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Sang Bing [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Gengzi qinwang yu wan Qing zhengju [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (The 1900 loyalist movement and late Qing politics). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, [...]

The research on fluorescent rotors for viscosity has attracted extensive interest to better comprehend the close relationships of microviscosity variations with related diseases. Although scientists have made great efforts, fluorescent probes for cellular viscosity with both aggregation-induced emissions (AIEs) and large Stokes shifts to improve sensing properties have rarely been reported. Herein, we first report four new meso-C═N-substituted BODIPY-based rotors with large Stokes shifts, investigate their viscosity/AIE characteristics, and perform cellular imaging of the viscosity in subcellular organelles. Interestingly, the meso-C═N-phenyl group-substituted probe 6showed an obvious 594 nm fluorescence enhancement in glycerol and a moderate 650 nm red AIE emission in water. Further, on attaching CF3to the phenyl group, a similar phenomenon was observed for 7with red-shifted emissions, attributed to the introduction of a phenyl group, which plays a key role in the red AIE emissions and large Stokes shifts. Comparatively, for phenyl-group-free probes, both the meso-C═N-trifluoroethyl group and thiazole-substituted probes (8and 9) exhibited good viscosity-responsive properties, while no AIE was observed due to the absence of phenyl groups. For cellular experiments, 6and 9showed good lysosomal and mitochondrial targeting properties, respectively, and were further successfully used for imaging viscosity through the preincubation of monensin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating that C═N polar groups potentially work as rotatable moieties and organelle-targeting groups, and the targeting difference might be ascribed to increased charges of thiazole. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the structural relationships of four meso-C═N BODIPY-based rotors with respect to their viscosity/AIE characteristics, subcellular-targeting ability, and cellular imaging for viscosity, potentially serving as AIE fluorescent probes with large Stokes shifts for subcellular viscosity imaging.

Gas hydrate in sandstones constitutes a significant component of hydrate resources within the Qilian Mountain permafrost region in China, which has a great significance of investigating the affecting mechanism of the natural sandstone porous media on the formation and phase equilibrium of methane hydrates. With a self-designed apparatus employed, hydrate formation experiments were conducted utilizing natural sandstone as the porous media. The equilibrium data of methane hydrates in these natural porous media were measured, and the reliability of the obtained data was verified through cyclic experiments. By comparison of the equilibrium behavior of methane hydrate in sandstone porous media to that in pure water, the impact of sandstone on the hydrate formation was determined. Various microscopic tests on sandstone were also conducted to reveal its affecting mechanism on the formation of methane hydrates. The experimental results demonstrate that the sandstone porous media effectively enhance the formation of methane hydrate because of the low specific pore volume, medium pore size, complex pore structure, and diverse phase compositions of the sandstone itself. In sandstone porous media, the equilibrium temperature of methane hydrate is observed to be higher compared to that in pure water at the same pressure. Additionally, the impact of sandstone porous media on methane hydrate equilibrium tends to become more obvious in high-pressure regions. The study also reveals that sandstone porous media, even with a lower specific pore volume compared to artificial porous media, exhibit a similar or even better promotion effect on methane hydrate formation.

ABSTRACTBackgroundCardiac adverse events (AEs) are common in tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs). This study explored the cardiac AEs of TKIs through the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).MethodsDisproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis were utilized for data mining of the suspected cardiac AEs of TKIs, based on FAERS data from January 2004 to December 2021.ResultsA total of 4708 cardiac AEs reports of sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, and cabozantinib were identified. Hypertension accounts for the most reported cardiac AE. Lenvatinib appears to induce cardiac failure with the highest signals strength [ROR = 7.7 (3.46,17.17)]. Acute myocardial infarction was detected in lenvatinib [ROR = 7.91 (5.64,11.09)] and sorafenib [ROR = 2.22 (1.74, 2.84)]. Acute coronary syndrome was detected in lenvatinib [ROR = 11.57 (6.84, 19.58)] and sorafenib [ROR = 2.81 (1.87,4.24)]. Atrial fibrillation was detected in sorafenib [ROR = 1.82 (1.55,2.14)] and regorafenib [ROR = 1.36 (1.03,1.81)]. Meanwhile, aortic dissections were detected in sorafenib [ROR = 5.08 (3.31,7.8)] and regorafenib [ROR = 3.39 (1.52,7.56)]. Most patients developed hypertension and cardiac failure within 30 days of initiating TKI treatments. Patients taking lenvatinib had an increased incidence of developing acute coronary syndrome after 180 days of treatment.ConclusionAnalysis of FAERS data provides a precise profile on the characteristics of cardiac AEs associated with different TKI regimens. Distinct monitoring and appropriate management are needed in the care of TKI recipients.

Frankliniella occidentalisPergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an agricultural pest threatening various horticultural crops worldwide. Inducing plant resistance is an ecologically beneficial and potentially effective method for controlling F. occidentalis. As an essential nutrient element, exogenous calcium enhances plant-induced resistance. This study investigated the effects of CaCl2on the secondary metabolites of kidney bean plants and detoxifying and digestive enzymes in F. occidentalis. We found that treatment of plants and treatment time and also the interactions of the 2 factors significantly affected secondary metabolites contents (tannin, flavonoids, total phenol, alkaloid, and lignin) of kidney bean leaves, which indicated that that the effect of treatment of plants on secondary metabolites varied with treatment time. Moreover, when thrips fed on CaCl2-treated plants, the activities of detoxifying enzymes, enzymes glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 substantially increased compared to those in which thrips fed on control plants. However, the activity of carboxylesterase significantly decreased. The detoxifying enzyme genes CL992.contig6, CYP4PN1, and CYP4PJ2were significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 h. The activities of digestive enzymes (α-amylase, chymotrypsin, and lipase) increased substantially in F. occidentalis. The digestive enzyme gene, FoAMY-1, was significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 h after treatment. The pupation rate and pupal weight of F. occidentaliswere significantly reduced. The results indicated that exogenous CaCl2-induced metabolic changes in kidney bean plants and altered the enzymatic activity and development of F. occidentalisthat fed upon them.

In this work, we report a flexible doped hafnium oxide memcapacitor for building a noise-robust reservoir computing (RC) system. The nonlinearity and fading memory properties required for RC could be obtained from the capacitively coupled polarization switching and charge trapping in devices. The flexible oxide-based RC system shows a maximum accuracy of ~91.4% in the music genres (GTZAN Genre Collection dataset) classification task. The high noise robustness of the system has been verified by adding different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of environment noise (NOISEX-92 dataset) to the raw music. The accuracy remains over 87% even with an SNR of 0 dB with respect to six types of noises. Our results are expected to open up opportunities for flexible electronics with high computing capability.

Natural gas hydrate is a fresh kind of unconventional energy with abundant reserves. How to attain high-efficiency extraction of the methane gas from gas hydrate has become a critical challenge to commercial utilization. Planning hydrate reservoir exploitation depends heavily upon heat transfer, including heat convection and heat conduction. In order to reveal the enhancing mechanism of heat transfer on the gas production of the natural gas hydrate, the hydrate decomposition performance in a high-pressure reactor has been investigated with a multiple well system by using thermally assisted depressurization methods including warm water flooding and electric heating. Results show that the energy attained by the plain depressurization method is restricted by the limited heat supply in the surrounding environment. The strong thermal convection in warm water flooding plays a dominant role in the rapid dissolution of hydrates during its flowing from the injection well to the production well, while electric heating hardly makes a contribution in the initial phases due to the delayed effect. However, the heat conduction effect becomes stronger when the temperature of the deposit increases to a higher level. Moreover, the water flooding regime without additional heat occupies an unexpected advantage in energy recovery, which promotes heat transfer in the combined method to the undissociated area of hydrate. In the aspect of comprehensive energy efficiency, heat utilization, and time cost, it is considered that the combined method of depressurization with electric heating and water flooding has more advantages for the future commercial production test.

In this letter, we propose neuromorphic transistors employing indium oxide (In2O3) nanofibers as the channel layers. Basic synaptic function, such as short-term memory can be emulated by one nanofiber neuromorphic transistor. Nonlinear synaptic function and short-term memory characteristic of such neuromorphic transistors are favorable for reservoir computing (RC) system with high energy-efficiency. Ultra-low energy consumption (15 pJ per reservoir state) and ultra-high accuracy (100%) of speech digital recognition are realized based on such nanofiber neuromorphic transistors, proving a great potential of the RC system for intelligent processing tasks.

In this work, we have found for the first time that the fluorescence of rhodamine B (RhB) would be dramatically reduced after it bound to hemin/G-quadruplex and reacted with •OH. Based on this finding, we have designed a colorimetric and fluorescent dual-mode sensing platform for visual detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The constructed sensor is based on the formation of dsDNA and the G-quadruplex structure by the cytosine-Ag+-cytosine mismatch, causing H2O2-mediated catalysis to oxidize ABTS or RhB to induce a colorimetric or fluorescent change. In the presence of H2S, the solution color for colorimetric and fluorescent assays would change from dark green to pink and from green (fluorescence off) to bright yellow (fluorescence on), respectively. This dual-mode assay showed high selectivity toward H2S over other interference materials with a low measurable detection limit value (below than 2.5 μM), and it has been successfully applied to H2S visual detection in real samples. Moreover, the dual-mode sensing strategy presented an excellent reutilization character both in colorimetric and fluorescent assays. This method was employed as a label-free, simple, fast, and equipment-free platform for H2S detection with high selectivity and reusability. This work realized naked-eye detection both in colorimetric and fluorescent analysis at a lower concentration of H2S, demonstrating a promising strategy for on-site visual detection of H2S.

Objective: This study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence and mortality of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Methods: We compared the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and the ASMR to ASIR ratio (MIR) at national and regional levels and studied the correlation between the MIR and the human development index (HDI) in 2012 and 2018. Results: The highest ASIR was in North America in 2012 and in Australia in 2018, and the lowest ASIR was in Central and South Asia in both 2012 and 2018. The highest ASMR was in North Africa in both 2012 and 2018, and the lowest ASMR was in Eastern Asia and South-Central Asia in 2012 and in South-Central Asia in 2018. The lowest MIR was in Australia in both 2012 and 2018, and the highest MIR was in Western Africa in both 2012 and 2018. HDI was strongly negatively correlated with MIR (r: −0.8810, P<0.0001, 2012; r: −0.8895, P<0.0001, 2018). Compared to the 2012 data, the MIR in the intermediate HDI countries significantly deceased and the HDI in low and high HDI countries significantly increased in 2018. Conclusion: The MIR is negatively correlated with HDI. Increasing the HDI in low and intermediate HDI countries may reduce the MIR and increase the survival of patients with NHL.

Venetoclax (VEN) was the only Bcl-2 inhibitor approved yet and showed large differences in clinical efficacy. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships between the plasma concentration and efficacy of VEN, and identify potential influencing factors. A retrospective cohort study was conducted and a total of 76 trough (C0h) and 91 6 h post-dose plasma concentration (C6h) blood concentrations of VEN were collected in 54 patients. C6h/D concentration of VEN was found to be significantly correlated with treatment efficacy (p = 0.006) in leukemia patients with good or intermediate prognosis stratification. A ROC curve was then established and the cut-off value was calculated as 0.2868 μg/ml (AUC = 0.7097, p = 0.1081). Besides, patients co-administered with triazoles or carrying CYP3A5 rs776746 AA/AG genotypes were prone to induce higher VEN plasma concentration regardless of whether VEN dosage was reduced or not. Through LASSO-logistic regression and nomogram analysis, chemotherapy regimens and neutrophil percentages were identified as the critical elements that may predict drug response. Above all, in addition to identify prognostic stratification, AML patients taken with VEN were suggested to test plasma concentration routinely so as to achieve desired efficacy, especially when co-administered with triazoles or carried with CYP3A5 rs776746 AA/AG.

The concept of aggregate science was proposed to explain changes in materials performance that accompany the generation of aggregates, but aggregation-triggered multifunction improvements in a class of materials have rarely been reported. Herein, we present the first report of a new class of multifunctional aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) based on 5,10-diarylphenazine (DPZ) derivates with full-wavelength emission. Intriguingly, multiple properties, such as fluorescence intensity and free radical and type I reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiencies, could be simultaneously activated from the unimolecular level to the aggregate state. The mechanisms of this multiple performance improvement are discussed in detail based on sufficient performance characterization, and some of the newly prepared AIEgens exhibited toxicity to cancer cells during photodynamic therapy. This work systematically demonstrates the positive effect of aggregation on improving multiple functions of materials, which is expected to promote the development of aggregate science theory for the design of multifunctional materials.

Wilson disease (WD) is a hereditary disorder of copper metabolism, resulting from mutations within ATP7B. Early diagnosis is essential for affected individuals. However, there are still patients with clinically suspected WD who do not have detectable pathogenic variants, which makes diagnosis difficult and delays treatment. This study included such patients from the authors' center and screened for the full-length sequence of ATP7Bby next-generation sequencing. Newly identified synonymous and intronic variants were then analyzed with in silicotools. A minigene system was constructed to determine the pathogenicity of these variants in terms of splicing and blood RNA extraction, and RT-PCR experiments were performed on several patients to verify the splicing alterations. The phenotypes of the patients were also analyzed. Fourteen suspected pathogenic variants, including nine synonymous and five intronic variants, were detected in 12 patients with clinically suspected WD. Among them, four synonymous variants (c.1050G>A, c.1122C>G, c.3243G>A, and c.4014T>A) and four intronic variants (c.1543 +40G>A, c.1707+6_1707+16del, c.1870-49A>G, and c.2731-67A>G) resulted in splicing changes in ATP7B. After the above analysis, the diagnosis of WD could be confirmed in eight clinically suspected patients with WD who showed a late age of onset.

Robust Ni-VN/NC nanosheets prepared through chemical/electrochemical structural transformation endow the synergistic integration of Ni and VN for optimizing hydrogen and oxygen adsorption to facilitate alkaline HER.

Artificial synaptic devices with high transconductance, low energy consumption and good stretchability are important for efficient and energy-friendly neuromorphic computations in the field of bionics. Here, we propose a stretchable substrate inspired by wrinkled surface of human skin, and achieve a low energy operation stretchable synaptic transistor (SST) based on n-type oxide semiconductor. The SSTs exhibit excellent performance, including high mobility (4.08 cm2V−1s−1) and high transconductance (over 12 mS) under ultra-low operation voltage of 0.1 V. They can stand against multi-directional stretching of 10 % and up to 400 stretch/release cycles. In addition, the n-type SSTs achieve synaptic performance at ultra-low energy consumption (0.36 fJ) with dual-mode operation characteristics of excitatory and inhibitory behaviors. Under tensile strain, they exhibit typical synaptic behavior, including short-term/long-term plasticity, pair pulse facilitation, spike voltage/frequency/duration/number-dependent plasticity. More importantly, the SSTs exhibit excellent “learning-forgetting-relearning” feature and good stability under potentiation-depression cycle test, showcasing tremendous potential in brain-inspired computation. Finally, a high recognition accuracy (89.6 %) is attained simulated by handwritten digital datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first stretchable synaptic transistor with oxide semiconductors, and it is also a major breakthrough in n-type stretchable synaptic transistors for high-speed and low-energy calculation and storage for brain-inspired computing.

Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years).

Nitidine chloride (NC) is a standard active component from the traditional Chinese medicine Zanthoxylum nitidum(Roxb.) DC. (ZN). NC has shown a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-tumor activity. As a number of anti-tumor drugs cause cardiotoxicity, herein we investigated whether NC exerted a cardiotoxic effect and the underlying mechanism. Aqueous extract of ZN (ZNE) was intraperitoneally injected into rats, while NC was injected into beagles and mice once daily for 4 weeks. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. We showed that both ZNE administered in rats and NC administered in mice induced dose-dependent cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, whereas administration of NC at the middle and high dose caused death in Beagles. Consistently, we observed a reduction of cardiac autophagy levels in NC-treated mice and neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase (ATG4B) may be a potential target of NC, since overexpression of ATG4B reversed the cardiac hypertrophy and reduced autophagy levels observed in NC-treated mice. We conclude that NC induces cardiac hypertrophy via ATG4B-mediated downregulation of autophagy in mice. Thus, this study provides guidance for the safe clinical application of ZN and the use of NC as an anti-tumor drug.

In mature mammalian brains, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the functioning of neural networks. Besides, the ECS also contributes to the neurodevelopment of the central nervous system. Due to the increase in the medical and recreational use of cannabis, it is inevitable and essential to elaborate the roles of the ECS on neurodevelopment. GABAergic interneurons represent a group of inhibitory neurons that are vital in controlling neural network activity. However, the role of the ECS in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the ECS and interneuron diversity. We focus on the process of interneuron development and the role of ECS in the modulation of interneuron development, from the expansion of the neural stem/progenitor cells to the migration, specification and maturation of interneurons. We further discuss the potential implications of the ECS and interneurons in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

Dual-modal fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (FLI/MRI) is important for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors. However, facile and opportune strategies to synergistically enhance fluorescence intensity and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast have rarely been reported. Herein, we present a facile strategy using albumin aggregates (AAs) to synergistically enhance the fluorescence intensity by aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and MR contrast with prolonged rotational correlation time (τR) of Gd(III) chelates and the diffusion correlation time (τD) of surrounding water molecules. The amphiphilic dual-modal FLI/MRI probe of NGd was facilely loaded into albumin pockets and then formed AAs to generate a supramolecular structure of NGd-albumin aggregates (NGd-AAs), which show excellent biocompatibility and biosafety, and exhibit superior fluorescence quantum yield and r1over NGd with 6- and 8-fold enhancement, respectively. Moreover, compared with the clinical MRI contrast agent Gd-DOTA, r1of NGd-AAs showed a 17-fold enhancement. Therefore, NGd-AAs successfully elicited high-performance dual-modal FLI/MRI in vitroand in vivoand high contrast MR signals were observed in the liver and tumor after intravenous injection of NGd-AAs at a dosage of 6 μmol Gd(III)/kg body weight. This generic and feasible strategy successfully realized a synergistic effect for dual-modal FLI/MRI.

Texture characteristics of compressed 1235 Al-alloy treated by different purification methods are studied by electron backscattered diffraction. The effects of oxide inclusions on texture components of material are studied as well. The main textures in hot-compressed 1235 Al-alloy are Cube texture, R texture, Gross texture, Brass texture, and Rotated cube texture. The lower the content of oxide inclusions in the material, the smaller the total relative ratio of textures. The total relative ratio of textures goes to the smallest by 1.8 % in high-efficient purified 1235 Al-alloy by oxide inclusion content of 0.051 %. The purification results have obvious effects on types and percentage of texture in the deformed alloy. With the decreasing content of oxide inclusion, the ratio of deformation texture decreases and recrystallization texture increases. Brass texture is gradually replaced by Goss texture in the deformation textures. R texture is the main texture in recrystallization textures. Therefore, reducing the content of oxide inclusions is effective for improving the hot deformation properties of 1235 Al-alloy.

Taking advantage of the high-efficiency indiscriminate ssDNA cleavage activity of Cas12a in combination with the diffusivity difference of methylene blue (MB)-labeled probes (short oligonucleotides/mononucleotides) toward the negatively-charged indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, a simple, immobilization-free, highly sensitive, and homogeneous electrochemical biosensor for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV-16) has been fabricated. At the core of the detection process, Cas12a employed ssDNA trans-cleavage capability to achieve short-strand nucleotide cleavage, while MB-labeled probes served as high-efficiency homogeneous electrochemical emitters to achieve differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) signal. Specifically, due to strong electrostatic repulsion, MB-labeled short oligonucleotides (reporter) cannot diffuse freely to the surface of the negatively charged ITO electrode, and only weak electrochemical signals can be detected. The presence of the target HPV-16 can activate the Cas12a complex to perform indiscriminate ssDNA cleavage of the reporter to produce MB-labeled mononucleotides. The MB-labeled mononucleotides with a smaller size have almost no negative charge, so they very easily diffuse to the surface of the ITO electrode and result in an enhanced electrochemical signal response. Different electrochemical responses (DPV peak intensity) of the CRISPR-Cas12a-assisted amplification strategy can be obtained through the diffusion rate of different MB-labeled DNA on the electrode, which is also positively correlated with the input HPV-16 concentration. Given the unique combination of the CRISPR-Cas12a system with the homogeneous electrochemical solution phase, the detection limit is determined to be 3.22 pM (wide dynamic working range from 0.01 nM to 100 nM) and the two-step detection workflow could be completed within 50 min at ambient temperature, which is superior to that of the HPV-based biosensors previously reported.

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effects of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) loaded on eggshell on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (AA)and Actinomyces viscosusin order to find new oral antibacterial agents. The AA standard strain ACTT 700685 and A. viscosus standard strain ACTT 27044 were used as experimental strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nano-ZnO loaded on eggshell against AAand A. viscosuswere determined. By prolonging the action time, the MIC of nano-ZnO loaded on eggshell against AAwas decreased from 160 to 20 μg/mL, and the MBC was decreased from 2560 to 80 μg/mL. The MIC of nano-ZnO loaded on eggshell against A. viscosuswas 640 μg/mL and the MBC was 2560 μg/mL, which were not associated with the action time. Nano-ZnO loaded on eggshell has certain inhibitory effects on the growth of AA and A. viscosus.

The link between depression and anxiety status and cancer outcomes has been well-documented but remains unclear. We comprehensively quantified the association between depression and anxiety defined by symptom scales or clinical diagnosis and the risk of cancer incidence, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality in cancer patients. Pooled estimates of the relative risks (RRs) for cancer incidence and mortality were performed in a meta-analysis by random effects or fixed effects models as appropriate. Associations were tested in subgroups stratified by different study and participant characteristics. Fifty-one eligible cohort studies involving 2,611,907 participants with a mean follow-up period of 10.3 years were identified. Overall, depression and anxiety were associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer incidence (adjusted RR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06–1.19), cancer-specific mortality (1.21, 1.16–1.26), and all-cause mortality in cancer patients (1.24, 1.13–1.35). The estimated absolute risk increases (ARIs) associated with depression and anxiety were 34.3 events/100,000 person years (15.8–50.2) for cancer incidence and 28.2 events/100,000 person years (21.5–34.9) for cancer-specific mortality. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that clinically diagnosed depression and anxiety were related to higher cancer incidence, poorer cancer survival, and higher cancer-specific mortality. Psychological distress (symptoms of depression and anxiety) was related to higher cancer-specific mortality and poorer cancer survival but not to increased cancer incidence. Site-specific analyses indicated that overall, depression and anxiety were associated with an increased incidence risks for cancers of the lung, oral cavity, prostate and skin, a higher cancer-specific mortality risk for cancers of the lung, bladder, breast, colorectum, hematopoietic system, kidney and prostate, and an increased all-cause mortality risk in lung cancer patients. These analyses suggest that depression and anxiety may have an etiologic role and prognostic impact on cancer, although there is potential reverse causality; Furthermore, there was substantial heterogeneity among the included studies, and the results should be interpreted with caution. Early detection and effective intervention of depression and anxiety in cancer patients and the general population have public health and clinical importance.

Emulating the essential synaptic behaviors using single synaptic transistor has attracted extensive attention for building the brain-inspired neuromorphic systems. However, few reports on synaptic transistors fabricated by solution processes have been reported. In this article, the indium oxide synaptic transistors based on polyimide substrates were fabricated by a nontoxic water-inducement method at a low temperature, and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was dissolved in polyethylene oxide as the gate electrolyte. For water-inducement process, comparable electrical properties of the synaptic transistors can be achieved by prolonging the annealing time rather than high-temperature annealing with a relatively short time. The effect of the annealing time on the electrical performance of the electrolyte-gated transistors annealed at various temperatures was investigated. It is found that the electrolyte-gated-synaptic transistor on polyimide substrate annealed at 200 °C exhibits high electrical performance and good mechanical stability. Due to the ion migration relaxation dynamics in the polymer electrolyte, various important synaptic behaviors such as the excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, high-pass filtering characteristics, and long-term memory performance were successfully mimicked. The electrolyte-gated synaptic transistors based on solution-processed In2O3exhibit great potential in neuromorphological applications.

The development of new spin-crossover complexes provides novel promising switching materials with significant potential at the molecular level. Ter-imine-type molecules represent one of the important classes of ligands in creating SCO-active complexes. Herein we report a family of mononuclear Fe(II) SCO-active compounds constructed from a new type of ter-imine ligand named the thio-pybox ligand (2,6-bis(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)pyridine, L1). Through the variation of counteranions, some cases display complete SCO and with T1/2near ambient temperature. Among them, annealed [FeII(L1)2](ClO4)2[1(ClO4)] shows T1/2↓and T1/2↑as 319 and 349 K, respectively. The wide thermal hysteresis of ΔT= 30 K originated from the weak interaction between complex cations and counteranions in the crystal lattice. Impressively, its high-spin population can be increased considerably by annealing at high temperature. The metastable high-spin phase is stable in the successive magnetic measurements and would gradually relax to its initial state with high population of low-spin configuration at ambient temperature. In acetonitrile-diluted solution, 1(ClO4)still maintains SCO with an estimated T1/2at 240 K. Differential scanning calorimetry discloses the structural phase at around 355 K in the first heating process and the increase in the high-spin population concomitant with annealing was also corroborated by 57Fe Mössbauer measurements. Additionally, the influences on SCO by counteranion and ligand structure are investigated, which show that the fine tuning of complex structures can affect the behavior of the spin state significantly. Finally, magneto-structural correlation studies were performed on the structures of 1(ClO4)and its oxygen analogue at multiple temperatures. The analyses of some structural parameters, including terminal N···N donor separation, bite angle, patulous angle, and the root mean squared deviation indicate that the replacement of the oxygen atom with a sulfur atom can effectively improve the flexibility and release the steric strain and thus tune the SCO toward ambient temperature. Our research demonstrates the rational design of the ligand can lead to new SCO-active compounds with high performance.

The dissociation of natural gas hydrate is an endothermic reaction controlled by heat transfer, which is closely associated with the employed exploitation methods and well configurations. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat transfer and gas hydrate dissociation in a cuboid pressure vessel with different vertical well layouts (central well and side well) and production methods (pure depressurization (PD), depressurization combined with wellbore heating (DH), and huff and puff (HP)) through experimental and numerical simulations. The results show that the hydrate dissociation in the PD cases is promoted only by heat conduction from the surrounding environment. The heat transfer behaviors are basically the same when adopting depressurization with different wellbore locations. Addition of wellbore heating in the DH and HP cases will result in faster hydrate decomposition. However, heat conduction from the ambient will be impeded by wellbore heating. The cumulative heat transferred across the boundary will drop below 0 at a certain time, which would subsequently lead to a sharp rise of the heat loss. To reduce heat loss across the boundary, the heating section of the wellbore should be placed in the central area of the hydrate-bearing layer. In addition, it is found that intermittent heat injection with the HP method has the advantages of enhancing the heat convection effect and reducing the heat absorption of the hydrate deposit, which results in more favorable heat utilization efficiency and net energy gain.

Long afterglow luminescence‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) performs advantages of noninvasiveness, spatiotemporal controllability, and higher signal to noise ratio. Photochemical afterglow (PCA) system emitting afterglow in an aqueous environment is highly suitable for biomedical applications, but still faces the challenges of poor tissue penetration depth and responsive sensitivity. In this work, two novel compounds, Iso‐TPA and ABEI‐TPA, are designed and synthesized to integrate the PCA system as a single component by coupling near‐infrared (NIR) photosensitizers with singlet oxygen cache units, respectively. Both compounds emit NIR afterglow based on photochemical reaction. ABEI‐TPA exhibits higher photoluminescence quantum efficiency with nonconjugated linkage, while Iso‐TPA with conjugated linkage possesses better reactive oxygen species generation efficiency to achieve stronger PCA and effective PDT, which is ascribed to stronger intramolecular charge transfer effect of Iso‐TPA. Iso‐TPA nanoparticles can achieve effective long‐lasting NIR afterglow in vivo bioimaging up to 120 s with higher imaging resolution and outstanding PDT efficacy of tumor, exhibiting promising potential on bioimaging and therapy. Iso‐TPA NPs, which have sufficient ROS production efficiency and strong NIR PCA luminescence, are used for high SNR afterglow imaging for tumor and effective PDT in vivo.

Granule description has become one of the hot research topics in granular computing (GrC). Rough set theory (RST), as an important research technique for granular computing, can describe any target granule (any subset of a universe of discourse) by the lower and upper approximations. But, there is no measure to evaluate the quality of granule description in RST. Moreover, one can acquire different granule descriptions by decomposing a multi-scale information table into different single-scale information tables. Then, it is important to find the most appropriate single-scale information table for meeting specific granule description accuracy requirement. Inspired by the above problem, this paper is to discuss optimal granule level selection based on the granule description accuracy. First of all, a new granule description accuracy is defined by combining GrC and RST. After that, optimal granule level selection is investigated in a multi-scale information table subject to preserving granule description accuracies for a target granule and a group of target granules, respectively. Specially, for the case of a group of target granules, we put forward optimal granule level selection methods based on three different criteria, commonly used by people in daily life. In addition, considering that the data in real-life will be updated as time goes by, we discuss the impact on the optimal granule level when new objects are added gradually. Finally, the time complexity of the proposed algorithms is analyzed, the reasonability of setting the parameters is explained, some numerical experiments are conducted to show the effectiveness of our methods, and a comparison of our algorithms and the existing ones is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapeutics with systemic administration usually suffer from low treatment efficacy and off-target toxicity. On the contrary, photoactivatable cancer theranostics can achieve image-guided precise control of therapeutic dose and location. However, the conventional photoactivatable chemotherapeutics usually require decoration of the chemotherapeutics with additional photo-responsive groups through tedious synthetic procedures, which can lead to undesirable toxic byproducts and seriously restrict their applications. Herein, we propose a new strategy for photoactivatable cancer theranostics based on a photooxidative dehydrogenation reaction, which is only associated with water as the byproduct. To demonstrate the power of this strategy, we utilized the natural dihydrobenzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids of DHCHE and DHSAN as photoactivatable theranostics to achieve the selective imaging and killing of cancer cells by in situtransformation into nucleus-targeted CHE and SAN under light irradiation. Notably, CHE features aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, which can be used for the precise control of the photoactivatable therapeutic dose. This photoactivatable strategy based on a photooxidative dehydrogenation reaction is thus promising for precise cancer treatment in the clinic.

BackgroundLung cancer is substantially attributable to smoking, but detailed related estimates on smoking-attributable expenditure (SAE) in China are not available yet, which could inform tobacco control and cancer prevention initiatives.MethodsA prevalence-based approach was adopted to estimate the total SAE, including direct expenditure (medical and non-medical) and indirect cost (disability and premature death). Detailed per-patient data on direct expenditure and work-loss days were acquired from a unique multicentre survey in China. Other parameters were from literatures and official reports.ResultsThe total estimated SAE of lung cancer was US$5249 million in China in 2015 (0.05 % of gross domestic product for China). The estimated direct SAE was US$1937 million (36.9 % of the total SAE), accounting for 0.29 % of total healthcare expenditure for China. The medical and non-medical direct expenditures were US$1749 million and US$188 million, respectively. The estimated indirect cost was US$3312 million (63.1 % of the total SAE), including US$377 million due to disability and US$2935 million due to premature death. The SAE increased with age, peaking at 60–64 years (US$1004 million), and was higher among men, in urban areas and in eastern China. If smoking prevalence was reduced to 20%, as is the goal of Healthy China 2030, the total SAE would be decreased by 4.9 %.ConclusionsSmoking-attributable economic burden caused by lung cancer was substantial in China in 2015, and will continue increasing given current trends in lung cancer. However, future economic burden can be prevented with implementation of effective tobacco control and other interventions.

Formal concept analysis is a tool for data analysis and knowledge processing, and granular computing is a methodology for knowledge discovery in database. Applying granular computing into some data analysis theories, such as formal concept analysis, is a new trend in recent years. The multi-level granular analysis is an essential work in formal concept analysis. In order to combine formal concept analysis and granular computing properly, some basic and specific granules in the framework of formal concept analysis are required. By collecting and organizing the existing results in the theory of lattices and formal concept analysis, we firstly extract five types of granules on the basis of concept lattices from different perspectives and levels. They include the granules induced by objects and attributes, respectively, and the granules induced by both objects and attributes simultaneously. Then, we discuss the granules’ relationships and explain their semantics. The main contribution of this study is providing some specific granules, which are practical and can be used conveniently in formal concept analysis.

Artificial synapses/neurons based on electronic/ionic hybrid devices have attracted wide attention for brain-inspired neuromorphic systems since it is possible to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck of the neuromorphic computing paradigm. Here, we report a novel photoneuromorphic device based on printed photogating single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) using lightly n-doped Si as the gate electrode. The drain currents of the printed SWCNT TFTs can gradually increase to over 3000 times of their starting value after being pulsed with light stimulation, and the electrical signals can maintain for over 10 min. These characteristics are similar to the learning and memory functions of brain-inspired neuromorphic systems. The working mechanism of the light-stimulated neuromorphic devices is investigated and described here in detail. Important synaptic characteristics, such as low-pass filtering characteristics and nonvolatile memory ability, are successfully emulated in the printed light-stimulated artificial synapses. It demonstrates that the printed SWCNT TFT photoneuromorphic devices can act as the nonvolatile memory units and perform photoneuromorphic computing, which exhibits potential for future neuromorphic system applications.

Background:Loneliness is a common public health problem that influences people’s physical and mental health. There is a high incidence of loneliness in adolescents. Some research suggested that smartphone or Internet addiction (SA or IA) may be a factor. But the relationship between loneliness and SA or IA is not completely clear among adolescents. We aim to estimate the correlation coefficient r between them. Methods:Databases, consisting of PubMed and Web of Science, were retrieved systematically for studies of the association between adolescents’ loneliness and SA or IA. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was chosen as an assessment tool in this analysis. We estimated the correlation coefficient r between loneliness and SA or IA and drew a forest plot. Moreover, moderator analyses were also conducted to explore what leads to heterogeneity in our study. Results:21 studies were finally included in our analysis with 27,843 samples. The pooled correlation coefficient r was 0.252 (95% confidence interval: [0.173, 0.329]; p< 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I2= 0.000%; Q = 23.616; p< 0.001), indicating a moderate positive association. The funnel plot indicated small publication bias. A one-study removal sensitivity analysis indicated there was no significant difference between these studies. Meta-regression indicated no significant difference between the results and age (Q = 11.94, df = 18, p= 0.8504). Conclusions:Our analysis indicated a moderate positive association between loneliness and SA or IA. The results may attract the attention of some experts who study adolescent psychological problems and behavioral problems and may provide ideas for their research in the future.

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides are notable as promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Using first-principle calculations, we investigate the effect of vacancies on the Li adsorption and diffusion on Ti2C and Ti2CT2(where T denotes surface terminations, F or OH) monolayers. Interestingly, we find that the carbon vacancies (VC) tend to enhance the adsorption of Li in Ti2C monolayer, whereas the titanium vacancies (VTi) play a similar role in Ti2CT2when functional groups present. The presence of vacancies further leads to a change in the diffusion behavior of Li atoms. In this context, we propose an idea to mitigate the adverse effects on Li diffusion performance by regulating the functional groups. In the presence of VC, the surface of Ti2C monolayer is suggested to be modified with OH– groups due to its relatively low diffusion barrier in the range of 0.025–0.037 eV when Li diffuses around VC, whereas in the presence of VTi, the surface is suggested to remove the functional groups, resulting in a decrease of energy barrier by about 1 eV when Li atom diffuses around VTi. The present study may provide a guideline to improve the Li-ion storage performance of Ti2C monolayers as electrode materials in LIBs, with atomic vacancies being taken into consideration.

A comprehensive evaluation of the impact of green taxes on enterprises contributes to expediting the economic transition towards environmental sustainability. This study explores the effect of environmental protection tax (EPT) on corporate diversification by leveraging the quasi-natural experiment of EPT law implementation in China. Empirical evidence reveals that, compared to non-heavily polluting enterprises, EPT increases the level of diversification of heavily polluting enterprises by affecting corporate profitability, debt capacity, and risk. Moreover, this facilitative influence is notably pronounced among non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) and enterprises operating within intensely competitive environments. Further analysis shows that diversification helps heavily polluting enterprises shift to green. This transition has benefits for companies in terms of environmental penalties and operational flexibility, which improves firm viability. From the perspective of corporate diversification, this research enhances our understanding of the influence of green taxes, thus providing empirical evidence for evaluating the effectiveness of EPT.

Significance:Pressure injury (PI) is a common critical presentation in intensive care units (ICU) and is an important clinical concern in critical care settings. Some developing data support the vasoconstrictor agent administration as a potential risk factor; however, synthesis of available evidence has not been completed.Recent Advances:Comprehensive tactics were employed to search electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid Embase for data on vasoconstrictor agent administration associated with PI in ICU patients. Extraction was limited to studies that matched the inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for dichotomous outcomes.Critical Issues:Twenty-six studies were included, involving 50,192 patients who matched the selection criteria. Around 5.8% of patients (2,523/43,210) got PI in total. PI occurred in 10.9% (1,496/13,675) of the vasoconstrictor agent administration population and 3.5% (1,027/29,503) of the drug-free population. The pooled unadjusted odds ratio was 2.83 (95% CI = 2.21–3.64, p< 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio was 1.83 (95% CI = 1.26–2.68, p= 0.002). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression found that the risk of PI did not vary with research design, time of occurrence, patient age, or male proportion.Future Directions:Vasoconstrictor agent administration raised the risk of PI in critical care patients by nearly twofold. More emphasis should be placed on the timely prevention of PI in patients receiving vasoconstrictor agent administration in the ICU.

Neuromorphic computing is a brain-inspired computing paradigm that aims to construct efficient, low-power, and adaptive computing systems by emulating the information processing mechanisms of biological neural systems. At the core of neuromorphic computing are neuromorphic devices that mimic the functions and dynamics of neurons and synapses, enabling the hardware implementation of artificial neural networks. Various types of neuromorphic devices have been proposed based on different physical mechanisms such as resistive switching devices and electric-double-layer transistors. These devices have demonstrated a range of neuromorphic functions such as multistate storage, spike-timing-dependent plasticity, dynamic filtering, etc. To achieve high performance neuromorphic computing systems, it is essential to fabricate neuromorphic devices compatible with the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing process. This improves the device’s reliability and stability and is favorable for achieving neuromorphic chips with higher integration density and low power consumption. This review summarizes CMOS-compatible neuromorphic devices and discusses their emulation of synaptic and neuronal functions as well as their applications in neuromorphic perception and computing. We highlight challenges and opportunities for further development of CMOS-compatible neuromorphic devices and systems.

Background: Alterations of the HER2 (also known as erbB-2 or neu) proto-oncogene have been implicated in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer. A polymorphism at codon 655 (GTC/valine to ATC/isoleucine [[Val.sup.655]Ile]) in the transmembrane domain-coding region of this gene has been identified and may be associated with the risk of breast cancer. We evaluated this hypothesis in a subgroup of women who participated in a large-scale, population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in Shanghai, China. Methods: Genomic DNA from 339 patients with breast cancer and 361 healthy control subjects was examined for the [Val.sup.655]Ile polymorphism with a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism-based assay. All study subjects completed a structured questionnaire during an inperson interview. All P values are from two-sided tests. Results: We found that 25.1% of the case patients and 21.7% of the control subjects were heterozygous for the Val allele and 3.2% of the case patients and 0.3% of the control subjects were homozygous for this allele (P = .005). Compared with women with the Ile/Ile genotype, women who had the Ile/Val or Val/Val genotype had an elevated risk of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-2.0; P = .05) after adjustment for age, educational level, study period, history of breast fibroadenoma, leisure physical activity, and age at first live birth. The risk was elevated even more among women who were homozygous for the Val allele (OR = 14.1; 95% CI = 1.8-113.4). The association was more pronounced among younger women ([is less than or equal to] 45 years) than among older women ([is greater than] 45 years). The adjusted OR associated with the Val allele was 1.7 (95% CI = 1.1-2.6) for younger women and 1.0 (95% CI = 0.5-1.9) for older women. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that polymorphisms of the HER2 gene may be important susceptibility biomarkers for breast cancer risk, particularly among younger women. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:412-7]

Background: Breast-feeding is well known to have a protective effect against infection in infants. Although the long-term effects of breast-feeding on childhood cancer have not been studied extensively, a protective effect against childhood Hodgkin's disease and lymphoma has been suggested previously from small investigations. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that breast-feeding decreases the risk of childhood acute leukemia. Methods: A total of 1744 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 1879 matched control subjects, aged 1-14 years, and 456 children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 539 matched control subjects, aged 1-17 years, were included in the analysis. Information regarding breast-feeding was obtained through telephone interviews with mothers. All leukemias combined, histologic type of leukemia (ALL versus AML), immunophenotype of ALL (early pre-B cell, pre-B cell, or T cell), and morphology of AML were assessed separately in the data analysis. Results: Ever having breast-fed was found to be associated with a 21% reduction in risk of childhood acute leukemias (odds ratio [OR] for all types combined = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.91). A reduction in risk was seen separately for AML (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.57-1.03) and ALL (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.69-0.93). The inverse associations were stronger with longer duration of breast-feeding for total ALL and AML; for MO, MI, and M2 morphologic subtypes of AML; and for early pre-B-cell ALL. Conclusion: In this study, breast-feeding was associated with a reduced risk of childhood acute leukemia. If confirmed in additional epidemiologic studies, our findings suggest that future epidemiologic and experimental efforts should be directed at investigating the anti-infective and/or immune-stimulatory or immune-modulating effects of breast-feeding on leukemogenesis in children. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1765-72]

This extensive study investigated the influence of microstructure on the effective transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced composites, in which the fibers are randomly dispersed and the thermal conductivity of polyethylene matrix is a function of test temperature. The microstructure is characterized by parameters such as the number of fibers, fiber volume fraction, fiber size, fiber arrangement and thermal property contrast. Firstly, a simple algorithm is developed to automatically generate closest-to-real random array of fibers in unit cell to reconstruct the composite microstructure. Then, the established two-dimensional random two-component composite unit cell is solved using finite element simulation and the obtained effective thermal conductivities are compared with the theoretical predictions and the experimental results. Subsequently, the effects of microstructure parameters and test temperature are investigated, respectively. It is found that the finite element predicted properties are in very good agreement with the experimental predictions, while they are always lower than the analytically predicted properties. These results can find applications in the design of composite materials taking into account the fiber distribution morphology.

To explore the influence by not performing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Han Chinese over 40 years.Overall, 6682 participants were included in the prospective cohort study and were followed up for 3 years.Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-load plasma glucose (2h-PG), FPG and 2h-PG (OGTT), and HbA1c testing using World Health Organization (WHO) or American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria were employed for strategy analysis.The prevalence of diabetes is 12.4% (95% CI: 11.6–13.3), while the prevalence of prediabetes is 34.1% (95% CI: 32.9–35.3) and 56.5% (95% CI: 55.2–57.8) using WHO and ADA criteria, respectively. 2h-PG determined more diabetes individuals than FPG and HbA1c. The testing cost per true positive case of OGTT is close to FPG and less than 2h-PG or HbA1c. FPG, 2h-PG and HbA1c strategies would increase costs from complications for false-positive (FP) or false-negative (FN) results compared with OGTT. Moreover, the least individuals identified as normal by OGTT at baseline developed (pre)diabetes, and the most prediabetes individuals identified by HbA1c or FPG using ADA criteria developed diabetes.The prevalence of isolated impaired glucose tolerance and isolated 2-h post-load diabetes were high, and the majority of individuals with (pre)diabetes were undetected in Chinese Han population. Not performing an OGTT results in underdiagnosis, inadequate developing risk assessment and probable cost increases of (pre)diabetes in Han Chinese over 40 years and great consideration should be given to OGTT in detecting (pre)diabetes in this population. Further population-based prospective cohort study of longer-term effects is necessary to investigate the risk assessment and cost of (pre)diabetes.

Cultivated tea (Camellia sinensis) plants acidify the rhizosphere, and Aluminum (Al) toxicity is recognized as a major limiting factor for plant growth in acidic soils. However, the mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere acidification associated with Al have not been fully elucidated. The present study examined the effect of Al on root-induced rhizosphere acidification, plasma membrane H+-adenosine triphosphatase (H+-ATPase) activity, and cation-anion balance in tea plant roots. The exudation of H+from tea plant roots with or without Al treatment was visualized using an agar sheet with bromocresol purple. The H+-ATPase activity of plasma membranes isolated from the roots was measured after hydrolysis using the two-phase partition system. The Al treatment strongly enhanced the exudation of H+, and the acidification of tea plant roots by Al was closely associated with plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. The root plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity increased with Al concentration. The Al content, amount of protons released, and H+-ATPase activity were significantly higher in roots treated with Al than in those untreated. The results of the cation-anion balance in roots showed an excess of cations relative to anions, with the amount of excess cation uptake increasing with increasing Al concentrations. These suggest that Al-enhanced proton release is associated with plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and excess cation uptake. Findings of this study would provide insights into the contributing factors of soil acidification in tea plantations.