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When I started high school, I was a solid academic student; however, I lost my way. I began to struggle academically because I was too busy chasing girls, success in [...]

The first total synthesis of Stachybotrys microsporatriprenol phenol (SMTP)-7 is described. Establishment of the two pyran ring stereogenic centers and key reactions featuring a double reductive amination and a double lactam ring formation in flow are described. The (2R,3S)-trans-benzopyran intermediate 7A, isolated by chiral preparative SFC chromatography, was carried forward to afford SMTP-7. Analytical data for synthetic SMTP-7, including 1H and 13C NMR data, HPLC retention time, and UV spectrum, were in excellent agreement with those for natural SMTP-7.

A system-of-systems (SoS) conceptualization is essential in resolving issues involving heterogeneous independently operable systems to achieve a unique purpose. Successful operation as an SoS requires communication among appropriate individuals and groups across enterprises through an effective protocol. This paper presents a position on the creation of a consortium of concerned system engineers and scientists worldwide to examine the problems and solutions strategies associated with SoS. The consortium could lead efforts in clarifying ambiguities and in seeking remedies to numerous open questions with respect to SoS analysis, SoS engineering (SoSE), as well as differences between systems engineering (SE) and SoSE. The mission of this consortium is envisioned to: 1) act as a neutral party; 2) provide a forum to put forth Calls to Action; and 3) establish a community of interest to recommend a set of solutions.

As vixotrigine (1) entered a later clinical phase for trigeminal neuralgia (Zakrzewska, J. M.; et al. Lancet Neurol.2017, 16, 291−300), the development of a sustainable late-stage process was required to meet the supply needs for formulation optimization, phase 3 clinical trials, and registration stability batches (this is the expected commercial formulation). In this article, we describe how the process was streamlined from the early supply route (Giblin, G.; et al. Org. Process Res. Dev.2020, DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00382) and a comprehensive control strategy was established. Process improvements included improving safety and scalability for a temperature-sensitive Grignard reaction, simplifying unit operations, removal of heterogenous conditions, and route redesign to afford a high yielding, one-pot sequential alkylation and amidation. Improvement in the salt formation step, combined with wet milling, resulted in improved particle properties with enhanced flow properties of the final active pharmaceutical ingredient. The process mass intensity was improved 65% while maintaining drug substance purity at more than 99.8%. This new process has been scaled up to generate metric ton quantities of drug substance.

Residual host cell proteins (HCPs) present in biotherapeutics can pose potential safety risks for patients or affect product stability, thus prompting a critical need to monitor HCPs in drug substance or product to ensure product safety and quality. Current approaches for robust HCP identification at or above 10 ppm levels require either concatenated peptide fractionation or enrichment via antibody depletion, which challenges the direct quantitation of HCPs. This paper describes a simple, fast sample preparation method without the need for sample fractionation or enrichment; instead, we utilize trypsin-friendly sodium deoxycholate (SDC) as an advantageous denaturant that can be effectively removed following acidification at the end of sample digestion. This new approach enables the end-to-end one-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (1D LC–MS/MS) workflow (i.e., from sample preparation to HCP identification) to be completed in 7–8 h while demonstrating the ability to consistently identify HCPs across a broad molecular weight range at 10 ppm or above.

As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread greening at high latitudes. This ‘greening of the Arctic’ is among the world’s most important large-scale ecological responses to global climate change. However, a consensus is emerging that the underlying causes and future dynamics of so-called Arctic greening and browning trends are more complex, variable and inherently scale-dependent than previously thought. Here we summarize the complexities of observing and interpreting high-latitude greening to identify priorities for future research. Incorporating satellite and proximal remote sensing with in-situ data, while accounting for uncertainties and scale issues, will advance the study of past, present and future Arctic vegetation change.

Herein are described improvements in a discovery synthesis to enable a rapid scale up of 1to support early phase clinical trials and formulation development studies. Process modifications included route redesign, simplifying a Mitsunobu reaction product’s isolation, improving yields and impurity profiles for isolated intermediates, and removal of a chromatographic purification. Particle engineering studies identified a recrystallization protocol to produce 1with enhanced solid-state properties. This improved process was scaled up to generate multikilogram quantities of drug substance with >99.8% area purity.

ABSTRACTWidespread glacial retreat is now occurring in many arctic mountain ranges, yet little is known about primary succession following deglaciation in these settings. Newly created habitats could provide refugia for flora and fauna whose ranges are threatened elsewhere by rapid warming. To assess vegetation responses to glacial retreat in an arctic–alpine setting, we first describe plant community development on two recently deglaciated moraines in the Brooks Range. We then compare these recent communities with communities developed along a moraine chronosequence that spans >125,000 years and ranges in altitude between 800 and 1,700 m.a.s.l. Results show that (1) within twenty-two to thirty-six years following deglaciation, primary succession begins with the assembly of small communities of eight to thirteen vascular and nonvascular plant species; (2) species turnover is low, with many pioneer taxa, particularly lichens, persisting at the oldest sites and across all altitudes; and (3) overall, succession is directional and slow, with species richness increasing for up to 25,000 years, and percentage vegetation cover reaching >100 percent on the oldest glacial deposits. This is the first vegetation study on primary succession in the high central Brooks Range, and it supplies a previously missing alpine element within a vegetation transect across northern Alaska’s bioclimatic gradient.

The new combined sewer overflow (CSO) facility of Newport, RI, is described. The facility was designed to reduce the impact of CSO on the quality of the city's inner harbor and highly developed scenic waterfront. A simple and rugged unit process was chosen to achieve water quality goals while decreasing the chances of failure. The issues related to siting the facility in a sensitive area were addressed via close coordination with local interest groups., The City of Newport, Rhode Island, was faced with the challenge of effectively reducing the impact of combined sewage overflows (CSOs) on water quality in its inner harbor, while being [...]

Understanding how biological patterns translate into functional processes across different scales is a central question in ecology. Within a spatial context, extent is used to describe the overall geographic area of a study, whereas grain describes the overall unit of observation. This study aimed to characterize the snake skin microbiota (grain) and to determine host–microbial assemblage–pathogen effects across spatial extents within the Southern United States. The causative agent of snake fungal disease, Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, is a fungal pathogen threatening snake populations. We hypothesized that the skin microbial assemblage of snakes differs from its surrounding environment, by host species, spatial scale, season, and in the presence of O. ophiodiicola. We collected snake skin swabs, soil samples, and water samples across six states in the Southern United States (macroscale extent), four Tennessee ecoregions (mesoscale extent), and at multiple sites within each Tennessee ecoregion (microscale extent). These samples were subjected to DNA extraction and quantitative PCR to determine the presence/absence of O. ophiodiicola. High-throughput sequencing was also utilized to characterize the microbial communities. We concluded that the snake skin microbial assemblage was partially distinct from environmental microbial communities. Snake host species was strongly predictive of the skin microbiota at macro-, meso-, and microscale spatial extents; however, the effect was variable across geographic space and season. Lastly, the presence of the fungal pathogen O. ophiodiicolais predictive of skin microbial assemblages across macro- and meso-spatial extents, and particular bacterial taxa associate with O. ophiodiicolapathogen load. Our results highlight the importance of scale regarding wildlife host–pathogen–microbial assemblage interactions.

Climate warming in regions of ice‐rich permafrost can result in widespread thermokarst development, which reconfigures the landscape and damages infrastructure. We present multisite time series observations which couple ground temperature measurements with thermokarst development in a region of very cold permafrost. In the Canadian High Arctic between 2003 and 2016, a series of anomalously warm summers caused mean thawing indices to be 150–240% above the 1979–2000 normal resulting in up to 90 cm of subsidence over the 12‐year observation period. Our data illustrate that despite low mean annual ground temperatures, very cold permafrost (<−10 °C) with massive ground ice close to the surface is highly vulnerable to rapid permafrost degradation and thermokarst development. We suggest that this is due to little thermal buffering from soil organic layers and near‐surface vegetation, and the presence of near‐surface ground ice. Observed maximum thaw depths at our sites are already exceeding those projected to occur by 2090 under representative concentration pathway version 4.5. Permafrost is ground that remains at or below 0 °C for two years or longer and it underlies much of the Arctic. Permafrost in Arctic lowland regions is frequently characterized by large volumes of ground ice which, when it melts, causes the ground surface to collapse. As the Arctic warms, ice‐rich permafrost degradation is expected to be widespread. Our data illustrate that very cold permafrost, which has a mean annual ground temperature of −10 °C or lower, is experiencing a rapid increase in active layer thickness at annual time scales. At three permafrost monitoring sites in the Canadian Arctic we have observed that warmer than average summer air temperatures have caused the active layer to deepen, near‐surface ground ice to melt, and the overlying ground surface to subside, in some cases leading to the formation of small thaw ponds. Our results show that very cold permafrost terrain is responding rapidly to ongoing warming. Observed thermokarst development in very cold permafrost at three monitoring sites along a 700‐km transect in the Canadian High ArcticRapid landscape response to above average summer warmth is due to limited thermal buffering from overlying ecosystem components and near‐surface ground iceChange was greatest at Mould Bay where thawing index values were 240% above historic normals causing ~90 cm of subsidence in 12 years

Arctic river deltas are highly dynamic environments in the northern circumpolar permafrost region that are affected by fluvial, coastal, and permafrost-thaw processes. They are characterized by thick sediment deposits containing large but poorly constrained amounts of frozen organic carbon and nitrogen. This study presents new data on soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage as well as accumulation rates from the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river deltas, two small, permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. A soil organic carbon storage of 42.4 ± 1.6 and 37.9 ± 3.5 kg C m− 2and soil nitrogen storage of 2.1 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.2 kg N m− 2was found for the first 2 m of soil for the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river delta, respectively. While the upper meter of soil contains 3.57 Tg C, substantial amounts of carbon (3.09 Tg C or 46%) are also stored within the second meter of soil (100–200 cm) in the two deltas. An increasing and inhomogeneous distribution of C with depth is indicative of the dominance of deltaic depositional rather than soil forming processes for soil organic carbon storage. Largely, mid- to late Holocene radiocarbon dates in our cores suggest different carbon accumulation rates for the two deltas for the last 2000 years. Rates up to 28 g C m− 2year− 1for the Ikpikpuk river delta are about twice as high as for the Fish Creek river delta. With this study, we highlight the importance of including these highly dynamic permafrost environments in future permafrost carbon estimations.

Methodologies employing LC-MS/MS have been increasingly used for characterization and identification of residual host cell proteins (HCPs) in biopharmaceutical products to ensure their consistent product quality and safety for patients. To improve the sensitivity and reliability for HCP detection, we developed a high pH-low pH two-dimensional reversed phase LC-MS/MS approach in conjunction with offline fraction concatenation. Proof-of -concept was established using a model in which seven proteins spanning a size range of 29–78 kDa are spiked into a purified antibody product to simulate the presence of low-level HCPs. By incorporating a tandem column configuration and a shallow gradient through the second-dimension, all seven proteins were consistently identified at 10 ppm with 100% success rate following LC-MS/MS analysis of six concatenated fractions across multiple analysts, column lots and injection loads. Using the more complex Universal Proteomic Standard 1 (UPS-1) as an HCP model, positive identification was consistently achieved for 19 of the 22 proteins in 8–12 ppm range (10 ppm ±20%). For the first time, we demonstrate an effective LC-MS/MS strategy that not only has high sensitivity but also high reliability for HCP detection. The method performance has high impact on pharmaceutical company practices in using advanced LC-MS/MS technology to ensure product quality and patient safety.

Roadway snow and ice control practices are changing rapidly. It is important for maintenance and operations managers to review new technology and practices and consider applications for their organizations. In [...]

Abstract Aims: An Arctic Vegetation Classification (AVC) is needed to address issues related to rapid Arctic-wide changes to climate, land-use, and biodiversity. Location: The 7.1 million km2 Arctic tundra biome. Approach and conclusions: The purpose, scope and conceptual framework for an Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA) and Classification (AVC) were developed during numerous workshops starting in 1992. The AVA and AVC are modeled after the European vegetation archive (EVA) and classification (EVC). The AVA will use Turboveg for data management. The AVC will use a Braun-Blanquet (Br.-Bl.) classification approach. There are approximately 31,000 Arctic plots that could be included in the AVA. An Alaska AVA (AVA-AK, 24 datasets, 3026 plots) is a prototype for archives in other parts of the Arctic. The plan is to eventually merge data from other regions of the Arctic into a single Turboveg v3 database. We present the pros and cons of using the Br.-Bl. classification approach compared to the EcoVeg (US) and Biogeoclimatic Ecological Classification (Canada) approaches. The main advantages are that the Br.-Bl. approach already has been widely used in all regions of the Arctic, and many described, well-accepted vegetation classes have a pan-Arctic distribution. A crosswalk comparison of Dryas octopetala communities described according to the EcoVeg and the Braun-Blanquet approaches indicates that the non-parallel hierarchies of the two approaches make crosswalks difficult above the plant-community level. A preliminary Arctic prodromus contains a list of typical Arctic habitat types with associated described syntaxa from Europe, Greenland, western North America, and Alaska. Numerical clustering methods are used to provide an overview of the variability of habitat types across the range of datasets and to determine their relationship to previously described Braun-Blanquet syntaxa. We emphasize the need for continued maintenance of the Pan-Arctic Species List, and additional plot data to fully sample the variability across bioclimatic subzones, phytogeographic regions, and habitats in the Arctic. This will require standardized methods of plot-data collection, inclusion of physiogonomic information in the numeric analysis approaches to create formal definitions for vegetation units, and new methods of data sharing between the AVA and national vegetation-plot databases.? Abbreviation:? AVA = Arctic Vegetation Archive; AVC = Arctic Vegetation Classification; BEC = Biogeoclimatic Ecological Classification; Br.-Bl. = Braun-Blanquet; CAFF = Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna; CAVM = Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map; CNVC = Canadian National Vegetation Classification; EUNIS = European Nature Information System; EVC = European Vegetation Classification; GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-plot Databases; IASC = International Arctic Science Committee; ICPN = International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature; PAF = Pan-Arctic Flora (for nomenclature of vascular plants); PASL = Pan-Arctic Species List (includes circumpolar checklist of vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, and lichens); USNVC = United States National Vegetation Classification. Submitted: 30 January 2017; first decision: 26 March 2017; accepted: 24 July 2017

ABSTRACTA modular and adaptive mass spectrometry (MS)-based platform was developed to provide fast, robust and sensitive host cell protein (HCP) analytics to support process development. This platform relies on one-dimensional ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (1D UHPLC) combined with several different MS data acquisition strategies to meet the needs of purification process development. The workflow was designed to allow HCP composition and quantitation for up to 20 samples per day, a throughput considered essential for real time bioprocess development support. With data-dependent acquisition (DDA), the 1D UHPLC-MS/MS method had excellent speed and demonstrated robustness in detecting unknown HCPs at ≥ 50 ng/mg (ppm) level. Combining 1D UHPLC with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra (SWATH) MS enabled simultaneous detection and quantitation of all HCPs in single-digit ng/mg range within 1 hour, demonstrating for the first time the benefit of SWATH MS as a technique for HCP analysis. As another alternative, a targeted MS approach can be used to track the clearance of specific known HCP under various process conditions. This study highlights the importance of designing a robust LC-MS/MS workflow that not only allows HCP discovery, but also affords greatly improved process knowledge and capability in HCP removal. As an orthogonal and complementary detection approach to traditional HCP analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the reported LC-MS/MS workflow supports the development of bioprocesses with optimal HCP clearance and the production of safe and high quality therapeutic biopharmaceuticals.

AbstractFungal taxonomy and ecology have been revolutionized by the application of molecular methods and both have increasing connections to genomics and functional biology. However, data streams from traditional specimen- and culture-based systematics are not yet fully integrated with those from metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies, which limits understanding of the taxonomic diversity and metabolic properties of fungal communities. This article reviews current resources, needs, and opportunities for sequence-based classification and identification (SBCI) in fungi as well as related efforts in prokaryotes. To realize the full potential of fungal SBCI it will be necessary to make advances in multiple areas. Improvements in sequencing methods, including long-read and single-cell technologies, will empower fungal molecular ecologists to look beyond ITS and current shotgun metagenomics approaches. Data quality and accessibility will be enhanced by attention to data and metadata standards and rigorous enforcement of policies for deposition of data and workflows. Taxonomic communities will need to develop best practices for molecular characterization in their focal clades, while also contributing to globally useful datasets including ITS. Changes to nomenclatural rules are needed to enable validPUBLICation of sequence-based taxon descriptions. Finally, cultural shifts are necessary to promote adoption of SBCI and to accord professional credit to individuals who contribute to community resources.

The Alaska Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA-AK, GIVD-ID: NA-US-014) is a free, publically available database archive of vegetation-plot data from the Arctic tundra region of northern Alaska. The archive currently contains 24 datasets with 3,026 non-overlapping plots. Of these, 74% have geolocation data with 25-m or better precision. Species cover data and header data are stored in a Turboveg database. A standardized Pan Arctic Species List provides a consistent nomenclature for vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens in the archive. A web-based online Alaska Arctic Geoecological Atlas (AGA-AK) allows viewing and downloading the species data in a variety of formats, and provides access to a wide variety of ancillary data. We conducted a preliminary cluster analysis of the first 16 datasets (1,613 plots) to examine how the spectrum of derived clusters is related to the suite of datasets, habitat types, and environmental gradients. We present the contents of the archive, assess its strengths and weaknesses, and provide three supplementary files that include the data dictionary, a list of habitat types, an overview of the datasets, and details of the cluster analysis.

Ice wedges are common features of the subsurface in permafrost regions. They develop by repeated frost cracking and ice vein growth over hundreds to thousands of years. Ice-wedge formation causes the archetypal polygonal patterns seen in tundra across the Arctic landscape. Here we use field and remote sensing observations to document polygon succession due to ice-wedge degradation and trough development in ten Arctic localities over sub-decadal timescales. Initial thaw drains polygon centres and forms disconnected troughs that hold isolated ponds. Continued ice-wedge melting leads to increased trough connectivity and an overall draining of the landscape. We find that melting at the tops of ice wedges over recent decades and subsequent decimetre-scale ground subsidence is a widespread Arctic phenomenon. Although permafrost temperatures have been increasing gradually, we find that ice-wedge degradation is occurring on sub-decadal timescales. Our hydrological model simulations show that advanced ice-wedge degradation can significantly alter the water balance of lowland tundra by reducing inundation and increasing runoff, in particular due to changes in snow distribution as troughs form. We predict that ice-wedge degradation and the hydrological changes associated with the resulting differential ground subsidence will expand and amplify in rapidly warming permafrost regions.

In advancing to one name for fungi, this paper treats generic names competing for use in the order Diaporthales(Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes) and makes a recommendation for the use or protection of one generic name among synonymous names that may be either sexually or asexually typified. A table is presented that summarizes these recommendations. Among the genera most commonly encountered in this order, Cytosporais recommended over Valsaand Diaportheover Phomopsis. New combinations are introduced for the oldest epithet of important species in the recommended genus. These include Amphiporthe tiliae, Coryneum lanciforme, Cytospora brevispora, C. ceratosperma, C. cinereostroma, C. eugeniae, C. fallax, C. myrtagena, Diaporthe amaranthophila, D. annonacearum, D. bougainvilleicola, D. caricae-papayae, D. cocoina, D. cucurbitae, D. juniperivora, D. leptostromiformis, D. pterophila, D. theae, D. vitimegaspora, Mastigosporella georgiana, Pilidiella angustispora, P. calamicola, P. pseudogranati, P. stromatica, and P. terminaliae.

This writer clearly has some issues with the design industry, but I am not sure from his letter what his issue is with the article. He briefly discusses the fill […]

The reason for global success of Intier is its performance. Its employees are a key feature of its success. The strategies that help Intier achieve its goals are discussed.

AbstractNDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) calculated from coarse-resolution sensors has shown strong increases since the 1980s on Alaska’s North Slope. Finer-resolution satellite data and ground studies are needed to understand the changes in the vegetation that are causing these increases. Analysis of an 823 km2area using a Landsat NDVI time series showed that the homogeneous greening at coarser scales was very heterogeneous at 30-m pixel resolution, with a strong influence due to glacial history. Small scattered patches of pixels with significant increases in NDVI occurred throughout the younger, late Pleistocene glacial deposits. On older, mid-Pleistocene deposits, increases occurred in few, larger patches of mostly tussock-sedge, dwarf-shrub, moss tundra, possibly a result of release of nutrients from thawing of ice-rich permafrost. Five percent of pixels had significant linear increases in NDVI from 1985 to 2007 (n= 6, p< 0.05), while 0.4% showed significant decreases, in small patches whose causes were evident when sampled on the ground. Trends in NDVI varied by glacial history, elevation, slope, and the resulting vegetation conditions. This heterogeneity in response to climate change can be expected throughout much of the Arctic, where complex glacial histories determine existing soil and vegetation characteristics.

In September 2012, Arctic sea-ice extent plummeted to a new record low: two times lower than the 1979–2000 average. Often, record lows in sea-ice cover are hailed as an example of climate change impacts in the Arctic. Less apparent, however, are the implications of reduced sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean for marine–atmosphere CO2exchange. Sea-ice decline has been connected to increasing air temperatures at high latitudes. Temperature is a key controlling factor in the terrestrial exchange of CO2and methane, and therefore the greenhouse-gas balance of the Arctic. Despite the large potential for feedbacks, many studies do not connect the diminishing sea-ice extent with changes in the interaction of the marine and terrestrial Arctic with the atmosphere. In this Review, we assess how current understanding of the Arctic Ocean and high-latitude ecosystems can be used to predict the impact of a lower sea-ice cover on Arctic greenhouse-gas exchange.

Child abuse is both a sin and a crime. In this article, we present a call to the global Christian church to prevent and treat child abuse, and to train professionals across disciplines to do so. Vieth discusses effective child protection policies in churches. Among other recommendations, he encourages consultation with child protection experts, thorough screening of child workers, and accountable supervision of children in church. Tchvidjian examines cultural aspects of missions organizations that contribute to the abuse of children in the mission field. He suggests that missions organizations who have failed to protect abused children in the past placed their reputation above child protection, failed to treasure children, and believed in God-sanctioned power and control of missions workers. Knodel reviews the efforts of Christian organizations to prevent the trafficking of children worldwide. She finds effective advocacy occurring across the globe but among Christian organizations that are rarely tied to any specific denominational support. Next, Walker reviews evidence-based treatment recommendations for children and adolescents. Trauma-focused CBT is a leading empirically supported treatment for child abuse. Recently, efforts have been made to sensitively integrate faith into TF-CBT. Vieth then discusses effective church responses to allegations of abuse. He suggests suspending the activities of a church worker when allegations are made against him or her in addition to informing the police. Tchivdjian concludes by discussing the mission and vision of the GRACE foundation—a multidisciplinary Christian nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting children from child abuse and treating children who have been abused.

Climate archives available from deep sea and marine shelf sediments, glaciers, lakes, and ice cores in and around Greenland allow us to place the current trends in regional climate, ice sheet dynamics, and land surface changes in a broader perspective. We show that, during the last decade (2000s), atmospheric and sea surface temperatures are reaching levels last encountered millennia ago, when northern high latitude summer insolation was higher due to a different orbital configuration. Records from lake sediments in southern Greenland document major environmental and climatic conditions during the last 10,000 years, highlighting the role of soil dynamics in past vegetation changes, and stressing the growing anthropogenic impacts on soil erosion during the recent decades. Furthermore, past and present changes in atmospheric and oceanic heat advection appear to strongly influence both regional climate and ice sheet dynamics. Projections from climate models are investigated to quantify the magnitude and rates of future changes in Greenland temperature, which may be faster than past abrupt events occurring under interglacial conditions. Within one century, in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, Greenland may reach temperatures last time encountered during the last interglacial period, approximately 125,000 years ago. We review and discuss whether analogies between the last interglacial and future changes are reasonable, because of the different seasonal impacts of orbital and greenhouse gas forcings. Over several decades to centuries, future Greenland melt may act as a negative feedback, limiting regional warming albeit with global sea level and climatic impacts. WIREs Clim Change2012 doi: 10.1002/wcc.186

In this article, I briefly review the integration movement beginning with the early 1970's. Early integration efforts focused on interdisciplinary integration. Beginning in the mid 1990's, integrative scholarship has moved increasingly from interdisciplinary integration to applied clinical integration. Applied clinical integration with children and adolescents is an area of clinical practice in its infancy. I discuss the future of applied clinical integration with children and teens. In doing so, I advocate for the development of developmentally sensitive measures of religion and spirituality with children and teens. I then discuss promising spiritually oriented interventions with children and suggest areas for research in trauma focused therapy with children. I also suggest areas of research and practice related to training Christian therapists.

Species of Gnomoniopsisare leaf- and stem-inhabiting pyrenomycetes that infect plants in Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae. Morphology and analyses of DNA sequences from three ribosomal DNA and protein coding regions, namely β-tubulin, translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α) and the ITS region including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2, were used to define species in Gnomoniopsis. Secondary structural alignment of the ITS region across four genera in Gnomoniaceae was used to increase the potential number of homologous positions in the ITS alignment. Ascospore isolates were grown from newly collected specimens. Type specimens were compared with these specimens to determine their identity. In this paper a recent concept of Gnomoniopsisis confirmed with phylogenetic resolution of additional species. Four new combinations and one new species are proposed. Nine species are described and illustrated, and a key is provided to the 13 species currently recognized in Gnomoniopsis.

An understanding of the factors controlling the distribution of arctic vegetation will allow better prediction of the effects of climate change. This study examines the effect of the age of landscapes on the distribution of arctic vegetation. We compared time since deglaciation with the distribution of vegetation types and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite measures of greenness (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI). Most of the older arctic landscapes occur between the Taimyr Peninsula in Russia and the Mackenzie River in Canada. The vegetation types most commonly associated with the oldest landscapes include tussock-sedge, dwarf-shrub, moss-tundra, and sedge-shrub wetlands. Most of the Arctic, including most bioclimate subzones and most vegetation types, showed increasing NDVI with increasing landscape age. Landscapes showed rapid increases in NDVI during the first several thousand years after deglaciation. Relatively low NDVI values occurred on landscapes 5000 – 15 000 years old, as on the Canadian Shield. Higher NDVI values occurred on landscapes older than 20 000 years. Landscape age accounted for 34% of the variation in NDVI for landscapes younger than 900 000 years. The coldest parts of the Arctic (subzone A) and vegetation types that grow primarily in these areas did not show any trend with landscape age.

Non-sorted circles, non-sorted polygons, and earth hummocks are common ground-surface features in arctic regions. They are caused by a variety of physical processes that occur in permafrost regions including contraction cracking and frost heave. Here we describe the vegetation of patterned-ground forms on zonal sites at three locations along an N-S transect through the High Arctic of Canada. We made 75 relevés on patterned-ground features (circles, polygons, earth hummocks) and adjacent tundra (interpolygon, intercircle, interhummock areas) and identified and classified the vegetation according to the Braun-Blanquet method. Environmental factors were correlated with the vegetation data using a nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS). We identified eleven communities: (1) Puccinellia angustata-Papaver radicatum community in xeromesic non-sorted polygons of subzone A of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map; (2) Saxifraga-Parmelia omphalodes ssp. glacialis community in hydromesic interpolygon areas of subzone A; (3) Hypogymnia subobscura-Lecanora epibryon community in xeromesic non-sorted polygons of subzone B; (4) Orthotrichum speciosum-Salix arctica community in xeromesic interpolygon areas of subzone B; (5) Cochlearia groenlandica-Luzula nivalis community in hydromesic earth hummocks of subzone B; (6) Salix arctica-Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. triste community in hygric earth hummocks of subzone B; (7) Puccinellia angustata-Potentilla vahliana community in xeromesic non-sorted circles and bare patches of subzone C; (8) Dryas integrifolia-Carex rupestris community in xeromesic intercircle areas and vegetated patches of subzone C; (9) Braya glabella ssp. purpurascens-Dryas integrifolia community in hydromesic non-sorted circles of subzone C; (10) Dryas integrifolia-Carex aquatilis community in hydromesic intercircle areas of subzone C; and (11) Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. triste-Carex aquatilis community in hygric intercircle areas of subzone C. The NMDS ordination displayed the vegetation types with respect to complex environmental gradients. The first axis of the ordination corresponds to a complex soil moisture gradient and the second axis corresponds to a complex geology/elevation/climate gradient. The tundra plots have a greater moss and graminoid cover than the adjacent frost-heave communities. In general, frost-heave features have greater thaw depths, more bare ground, thinner organic horizons, and lower soil moisture than the surrounding tundra. The morphology of the investigated patterned ground forms changes along the climatic gradient, with non-sorted polygons dominating in the northernmost sites and non-sorted circles dominating in the southern sites.

ABSTRACTNonsorted circles are relatively barren patterned-ground features common in most arctic tundra regions. We studied how vegetation changes on nonsorted circles might affect cryogenic processes, which is of relevance as arctic vegetation responds to climate change. Twenty-eight circles at a moist nonacidic tundra site in northern Alaska received one of four treatments: (a) vegetation removal; (b) vegetation removal and sedge transplants; (c) vegetation removal and moss transplants; or (d) no manipulation. We monitored soil-surface temperatures, thaw depth, frost heave, and soil-surface instability as indicators of cryogenic processes for three years.Vegetation removal led to 1.5 °C (22.3%) warmer summer soil-surface temperatures, 4.8 cm (6.2%) deeper mean thaw depth, 3.5 cm (26.2%) greater frost heave and a drastic increase in an index of soil instability when compared to the control. In contrast, moss additions lowered soil-surface temperatures by 2.8 °C (41.8%) in the summer, delayed freezing by almost two weeks and thawing by one week, decreased mean thaw depth by 10.3 cm (14.9%), and decreased frost heave by 6.6 cm (52.4%) when compared to the control. The sedge treatment had intermediate effects on thaw and heave. This study indicates that increases in plant cover and particularly moss cover on nonsorted circles due to a warming climate would decrease the heat flux between the atmosphere and the mineral soil and result in shallower thaw and less frost heave, leading to regional reductions in the activities of nonsorted circles.

The physical and chemical properties of Arctic tundra soils were studied along a 250-km latitudinal transect in northern Alaska. The transect includes the nonacidic tundra of the Arctic Coastal Plain, the moist nonacidic tundra of the northern Arctic Foothills, and moist acidic tundra of the southern Arctic Foothills. The parent material of the coastal plain consists of carbonate-rich alluvium. The northern foothills have a mantle of calcareous loess. Further south the parent materials are moraines of late Quaternary. Vegetation changes from sedges on the coastal plain, to grasses on the northern foothills, and tussock and shrub tundra in southern foothills. Following the same order, soil pH and base saturation decrease and soil acidity increases. Most of the soil exchangeable acidity and cation exchange capacity are from soil organic matter.

AbstractIntraseasonal patterns of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and phytomass were compared for four tundra vegetation types at Ivotuk, Alaska, during summer 1999. The vegetation types included moist acidic tundra (MAT), moist nonacidic tundra (MNT), mossy tussock tundra, and shrub tundra. The seasonal curves of NDVI were similar among the vegetation types but with varying magnitudes of the peak values. Peak NDVI in the shrub tundra (0.83) was significantly greater than in MAT (0.76), which was significantly greater than in MNT (0.71) and mossy tussock tundra (0.70). LAI and phytomass exhibited high temporal variability with distinct seasonality only in shrub tundra. Seasonal LAI and NDVI patterns were therefore correlated only in shrub tundra, which was attributed to the high quantity of deciduous shrub foliage present in this community and absent in the other vegetation types. Shrub tundra peak live above-ground phytomass (1256 ± 123 g m−2) was significantly greater than peak live above-ground phytomass for MAT, MNT, and mossy tussock tundra (722 ± 71, 773 ± 53, 703 ± 39 g m−2respectively, P< 0.05). Relative abundances of deciduous shrubs, mosses, and graminoids were revealed as key components controlling differences in NDVI, LAI, and phytomass among tundra vegetation types.

Numerous models of interpersonal forgiveness and reconciliation have proliferated, while the number of constructs common to these models and how these constructs interrelate has gone untested. Sixteen path models of forgiveness and reconciliation were examined in 180 predominantly Christian college students. Results of factor analysis suggested five underlying constructs–-Hurt and Anger, Receiving God's Forgiveness, Emotional Forgiveness, Empathy, and Reconciliation. Structural equations modeling supported a model whereby people simultaneously experience Hurt and Anger while Receiving God's Forgiveness, and which then relate to Emotional Forgiveness, then Empathy, then Reconciliation. These results suggest substantial overlap among models, empirically support a distinction between Emotional Forgiveness and Reconciliation, and suggest that Receiving God's Forgiveness is an important factor for religious people beginning reconciliation.

A significant increase in the safety of transportation networks in the United States and throughout the world will require the direct involvement of local jurisdictions (e.g., counties, townships, villages, and cities). In 1998, approximately 4 out of 10 fatalities in the United States occurred on collector and local roadways. Local road agencies need to have the skills to identify, evaluate, and mitigate safety concerns. Effective local road safety training, technology transfer, and resources are essential. A number of challenges need to be met to complete these tasks, but current local road safety training and technology transfer programs and strategies also offer opportunities. Some of these challenges are identified and discussed, and several current and potential programs and strategies for local road safety training and technology transfer are described. Relevant results from a recent FHWA and AASHTO international scan tour on the management and organization of comprehensive highway safety programs are also presented and used to support the suggestions provided. A synopsis of the relevant discussions from a recent workshop on highway safety workforce development, sponsored by FHWA, AASHTO, TRB, and ITE, is also offered. The objective is to initiate discussion about the need for and development of a comprehensive and cost-effective local safety training and technology transfer program.

We present the first analysis of riparian vegetation types on the Arctic Slope of Alaska including classification and ordination. We classified riparian willow communities according to the Braun-Blanquet approach, and analysed environmental relationships of associations to complex environmental gradients using Detrended Correspondence Analysis. We also examined synecological differences in terms of community characteristics (e.g. growth form distributions, species richness, soil pH and climatic affinities, phytogeographic patterns) to better understand ecological alteration processes and changing species compositions along successional gradients. Data were collected along a transect from the Brooks Range to Prudhoe Bay, primarily in the watersheds of Sagavanirktok River and Kuparuk River. Riparian vegetation in arctic Alaska mainly consists of willow shrub communities which are functionally important components of arctic landscape ecosystems. A combination of edaphic conditions (soil pH, soil moisture) and factors related to topography, disturbance regime and landscape evolution (river terrace/stream bank development) controls spatial patterns and floristic compositions of riparian plant communities. Classification resulted in three associations and four subassociations, each occupying distinct riparian habitats, and, thus, indicating distinct environmental conditions. The Epilobio-Salicetum alaxensis ass. nov. is a true pioneer community along mountain creeks (subass. polemonietosum acutiflori) and on gravel bars, floodplains and lower terraces of rivers (subass. parnassietosum kotzebuei). This tall willow association indicates sites with frequent disturbances and coarser-textured, relatively dry, initial alluvial soils with basic reaction that have deep active layers and relatively high soil temperatures. The association may persist on river banks as long as erosion and deposition of new increments of alluvium occurs, i.e. as long as predominantly allogenic processes are operative in succession cycles. It is characterized by relatively low species richness, considerable percentage of North American endemics, higher amount of more thermophilous species and comparatively higher cover percentage of forbs. Higher terraces show the paradoxon of better developed soils and decreasing productivity of the shrub layer. With decreasing river influence and the transition to finer-textured, more nutrient-rich, less basic soils, the tall willow community is replaced by the Anemono-Salicetum richardsonii ass. nov. (subass. lupinetosum arctici). Decreasing active layer depth, caused by the insulation of a thick moss layer and consequently lower soil temperatures, as well as lower root activity and rooting space, and higher soil moisture reduce the competitiveness of Salix alaxensis-stands and are thus key factors for this successional replacement with low willows. The Anemono-Salicetum richardsonii characterizes later stages of succession on river alluvium with predominantly autogenic processes resulting inter alia in an uniquely arctic soil thermal regime. Shrubs and mosses are dominant growth forms in this association, which is further characterized by comparatively highest species richness. It also occurs on upland tundra stream banks (subass. salicetosum pulchrae), where environmental conditions and floristic composition point to a certain affinity to the Valeriano-Salicetum pulchrae ass. nov. The latter association is distributed on older, long-deglaciated land surfaces with paludified, loamy, acid soils with massive ground ice and thick moss layers, resulting in cold soils, decreased depth of thaw, and increased soil moisture. It typically occupies the immediate margins of smaller tundra streams and creeks with a specific streamflow regime (low disturbance level), originating in the gentle topography of the foothills. Water saturation of the soils lead to reduced decomposition of organic residues and thus to high contents of organic matter. Percentage of acidophilous species and of more cold-adapted species as well as moss cover and bryophyte species richness are comparatively very high. This terminal riparian vegetation type seems to be connected to long-established hydrologic patterns and associated riparian ecosystem evolution along headwaters in upland tundra, and has developed in other time scales compared to the above associations. Due to synecological and physiognomic correspondences and floristic similarities in supraregional and circumpolar perspective, North Alaskan riparian willow associations can be assigned to existing higher syntaxonomic units of the Braun-Blanquet system, established in Europe and Greenland. Strong affinities do exist to alluvial willow associations of the Salicetea purpureae. We propose to extend the range of this class to the North American Arctic.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the efficacy of the Semont liberatory maneuver on “objective” benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) defined as vertigo with geotropic nystagmus in Dix‐Hallpike positioning versus “subjective” BPPV defined as vertigo without nystagmus in Dix‐Hallpike positioning.

Accurate molecular detection of genetic mutations involved in tumorigenesis has been based predominantly on analysis of extracted DNA, but this does not provide detailed information on the location, number, type or clonal distribution of mutated cells and their precise anatomic location and clonal distribution. This study has used a sensitive and specific application of the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in situ, combined with in situ hybridization to localize and identify cells with defined p53mutations. The ARMS-PCR was performed in situ in SW480 cells in suspension and in cells either cultured or cytospun onto glass slides. Amplified mutant DNA PCR products were detected in SW480 cells using digoxigenin-labeled probes, visually identifying cells harboring specific mutations in the p53gene. In situ hybridization alone of the mutant cells without the amplification step was negative. Normal human fibroblasts or endothelial cells were refractory to in situ amplification. This reaction was mutation-specific as CEM cells with different p53mutations reacted negatively. Mutant messenger RNA (mRNA) in tumor cells was also selectively amplified in situ by ARMS-PCR following reverse transcription (RT). This study demonstrates the potential of in situ ARMS-PCR or RT-ARMS-PCR for mutation analysis in situ and could have useful clinical applications.