheric internal variability. Results indicate that both present-day and future sea ice loss can force a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation with a WACE pattern in winter. The magnitude of ice-induced Arctic warming is over four (ten) times larger than the ice-induced East Asian cooling in the present-day (future) experiment; the latter having a magnitude that is about 30% of the observed cooling. Sea ice loss contributes about 60% (80%) to the Arctic winter warming in the present-day (future) experiment. Atmospheric internal variability can also induce a WACE pattern with comparable magnitudes between the Arctic and East Asia. Ice-loss-induced East Asian cooling can easily be masked by atmospheric internal variability effects because random atmospheric internal variability may induce a larger magnitude warming. The observed WACE pattern occurs as a result of both Arctic sea ice loss and atmospheric internal variability, with the former dominating Arctic warming and the latter dominating East Asian cooling.

Precipitous Arctic sea-ice decline and the corresponding increase in Arctic open-water areas in summer months give more space for sea-ice growth in the subsequent cold seasons. Compared to the decline of the entire Arctic multiyear sea ice, changes in newly formed sea ice indicate more thermodynamic and dynamic information on Arctic atmosphere–ocean–ice interaction and northern mid–high latitude atmospheric teleconnections. Here, we use a large multimodel ensemble from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to investigate future changes in wintertime newly formed Arctic sea ice. The commonly used model-democracy approach that gives equal weight to each model essentially assumes that all models are independent and equally plausible, which contradicts with the fact that there are large interdependencies in the ensemble and discrepancies in models’ performances in reproducing observations. Therefore, instead of using the arithmetic mean of well-performing models or all available models for projections like in previous studies, we employ a newly developed model weighting scheme that weights all models in the ensemble with consideration of their performance and independence to provide more reliable projections. Model democracy leads to evident bias and large intermodel spread in CMIP6 projections of newly formed Arctic sea ice. However, we show that both the bias and the intermodel spread can be effectively reduced by the weighting scheme. Projections from the weighted models indicate that wintertime newly formed Arctic sea ice is likely to increase dramatically until the middle of this century regardless of the emissions scenario. Thereafter, it may decrease (or remain stable) if the Arctic warming crosses a threshold (or is extensively constrained).

To address the challenge of low torque density of conventional switched reluctance motor (SRM), this article introduces a modular stator hybrid-excitation SRM (MS-HESRM) with a π-type structure. Permanent magnets (PMs) are magnetized in circumferential direction and placed in stator yoke between the adjacent π-type modules, which enhances the flux flowing through the torque poles and thus improves the output torque. First, the operation principle of proposed structure is explained. And the magnetic circuit model is analyzed to reveal the torque contribution of PMs. Furthermore, the influence of structural parameters on the output performances such as average torque, torque/PM volume, and cogging torque, are investigated using finite-element method. To demonstrate the merits of proposed structure, a prototype is manufactured, and comparisons with other hybrid-excitation SRMs are implemented including average torque, torque/PM volume etc. Simulation and experimental results illustrate that the proposed MS-HESRM has high output torque, PM utilization and torque density.

Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories.

An in-situ dual morphology of Ti2AlC/TiB2nanoparticles was refined and enhanced to fabricate Ti-47.7Al-7.1Nb-2.3V-1.1Cr composites via induction hot-pressing sintering with nano-B4C addition. The generation process of nanoparticles, lamellar refinement mechanism, and effect of nanoparticles on the microstructure evolution/mechanical properties were meticulously analysed. With 0.2 at% nano-B4C addition, Ti2AlC/TiB2nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the matrix following sintering. In addition, upon sintering at 1425 °C for 10 min under a pressure of 50 MPa, the lamellar colony size decreased from 280 ± 145 μm to 55 ± 16 μm, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 116 MPa, 142 MPa, and 176 MPa, when tested at room temperature, 800 °C, and 900 °C, respectively. The enhanced mechanical properties were attributed to the synergistic effects of grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening, the Orowan mechanism, and twinning strengthening.

From summer to autumn in 2022, a severe drought lasted in southern China, posing serious effects on economic growth and ecological systems. This study explored the atmospheric circulations accounting for this persistent drought event. It shows that the drought in southern China during the summer of 2022 was strongly linked to the divergence of water vapor flux and descending motions, which were respectively caused by the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the northward movement of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ). Differently, the atmospheric background responsible for the sustained drought in autumn is manly featured by a cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea, which led to decreased moisture and descending motions in southern China. Further investigation suggests that the rarely strong surface warming over northern Eurasia and the extreme La Niña-like pattern over the tropical Pacific jointly resulted in the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the northward shift of the EASJ in the summer of 2022, while the cyclonic circulation anomaly prevailing over the region from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea in autumn was largely attributed to the extremely negative anomalies of the tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature.

The dry mass and the orientation of biomolecules can be imaged without a label by measuring their permittivity tensor (PT), which describes how biomolecules affect the phase and polarization of light. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of PT has been challenging. We present a label-free computational microscopy technique, PT imaging (PTI), for the 3D measurement of PT. PTI encodes the invisible PT into images using oblique illumination, polarization-sensitive detection and volumetric sampling. PT is decoded from the data with a vectorial imaging model and a multi-channel inverse algorithm, assuming uniaxial symmetry in each voxel. We demonstrate high-resolution imaging of PT of isotropic beads, anisotropic glass targets, mouse brain tissue, infected cells and histology slides. PTI outperforms previous label-free imaging techniques such as vector tomography, ptychography and light-field imaging in resolving the 3D orientation and symmetry of organelles, cells and tissue. We provide open-source software and modular hardware to enable the adoption of the method.

Extreme high temperatures occur frequently over the densely populated Yangtze River basin (YRB) in China during summer, significantly impacting the local economic development and ecological system. However, accurate prediction of extreme high-temperature days in this region remains a challenge. Unfortunately, the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) exhibits poor performance in this regard. Thus, based on the interannual increment approach, we develop a hybrid seasonal prediction model over the YRB (HMYRB) to improve the prediction of extreme high-temperature days in summer.The HMYRBrelies on the following four predictors: the observed preceding April–May snowmelt in north western Europe; the snow depth in March over the central Siberian Plateau; the CFSv2-forecasted concurrent summer sea surface temperatures around the Maritime Continent; and the 200-hPa geopotential height over the Tibetan Plateau. The HMYRBindicates good capabilities in predicting the interannual variability and trend of extreme high-temperature days, with a markable correlation coefficient of 0.58 and a percentage of the same sign (PSS) of 76% during 1983–2015 in the one-year-out cross-validation. Additionally, the HMYRBmaintains high PSS skill (86%) and robustness in the independent prediction period (2016–2022). Furthermore, the HMYRBshows a good performance for years with high occurrence of extreme high-temperature days, with a hit ratio of 40%. These predictors used in HMYRBare beneficial in terms of the prediction skill for the average daily maximum temperature in summer over the YRB, albeit with biases existing in the magnitude. Our study provides promising insights into the prediction of 2022-like hot extremes over the YRB in China.

Objective: To investigate the effects of electronic biofeedback combined with nursing intervention and conventional drug treatment on cognitive function in patients with vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VCIND). Methods: A total of 102 patients with VCIND treated in the Department of Neurology from January 2021 to May 2022 were enrolled and divided into the routine treatment group and biofeedback group according to different treatment methods. The routine treatment group was given conventional drug therapy and nursing intervention; for the biofeedback group, electronic biofeedback therapy was added, based on the routine treatment group. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, (MoCA), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, (ADAS-cog), and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were checked before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, and 3 months after treatment. Results: At 3 months of treatment, the scores of the MoCA and ADAS-cog scales in the biofeedback group were better than those in the routine treatment group, while no difference was detected in the HAMD scores before and after treatment and between the two groups. Conclusion: Electronic biofeedback therapy for VCIND can significantly improve the MoCA score, reduce the ADAS-cog score and improve the cognitive level of patients and can be used as a complementary treatment for VCIND.

IntroductionThere are many migrant workers in China’s first-tier cities, but little is known about road safety. This paper systematically analysed road traffic injuries and risk factors among migrant workers in Guangzhou, China.MethodsRoad traffic crash data from 2017 to 2021 were obtained from the Guangzhou Public Security Traffic Management Integrated System. We plotted the crash network of road users in road traffic crashes and used logistic regression to analyse the risk factors for migrant workers of motorcycle and four-wheeled vehicle crashes. Moreover, the roles of migrant workers and control individuals as perpetrators in road traffic crashes were also analysed.ResultsBetween 2017 and 2021, 76% of road traffic injuries were migrant workers in Guangzhou. Migrant workers who were motorcyclist drivers most commonly experienced road traffic injuries. Crashes between motorcyclists and car occupants were the most common. The illegal behaviours of migrant worker motorcyclists were closely related to casualties, with driving without a licence only and driving without a licence and drunk driving accounting for the greatest number. Migrant workers were responsible for many injuries of other road users. Motorcycle drivers have a higher proportion of drunk driving.DiscussionMigrant workers play an important role in road traffic safety. They were both the leading source of road traffic injuries and the main perpetrators of road traffic crashes. Measures such as strict requirements for migrant workers to drive motorcycles with licences, prohibit drunk driving, greater publicity of road safety regulations, and combining compulsory education with punishment for illegal behaviours.

The meridional gradient of surface air temperature associated with “Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia” (GradTAE) is closely related to climate anomalies and weather extremes in the mid-low latitudes. However, the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) shows poor capability for GradTAEprediction. Based on the year-to-year increment approach, analysis using a hybrid seasonal prediction model for GradTAEin winter (HMAE) is conducted with observed September sea ice over the Barents-Kara Sea, October sea surface temperature over the North Atlantic, September soil moisture in southern North America, and CFSv2 forecasted winter sea ice over the Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and Labrador Sea. HMAEdemonstrates good capability for predicting GradTAEwith a significant correlation coefficient of 0.84, and the percentage of the same sign is 88% in cross-validation during 1983–2015. HMAEalso maintains high accuracy and robustness during independent predictions of 2016–20. Meanwhile, HMAEcan predict the GradTAEin 2021 well as an experiment of routine operation. Moreover, well-predicted GradTAEis useful in the prediction of the large-scale pattern of “Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia” and has potential to enhance the skill of surface air temperature occurrences in the east of China.

In this brief, the oscillation characteristics of multilayer graphene are verified and analyzed by simulating and fabricating a multilayer graphene oscillator with low phase noise. Graphene has strong nonlinearity. Biasing can change the in-band conductivity of graphene. With electromagnetic excitation and DC bias circuit, multilayer graphene can be approximated as a series-parallel connection of multiple discrete element resistors and inductors, which can be used to make resonant circuits. In this brief, we first analyze the principle of bias voltage to change the surface conductivity of graphene, and establish a multilayer graphene Symbolically Defined Devices (G-SDD) simulation model based on the surface conductivity. When the G-SDD model is applied to the oscillator simulation circuit, the simulation results obtained are basically consistent with the experimental results. The multilayer graphene oscillator has an oscillation frequency of about 650 MHz, an output power of 6.48dBm, and a phase noise of −116.40dBc/Hz@1MHz. By comparison with other recent literature the better phase noise characteristics of this design are further highlighted.

Co-occurrence of surface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution (CP) was frequently observed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH). More than 50% of CP days occurred during April–May in BTH, and the CP days reached up to 11 in two months of 2018. The PM2.5or O3concentration associated with CP was lower than but close to that in O3and PM2.5pollution, indicating compound harms during CP days with double-high concentrations of PM2.5and O3. CP days were significantly facilitated by joint effects of the Rossby wave train that consisted of two centers associated with the Scandinavia pattern and one center over North China as well as a hot, wet, and stagnant environmental condition in BTH. After 2018, the number of CP days decreased sharply while the meteorological conditions did not change significantly. Therefore, changes in meteorological conditions did not really contribute to the decline of CP days in 2019 and 2020. This implies that the reduction of PM2.5emission has resulted in a reduction of CP days (about 11 days in 2019 and 2020). The differences in atmospheric conditions revealed here were helpful to forecast the types of air pollution on a daily to weekly time scale. The reduction in PM2.5emission was the main driving factor behind the absence of CP days in 2020, but the control of surface O3must be stricter and deeper.

Over recent decades, the rate of global mean sea-level rise has increased, although the magnitude—tens of centimetres—remains small from a geological perspective. Such a modest rise in sea level presents a challenge when attempting to assess its global climate impacts, as the signal is weak. However, in previous warmer geological periods, sea levels reached up to tens of metres higher than the present levels. These palaeoclimate periods offer a unique opportunity to investigate the climate effects of higher sea levels. Here, using climate simulations of the Last Interglacial period and a set of present-day sea-level sensitivity experiments, we highlight the importance of global mean sea-level rise in modulating global climate. The lowering of terrestrial elevation and deepening of oceanic bathymetry due to a spatially uniform rise in sea level reorganizes atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Our simulations of the Last Interglacial show that considering this aspect of global mean sea-level rise in isolation from changes associated with land–sea masks or freshwater input reduces the long-lasting model–data mismatch in the Southern Hemisphere. Furthermore, the present-day sensitivity experiments demonstrate that a slight increase in global mean sea level causes substantial adjustments in the global climate, particularly at mid–high latitudes.

BackgroundCongenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defects. The genetic aetiology of CHD is complex and incompletely understood. The overall distribution of genetic causes in patients with CHD from neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) needs to be studied.MethodsCHD cases were extracted from the China Neonatal Genomes Project (2016–2021). Next-generation sequencing results and medical records were retrospectively evaluated to note the frequency of genetic diagnosis and the respective patient outcomes.ResultsIn total, 1795 patients were included. The human phenotype ontology term of atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect account for a large portion of the CHD subtype. Co-occurring extracardiac anomalies were observed in 35.1% of patients. 269 of the cases received genetic diagnoses that could explain the phenotype of CHDs, including 172 copy number variations and 97 pathogenic variants. The detection rate of trio-whole-exome sequencing was higher than clinical exome sequencing (21.8% vs 14.5%, p<0.05). Further follow-up analysis showed the genetic diagnostic rate was higher in the deceased group than in the surviving group (29.0% vs 11.9%, p<0.05).ConclusionThis is the largest cohort study to explore the genetic spectrum of patients with CHD in the NICU in China. Our findings may benefit future work on improving genetic screening and counselling for NICU patients with CHD.

ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution of aetiologies and outcomes in neonates with prolonged neonatal jaundice.DesignAn observational study.SettingMultiple tertiary centres from the China Neonatal Genome Project.PatientsTerm infants with jaundice lasting more than 14 days or preterm infants with jaundice lasting more than 21 days were recruited between 1 June 2016 and 30 June 2020.Main outcome measuresAetiology and outcomes were recorded from neonates with prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (PUCHB) and prolonged conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (PCHB).ResultsA total of 939 neonates were enrolled, and known aetiologies were identified in 84.1% of neonates (790 of 939). Among 411 neonates with PCHB, genetic disorders (27.2%, 112 of 411) were the leading aetiologies. There were 8 deceased neonates, 19 neonates with liver failure and 12 with neurodevelopmental delay. Among 528 neonates with PUCHB, a genetic aetiology was identified in 2 of 219 neonates (0.9%) who showed disappearance of jaundice within 4 weeks of age and in 32 of 309 neonates (10.4%) with persistent jaundice after 4 weeks of age. A total of 96 of 181 neonates (53.0%) who received genetic diagnoses had their clinical diagnosis modified as a result of the genetic diagnoses.ConclusionKnown aetiologies were identified in approximately 80% of neonates in our cohort, and their overall outcomes were favourable. Genetic aetiology should be considered a priority in neonates with PCHB or the persistence of jaundice after 4 weeks of age. Moreover, genetic data can modify the clinical diagnosis and guide disease management, potentially improving outcomes.

We used data from 852 consecutive subjects with myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) diagnosed according to the 2016 (revised 4th) World Health Organization (WHO) criteria to evaluate the 2022 (5th) edition WHO classification of MDS. 30 subjects previously classified as MDS with an NPM1mutation were re-classified as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). 9 subjects previously classified as MDS-U were re-classified to clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance (CCUS). The remaining 813 subjects were diagnosed as: MDS-5q (N= 11 [1%]), MDS-SF3B1 (N= 70 [9%]), MDS-biTP53 (N= 53 [7%]), MDS-LB (N= 293 [36%]), MDS-h (N= 80 [10%]), MDS-IB1 (N= 161 [20%]), MDS-IB2 (N= 103 [13%]) and MDS-f (N= 42 [5%]) and MDS-biTP53 (N= 53 [7%]). 34 of these subjects came from the 53 (64%) MDS-biTP53 previously diagnosed as MDS-EB. Median survival of subjects classified as MDS using the WHO 2022 criteria was 45 months (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 34, 56 months). Subjects re-classified as MDS-biTP53 and MDS-f had significantly briefer median survivals compared with other MDS sub-types (10 months, [8, 12 months] and 15 months [8, 23 months]). In conclusion, our analyses support the refinements made in the WHO 2022 proposal.

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is the second most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and 90% of patients carry mutations in the SBDSgene, the most common being the c.183_184delinsCT and c.258+2T>C variants. However, precise detection of these most contributory variants by conventional short-read next-generation sequencing data analysis is limited because of the SBDS/SBDSP1highly homologous sequences. In this study, an efficient approach was established to infer the haplotype of SBDSbased on the expectation-maximization algorithm. The workflow was retrospectively applied to detect the two most common SBDSvariants in a Chinese SDS high-risk cohort, and a systematic comparison of variant detection results was performed between the workflow and conventional next-generation sequencing analysis based on Sanger sequencing validation. Among the Chinese SDS high-risk cohort (n= 47) and their available parents (n= 64), the established workflow improved the diagnostic rate for these two variants by 27.7% (95% CI, 15.6%–42.6%) compared with conventional analysis. For overall variant detection, the established workflow achieved 100% (95% CI, 92.5%–100%) concordance with Sanger sequencing, whereas conventional analysis showed only 65.8% accuracy; these results included 25.2% with missed variant calls, 7.2% with diagnosed but inaccurate variant calls, and 1.8% with false-positive calls. With its favorable result in both SDS patient diagnosis and carrier detection performance, the provided workflow showed its potential in clinical application for SDS molecular diagnosis.

Aiming at the defect that the traditional bearingless switched reluctance motor cannot control the axial suspension force, so that the rotor cannot achieve five-degree-of-freedom suspension by itself, this study presents an innovative 12/14 conical bearingless switched reluctance motor. The structure and principle of suspension force generation is illustrated in detail. Meanwhile, mathematical model of the proposed motor is studied and established. Considering the radial and axial displacement of the rotor, the derived mathematical model could accurately describe the radial force, axial force and electromagnetic torque of the proposed motor. Finally, the effectiveness of the derived mathematical model is verified by finite element simulation.

In this study, the performance of 24 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models in simulating the dynamic processes of Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC)‐ and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐ forced teleconnection during winter is subjectively and objectively evaluated. The Arctic SIC‐forced teleconnection is associated with a warm Arctic‐cold Eurasian pattern of surface temperature (T2m), a low Arctic‐high Eurasian pattern of sea level pressure (SLP), and a southeastward propagating wave‐train originating from Arctic in the upper troposphere. The ENSO‐forced teleconnection is associated with a poleward propagating wave‐train originating from tropical Pacific in the upper troposphere, a low North Pacific‐high Arctic pattern of SLP, and a cold North Pacific‐warm Greenland pattern of T2m. The metrics of Taylor skill scores and Distance between indices of simulation and observation (DISO) are used to objectively and quantitatively evaluate the performance of models. The results of subjective and objective evaluation are essentially consistent. The CanESM5, MPI‐ESM1‐2‐HR, EC‐Earth3, and MRI‐ESM2‐0 models have the best performance in simulating the Arctic SIC‐forced teleconnection. The CESM2, ACCESS‐CM2, NESM3, NorESM2‐MM, CAS‐ESM2‐0, MRI‐ESM2‐0 models have the best performance in simulating the ENSO‐forced teleconnection. The two best‐performing multi‐model ensembles well reproduce the dynamic processes of the Arctic SIC‐ and ENSO‐ forced teleconnection. The diversity of model performance is attributed to the different skills of different models in simulating the interannual variability of Arctic SIC, the anomalous deep warm high over the Barents‐Kara Seas, the interannual variability of tropical Pacific SSTs, and the wave number of poleward propagating Rossby waves. The connection between Arctic and tropical climates has an important influence on the climate in Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic sea ice‐driven teleconnection may induce increased cold surges toward the low latitude regions of East Asia, while the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐driven teleconnection may induce increased temperatures over northern North America and Greenland. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models consists of state‐of‐the‐art numerical models that are widely used in climate simulation and prediction. Hence, it is important to understand the performance of these models in simulating the dynamic processes of Arctic‐tropical climate connection and the potential reasons. In this study, the dynamic processes in ocean‐atmosphere associated with the Arctic sea ice‐ and ENSO‐ driven teleconnection are first analyzed using observed/re‐analysis data. The performance of 24 CMIP6 models in simulating the dynamic processes of Arctic sea ice‐ and ENSO‐ driven teleconnection is then subjectively and objectively evaluated. The results indicate a diversity of performance in these models. This diversity are mainly caused by the different skills of models in simulating the interannual variability of SIC and ENSO as well as the associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. The performance of CMIP6 models has a diversity in simulating the dynamic processes of Arctic‐tropical climate connectionBest‐performing multi‐model ensembles with good skill in simulating dynamic processes of Arctic‐tropical climate connection are selectedThe diversity in performance of models are affected by the skill of models in simulating the interannual variability sea ice and SSTs The performance of CMIP6 models has a diversity in simulating the dynamic processes of Arctic‐tropical climate connection Best‐performing multi‐model ensembles with good skill in simulating dynamic processes of Arctic‐tropical climate connection are selected The diversity in performance of models are affected by the skill of models in simulating the interannual variability sea ice and SSTs

Measurements studies have shown that the absorption of radiation by black carbon (BC) increases as the particles age. However, there are significant discrepancies between the measured and modeled absorption enhancement (Eabs), largely due to the simplifications used in modeling the mixing states and shape diversities. We took advantage of chamber experiments on BC aging and developed an efficient method to resolve the particle shape based on the relationship between the coating fraction (ΔDve/Dve,0) and fractal dimension (Df), which can also reflect the variations of Dfduring the whole BC aging process. BC with externally and partly mixed states (0 ⩽ ΔDve/Dve,0⩽ 0.5) can be considered to be uniformly distributed with the Dfvalues of 1.8–2.1, whereas the Dfvalues are constrained in the range 2.2–2.8 for fully mixed states (ΔDve/Dve,0> 0.5). The morphological parameters (i.e., the effective density and the dynamic shape factor) were compared with the measured values to verify the simulated morphology. The simulated mean deviations of morphological parameters were smaller than 8% for the method resolving the particle shape. By applying a realistic shape and refractive index, the mass absorption cross for fully mixed states can be improved by 11% compared with a simplified core–shell model. Based on our understanding of the influence of Dfand ΔDve/Dve,0on Eabs, we propose a two-stage calibration equation to correct the Eabsvalues estimated by the core–shell model, which reduces the simulation error in the Mie calculation by 6%–14%.

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST_tri) are important modes in the atmosphere and ocean over the North Atlantic, respectively. The link between the two is well‐known. However, this link weakened during 1980–2001, which is particularly pronounced in late winter and was not detected in early winter. This phenomenon has not been well revealed. The role of NAO in the above correlation changes was discussed. In late winter, a significant eastward shift (up to 20° longitude) of NAO south center during 1980–2001 was observed in both observation and CMIP6, accompanied by the eastward expansion of NAO north center. Spatial shift of the NAO forced the region of strong air‐sea interactions to shift and resulting in the collapse of NAO‐related SST_tri. These findings deepen our understanding of the NAO on the subseasonal scale. A significant correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST_tri) is widely recognized. However, this study found that the correlation between the two was significantly weakened in late winter during 1980–2001 while no such change was detected in early winter. Therefore, this paper will focus on the late winter and discuss the role of NAO spatial structure in the above correlation changes. When the NAO south center is located over the North Atlantic, both observations and the climate models indicate that the corresponding North Atlantic SST shows a significant tripole pattern. However, during 1980–2001, the NAO south center shift significantly eastward from the North Atlantic toward Western Europe (up to 20° longitude). At the same time, the NAO north center expanded eastward significantly. The eastward shift of the NAO results in the significant eastward shift of the turbulent heat flux and wind stress anomalies. Shift in the region of strong air‐sea interaction led to the collapse of NAO‐related SST_tri. These findings deepen our understanding of the NAO on the subseasonal scale and also provide implications for subseasonal‐seasonal predictions of Eurasian climate extremes. The link between NAO and North Atlantic tripole SST weakened obviously during 1980–2001 late winter, which was not detected in early winterThe eastward shift of ∼20° longitude in NAO south center forced the strong air‐sea interactions region to shift in observations and CMIP6NAO's spatial shift in late winter caused the changes in the link between NAO and North Atlantic tripole SST The link between NAO and North Atlantic tripole SST weakened obviously during 1980–2001 late winter, which was not detected in early winter The eastward shift of ∼20° longitude in NAO south center forced the strong air‐sea interactions region to shift in observations and CMIP6 NAO's spatial shift in late winter caused the changes in the link between NAO and North Atlantic tripole SST

More than 1000 years, the Meiyu–Baiu have shaped the uniqueness of natural resources, civilization and culture in the Yangtze River Basin of China and the main islands of Japan. In recent decades, frequent rainstorms and droughts have seemingly diminished the misty features of traditional Meiyu–Baiu rainfall. However, there is still no consensus on whether their traditional nature is suspended. In this study, we quantitatively demonstrate that the Meiyu–Baiu almost completely lost their traditional features during 1961–2023, ∼80% of which can be attributed to anthropogenic warming. Furthermore, in a warmer future, the traditional Meiyu–Baiu will be more unlikely to appear. This study underscores the urgency in adapting to climate shift because destructive extremes are measurably taking the place of mild and maternal rains.The oriental Meiyu-Baiu has almost completely lost and will keep away from its original and intrinsic features known as “misty rains”, which are attributed to anthropogenic activities

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is viewed as a promising material for optical communications and quantum photonic chips1,2. Recent breakthroughs in LiNbO3nanophotonics have considerably boosted the development of high-speed electro-optic modulators3–5, frequency combs6,7and broadband spectrometers8. However, the traditional method of electrical poling for ferroelectric domain engineering in optic9–13, acoustic14–17and electronic applications18,19is limited to two-dimensional space and micrometre-scale resolution. Here we demonstrate a non-reciprocal near-infrared laser-writing technique for reconfigurable three-dimensional ferroelectric domain engineering in LiNbO3with nanoscale resolution. The proposed method is based on a laser-induced electric field that can either write or erase domain structures in the crystal, depending on the laser-writing direction. This approach offers a pathway for controllable nanoscale domain engineering in LiNbO3and other transparent ferroelectric crystals, which has potential applications in high-efficiency frequency mixing20,21, high-frequency acoustic resonators14–17and high-capacity non-volatile ferroelectric memory19,22.

This paper presents the multi-physics fields research of a high-speed permanent magnet machine (HSPMM) for turbine application. At first, the design considerations for the HSPMM are introduced and presented. Then, the machine electromagnetic performances are comprehensively studied with machine stator slot numbers. Moreover, the influences from the PM magnetization methods and segmentation number on PM eddy current loss reduction are further investigated. Thermal analysis is also performed for the HSPMM with the cooling water fluid volume flow rate considered. In addition, rotor strength is studied for the HSPMM with several design factors on machine rotor strength performances further studied and researched.

The high-speed rotation of the high-speed permanent magnet machine (HSPMM) causes high air friction loss. The multi-field calculation of air friction loss is usually unidirectional coupling, so the interaction between temperature and air friction loss cannot be considered. By using the improved analytical model, the air friction loss considering the effect of temperature on air density and dynamic viscosity is calculated. The influence of this method on the temperature and air velocity of the machine is compared. The accuracy of this method is verified by comparing with the improved air friction loss numerical calculation model. The results show that the improved calculation model of air friction loss is more accurate.

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM) is a heterogeneous disease in which the role of immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes (IGHs) remains unknown. To determine the clinical relevance of the IGH repertoire in patients with LPL/WM, we performed immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) analysis. The IGH variable gene (IGHV) repertoire was remarkably biased in LPL/WM. IGHV3-23, IGHV4-34, IGHV3-30, IGHV3-7, and IGHV3-74 accounted for one-half of the cohort’s repertoire. Most cases (97.1%) were found to carry mutated IGHV genes, based on a 98% IGHV germline homology cutoff. IGHV3-30 was associated with long heavy chain CDR3, indicating there was specific antigen selection in LPL/WM. Patients with IGHV3-7 were significantly more likely to harbor the 6q deletion (P < .001) and an abnormal karyotype (P = .004). The IGHV hypermutation rate in patients with the MYD88 L265P mutation was significantly higher than that of wild-type patients (P = .050). IGHV3-23 and IGHV3-74 segments were more frequently detected in patients with MYD88-mutated LPL/WM (P = .050), whereas IGHV3-7 presented more frequently in MYD88 wild-type patients (P = .042). Patients with IGHV4, especially IGHV4-34, had higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase, and IGHV4 was a predictive marker of shorter progression-free survival. These results showed for the first time that the IGHV repertoire has clinical relevance in LPL/WM.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the association between perceived stress and multifarious eating away from home among Chinese adults in different genders. Methods: We examined cross-sectional data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2018 among Chinese adults aged 18–59 years. A self-reported questionnaire involving the perceived stress scale with 10 items (PSS-10), and the food frequency questionnaire about eating away from home were used. Adjusted two-level zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to explore the association. Results: There were 3161 males and 3599 females in the study. The median PSS-10 score was 16.0 and the frequencies of eating 1) breakfast, 2) lunch or supper, and 3) three main meals away from home were 12, 10, and 49 times per year, respectively. In males, PSS-10 score was not associated with eating away from home. In females, PSS-10 score was significantly positively associated with eating 1) lunch or supper, 2) three main meals, 3) Chinese food away from home, and 4) eating at stalls/restaurants (β1= 0.016, P1= 0.006; β2= 0.014, P2= 0.002; β3= 0.015, P3= 0.013; β4= 0.014, P4= 0.015 respectively). But there was not association between PSS-10 score and the frequency of eating breakfast away from home in females (β= 0.006, P= 0.325). Conclusions: Stressed females tend to eat away from home, but the effects are very small.

Abstract In this study, allele frequencies for the 15 STRs (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D 18S51, D5S818, FGA) included in the AmpFLSTR [...]

Abstract In this research, the allelic distribution of 15 tetrameric short tandem repeats (STR) loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, FGA) [...]

•The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were used to recycle meat and bone meal (MBM)•The role of dietary acetic acid on BSFL, GHGs emissions, and biodiesel was evaluated.•2 % Acetic acid enhanced larval productivity by 26.31 %.•2 % Acetic acid exhibited superior BSFL biodiesel characteristics.•2 % Acetic acid reduced the GWP to 2.67 g CO2-eq kg dry larval biomass.

The quality and flavor of Shanxi Aged Vinegar (SAV) are closely related to its aging time. In this study, for the first time, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with non-targeted metabolomics techniques were employed to analyze SAV samples from 5 different years. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH assays. The non-targeted metabolomics results identified a total of 99 metabolites, among which 24 were significantly associated with the aging time of SAV and were identified as potential markers of vintage, including key components such as organic acids, amino acids, and polyphenols. They contribute significantly to the unique flavor and nutritional value of SAV. Specifically, in SAV aged for 10 years, the contents of citric acid, L-malic acid, L-glutamic acid, protocatechuic acid, and hydroferulic acid were significantly higher than in other vintages. The results of ABTS and DPPH antioxidant activities indicated a positive correlation between the antioxidant activity of SAV and its aging time. Among the 12 identified polyphenols, chlorogenic acid may be the primary contributor to the antioxidant results of SAV. This study provides important references for further exploration of the health value and antioxidant mechanisms of SAV.

Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) is a severe condition in newborns. Ibuprofen is an effective treatment to reduce the severe complications and the need for surgical treatment. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were related to the ibuprofen metabolism, treatment effects, and the onset of side effects. The effects of SNPs on hsPDA response after ibuprofen treatment are unknown. Therefore, in this study, we recruited hsPDA patients with standard ibuprofen treatment. Those patients had participated in China Neonatal Genomes Project (CNGP, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03931707) with next-generation sequencing data. We reanalyzed the sequencing data and compared the allele frequencies of known ibuprofen-related SNPs between ibuprofen Responder and Non-responder groups. In total, 185 hsPDA patients were recruited with gestational age (GA) ranging from 24 to 40 weeks. No significant differences were detected in the basic information, period of ibuprofen treatment, rate of conservative treatment, complications, and side effects between ibuprofen Responder group and Non-responder group. Totally, 17 hsPDA carried CYP2C9*3 and one with CYP2C9*2 were detected. In the GA group of more than 30 GA weeks (GA > 30 wks group), we found higher allele frequency of CYP2C9*3 in Responder group than in Non-responder group (16% vs. 0, p= 0.0391). In the GA group of less than 30 GA weeks (GA ≤ 30 wks group), the sum allele frequency of CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*2 had no stastical difference between two groups (Responder group vs. Non-responder group, 13% vs. 11%, p= 0.768). Therefore, we came to conclude that genetic tests of CYP2C9*3 site may benefit the prediction of ibuprofen treatment outcome for hsPDA patients with gestational age of more than 30 weeks.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of monogenic disease in paediatric patients with a predominant respiratory phenotype.MethodsExome sequencing was performed in a cohort of 971 children with a predominant respiratory phenotype and suspected genetic aetiology. A total of 140 positive cases were divided into subgroups based on recruitment age and the primary biological system(s) involved.ResultsThere were 140 (14.4%) patients with a positive molecular diagnosis, and their primary clinical manifestations were respiratory distress (12.9%, 18 of 140), respiratory failure (12.9%, 18 of 140) and recurrent/persistent lower respiratory infections (66.4%, 93 of 140). Primary immunodeficiency (49.3%), multisystem malformations/syndromes (17.9%), and genetic lung disease (16.4%) were the three most common genetic causes in the cohort, and they varied among the age subgroups. A total of 72 (51.4%) patients had changes in medical management strategies after genetic diagnosis, and the rate in those with genetic lung disease (82.6%, 19 of 23) was far higher than that in patients with genetic disease with lung involvement (45.3%, 53 of 117) (p=0.001).ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that exome sequencing is a valuable diagnostic tool for monogenic diseases in children with a predominant respiratory phenotype, and the genetic spectrum varies with age. Taken together, genetic diagnoses provide invaluable clinical and prognostic information that may also facilitate the development of precision medicine for paediatric patients.

A novel 12/8 double stator bearingless switched reluctance motor (DSBSRM) is proposed in this paper. Unlike conventional bearingless switched reluctance motor, the proposed motor consists of three parts: outer stator, inner stator and hybrid rotor. The outer stator has twelve stator poles, and the stator poles are divided into exciting and auxiliary poles. The inner stator has four identical stator poles. The hybrid rotor is composed of rotor segments, nonmagnetic isolator and toroidal core. The rotor segments are embedded in the outside of the nonmagnetic isolator, and the toroidal core is embedded in the inside of the nonmagnetic isolator. Due to the special structure, the proposed motor operates in short flux paths, and the magnetic flux paths of the inner and outer stator are independent from each other. Therefore, compared with conventional DSBSRM, the proposed DSBSRM not only has better decoupling characteristics between torque and suspension force, which may reduce the control difficulty of the proposed structure, but also improves the output torque density and reduces the magneto-motive force requirements. To verify the proposed structure, finite element method is employed to get the characteristics of the proposed structure. Meanwhile, a conventional 12/8 DSBSRM is also analyzed for comparison. Finally, the validity of the proposed structure is verified by the analyzing results.

Stem cell‐like memory T cells (Tscm), are a newly defined memory T cell subset with characteristics of long life span, consistent self‐renewing, rapid differentiation into effector T cells, and apoptosis resistance. These features indicate that Tscm have great therapeutic or preventive purposes, including being applied in chimeric Ag receptor‐engineered T cells, TCR gene‐modified T cells, and vaccines. However, the little knowledge about Tscm development restrains their applications. Strength and duration of TCR signaling, cytokines and metabolism in the T cells during activation all influence the Tscm development via regulating transcriptional factors and cell signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular pathways involving Tscm differentiation, and its clinical application for cancer immunotherapy and prevention. The induction and clinical application of stem like memory T cells suggest its promising protective and theraputic usage.

We propose a novel measure of investment plans, namely expected investment growth (EIG), and find stocks with high EIG outperform stocks with low EIG by 17% per annum. This premium can be generated in a neoclassical model with the investment plan friction, in which a firm's expected returns increases with its planned investment due to an embedded leverage effect. We provide empirical evidence on the interaction of the cash flow effect and discount rate effect in driving this EIG premium. Our findings highlight the investment plan friction as an important economic channel to understand the cross‐sectional risk premium.

It is challenging to store the exponentially increasing amount of data in the information age. The multiplexed optical data storage with merits of high data density (hundreds of terabytes/disk), low energy consumption, and long lifetime could open a new era in data storage technology. The recent progress in five-dimensional (5D) optical data storage based on anisotropic nanostructures written by femtosecond (fs) laser pulses in transparent materials reveals its potential for real-world applications, but high writing speed and density remain a major challenge. Here, we propose a method for rapid and energy-efficient writing of highly localized anisotropic nanostructures in silica glass by energy modulated megahertz-rate fs pulses. An isotropic nanovoid is initially generated with pulse energy above the microexplosion threshold and then elongated to an anisotropic nanolamella-like structure via the near-field enhancement effect by lower energy pulses, minimizing the unwanted thermal effects from megahertz-rate fs pulses. The anisotropic nanostructures are exploited for 5D data storage with a rate of 10^6voxels/s, corresponding to a demonstrated fast information recording of ∼225kB/s and a potentially high-density data storage of ∼500TB/disk.

Developing an adsorbent with high adsorption capacity and high selectivity is of great importance for the post-combustion CO2capture. Inspired by the theoretical calculation findings that the introduction of alkali metal atoms (e.g., Li, Na, and K) into the carbon framework can significantly increase the CO2adsorption capacity through the enhanced electrostatic interaction, herein, we have successfully developed a series of alkali metal doped carbons through a simple and effective strategy. The systematic characterization results prove that alkali metals are uniformly introduced into the carbon framework without changing the pore size distribution and amorphous structure of the original material, but slightly reducing the specific surface area. The adsorption performances from the static adsorption and the dynamic breakthrough experiments with a binary mixture of CO2/N2(15/85, v/v) reveal that the doping of alkali metals can greatly enhance the capture and separation of CO2, in which the lithium-doped porous carbon presents the best CO2uptake of 4.1 mmol/g at 25 °C (48.3% higher than that of undoped carbon) with the highest CO2/N2selectivity of 47 and fastest adsorption rate. The high adsorption capacity and selectivity presented are comparable to the data reported in the previous literature. The density functional theory and grand canonical Monte Carlo molecular simulation results demonstrate that, compared with N2, alkali metal doped carbon has a stronger binding energy and higher adsorption density for CO2and thus increases the CO2/N2selectivity to a greater extent. This proof-of-concept work paves an alternative way for the development of high-performance CO2adsorbents.

Atmospheric water vapor content (WVC) is a critical factor for East Asian winter precipitation. This study investigates the dominant modes of interannual variability in WVC over East Asia during winter and their underlying mechanisms. Based on the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method, the leading mode (EOF1, R2= 28.9%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a meridional dipole pattern characterized by opposite WVC anomalies over northeastern China and eastern China; the second mode (EOF2, R2= 24.3%) of the interannual variability in the East Asian winter WVC exhibits a monopole pattern characterized by consistent WVC anomalies over eastern China. EOF1 is mainly modulated by two anomalous zonal water vapor transport (WVT) branches over northeastern China and eastern China, which are associated with an anomalous atmospheric wave train over Eurasia affected by sea ice cover in the Kara Sea-Barents Sea (SIC-KSBS) area in the preceding October-November (ON). EOF2 is mainly modulated by an anomalous westerly WVT branch over eastern China, which is associated with a circumglobal atmospheric zonal wave train in the Northern Hemisphere. This circumglobal zonal wave train is modulated by concurrent central and eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. The SIC-KSBS anomalies in ON and the concurrent SST anomalies over tropical Pacific may partially account for the interannual variability of EOF1 and EOF2 winter WVC, and thus may provide a theoretical basis for improving the prediction of winter climate over East Asia.

The fracture system is the main transport channel of coalbed methane (CBM), and its quantitative characterization is crucial for the production of CBM. This paper takes the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation and Taiyuan Formation coals as examples; by the microscopic observation and mathematical analysis method, the development characteristics of the fracture system in the coal are systematically studied. The image processing technique is used to obtain the height resolution images (with an actual resolution of approximately 2 μm) of the fracture in the coal, then multifractal theory is used to study the microfracture structure, and an algorithm is proposed that can quantitatively characterize the multifractal characteristics of coal fractures and its corresponding steps. The quantitative characterization of the whole and part of the fracture structure’s heterogeneity combined with the description of the characteristic parameters calculated by the generalized dimension spectrum and the singularity spectrum. Our results show that the heterogeneity of fracture system distribution in samples collected from the Hunyuan area is stronger than that from the Puxian area. For the samples of various coal seams collected from Puxian, the heterogeneity of the distribution of the fracture system of 10# coal seam is the strongest, followed by that of 2# coal seam and 3# coal seam has the highest homogeneity.

Kidney disease is manifested in a wide variety of phenotypes, many of which have an important hereditary component. To delineate the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of pediatric nephropathy, a multicenter registration system is being implemented based on the Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database (CCGKDD). In this study, all the patients with kidney and urological diseases were recruited from 2014 to 2020. Genetic analysis was conducted using exome sequencing for families with multiple affected individuals with nephropathy or clinical suspicion of a genetic kidney disease owing to early-onset or extrarenal features. The genetic diagnosis was confirmed in 883 of 2256 (39.1%) patients from 23 provinces in China. Phenotypic profiles showed that the primary diagnosis included steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS, 23.5%), glomerulonephritis (GN, 32.2%), congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT, 21.2%), cystic renal disease (3.9%), renal calcinosis/stone (3.6%), tubulopathy (9.7%), and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu, 5.8%). The pathogenic variants of 105 monogenetic disorders were identified. Ten distinct genomic disorders were identified as pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) in 11 patients. The diagnostic yield differed by subgroups, and was highest in those with cystic renal disease (66.3%), followed by tubulopathy (58.4%), GN (57.7%), CKDu (43.5%), SRNS (29.2%), renal calcinosis /stone (29.3%) and CAKUT (8.6%). Reverse phenotyping permitted correct identification in 40 cases with clinical reassessment and unexpected genetic conditions. We present the results of the largest cohort of children with kidney disease in China where diagnostic exome sequencing was performed. Our data demonstrate the utility of family-based exome sequencing, and indicate that the combined analysis of genotype and phenotype based on the national patient registry is pivotal to the genetic diagnosis of kidney disease.

Haze pollution in early winter (December and January) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and in North China (NC) are both severe; however, their monthly variations are significantly different. In this study, the dominant large-scale atmospheric circulations and local meteorological conditions were investigated and compared over the YRD and NC in each month. Results showed that the YRD (NC) is dominated by the so-called Scandinavia (East Atlantic/West Russia) pattern in December, and these circulations weaken in January. The East Asian December and January monsoons over the YRD and NC have negative correlations with the number of haze days. The local descending motion facilitates less removal of haze pollution over the YRD, while the local ascending motion facilitates less removal of haze pollution over NC in January, despite a weaker relationship in December. Additionally, the monthly variations of atmospheric circulations showed that adverse meteorological conditions restrict the vertical (horizontal) dispersion of haze pollution in December (January) over the YRD, while the associated local weather conditions are similar in these two months over NC.

We used observational data and a long‐term piControl simulation from the Community Earth System Model Version 2 to investigate the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the winter climate over the Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that changes in the phase of the PDO have a significant effect on winter temperatures and precipitation over the southern Tibetan Plateau. Changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) during the positive PDO can weaken the Walker circulation and increase the SST in the Indian Ocean. Our analyses of the moist static energy showed that warming of the tropical troposphere over the Indian Ocean caused by the increased SST has resulted in the horizontal advection of anomalous moist enthalpy by the climatological zonal winds, which was responsible for anomalous ascending motion over the Tibetan Plateau. The additional moisture budget suggests that enhanced vertical motion contributes to the increase in winter precipitation and related total cloud cover over the Tibetan Plateau, leading to the increase of snow depth. The increased total cloud cover and snow depth, in turn, reduces net surface shortwave radiation. The surface air temperature of the Tibetan Plateau is then decreased as a result of the reduction in the net surface shortwave radiation. The PDO therefore has an important modulating role in the interdecadal variability of the winter climate over the Tibetan Plateau. We therefore need to focus on changes in the PDO in research related to the decadal prediction of the climate over the Tibetan Plateau. Under the background of global change, the climate of the Tibetan Plateau has undergone significant changes, and it has an important impact on the regional and global climate. Therefore, it is very important to find out the mechanisms of climate variabilities on the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we aim to investigate the influences of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the winter climate of the Tibetan Plateau and the related physical mechanisms by using observational data and a long‐term piControl simulation from the Community Earth System Model Version 2. Results suggest that the PDO has an important modulating role in the interdecadal variability of the winter climate over the Tibetan Plateau. The positive PDO phase can increase winter precipitation and decrease the surface air temperature of the Tibetan Plateau. The related mechanisms are also investigated in this study. The positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) can increase the precipitation and thereby decreasing the temperature in winter over the southern Tibetan PlateauThe horizontal advection of anomalous moist enthalpy is responsible for anomalous ascending motion and increased precipitationThe anomalous advection of zonal warm air is caused by warming of the tropical troposphere over the Indian Ocean due to the positive PDO The positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) can increase the precipitation and thereby decreasing the temperature in winter over the southern Tibetan Plateau The horizontal advection of anomalous moist enthalpy is responsible for anomalous ascending motion and increased precipitation The anomalous advection of zonal warm air is caused by warming of the tropical troposphere over the Indian Ocean due to the positive PDO

The rapid increase in child and adolescent overweight and obesity (OAO) in China has a significant health and economic impact. This study undertook an investment case analysis to evaluate the health and economic impacts of child and adolescent OAO in China and the potential health and economic returns from implementing specific policies and interventions.

Due to the lack of accurate data and complex parameterization, the prediction of groundwater depth is a challenge for numerical models. Machine learning can effectively solve this issue and has been proven useful in the prediction of groundwater depth in many areas. In this study, two new models are applied to the prediction of groundwater depth in the Ningxia area, China. The two models combine the improved dung beetle optimizer (DBO) algorithm with two deep learning models: the Multi-head Attention–Convolution Neural Network–Long Short Term Memory networks (MH-CNN-LSTM) and the Multi-head Attention–Convolution Neural Network–Gated Recurrent Unit (MH-CNN-GRU). The models with DBO show better prediction performance, with larger R(correlation coefficient), RPD (residual prediction deviation), and lower RMSE (root-mean-square error). Compared with the models with the original DBO, the Rand RPD of models with the improved DBO increase by over 1.5%, and the RMSE decreases by over 1.8%, indicating better prediction results. In addition, compared with the multiple linear regression model, a traditional statistical model, deep learning models have better prediction performance.