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Gate open-circuit failure caused by cracking and liftoff of gate bond wires has been demonstrated to be a new failure mode of silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (mosfets), which can cause serious consequences such as shoot-through fault and gate-oxide breakdown. To enhance the reliability and robustness of SiC mosfets, a fast and accurate detection scheme for such failure is required. This article proposes a gate open-circuit failure detection method based on the extraction of the internal gate state. Although this state is unavailable externally, it can be extracted from gate current pulses. The gate open-circuit failures are then detected by checking the inconsistency between the drive signal and the internal gate state. Experimental results validate that the proposed method can accurately detect all types of gate open-circuit failures within 55 ns.

The motor terminal overvoltage caused by high dv/dt of devices remains a challenge for silicon carbide motor drives. As a solution, this paper proposes a passive dv/dt filter based on the overvoltage analysis in the frequency domain. The proposed filter adopts an innovative band-stop structure with a parallel connected R-L-C circuit. The R provides damping and realizes impedance matching with the cable. The LC creates a parallel resonance at a specific frequency for the high-impedance state with a small inductance to mitigate the reflected wave oscillation and obtain selective filtering. The experimental results show that this passive filter can realize similar effects of active filters, while has lower loss and smaller volume than other passive filters.

Transition metal dichalcogenides like MoS2have been considered as crucial channel materials beyond silicon to continuously advance transistor scaling down owing to their two-dimensional structure and exceptional electrical properties. However, the undesirable interface morphology and vibrational phonon frequency mismatch between MoS2and the dielectric layer induce low thermal boundary conductance, resulting in overheating issues and impeding electrical performance improvement in the MoS2field-effect transistors. Here, we employed hybrid high-kdielectric layers of Al2O3/HfO2to simultaneously reduce the interfacial thermal resistance and improve device electrical performance. The enhanced contact, greater vibrational phonon overlapping region, and stronger interfacial bonding force between the top Al2O3layer and MoS2promote the heat removal efficiency across the interface to the substrate. Under the same input power density, the temperature profile of the MoS2transistor on the Al2O3/HfO2has been largely reduced compared to that of the device on HfO2, with a maximum reduction of 49.5 °C. In addition, the field-effect mobility and current of MoS2devices on the Al2O3/HfO2high-kdielectric layers have been significantly improved, attributed to the depressed electron scattering and trap states at the interface. The design of the hybrid high-kdielectric layers provides an efficient solution to simultaneously improve the thermal and electrical performance of the two-dimensional devices.

Energy storage devices are the hub of a multi-energy complementary distributed energy system. Hydrated salts are the most suitable phase change material for energy storage devices, but subcooling is the main obstacle to their application. Nucleation requires a driving force so the use of nucleating agents alone does not reduce subcooling to a very low level. To address this issue, this paper first screened nucleating agents and then further reduced the subcooling of sodium acetate trihydrate in conjunction with stirring or direct current. The effects of rotor mass, rotational speed, direct current voltage, and electrode material on nucleation were analyzed. Finally, the stability of the composite phase change material in the presence of simultaneous stirring and energization was analyzed. The results showed that the addition of 1.5% in weight of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate to sodium acetate trihydrate can reduce the subcooling to about 2.3°C. Continued addition of stirring or electricity can reduce the subcooling of sodium acetate trihydrate to within 0.5°C or even eliminate it. The higher the momentum of the stirring, the better the improvement in subcooling, phase separation, and thermal conductivity. The higher the direct current voltage, the better the nucleation effect, but the electrode life will be lower. The silver electrode has the best nucleation effect. No new material was produced in the solution after 100 cycles in the presence of both stirring and direct current. The melting point of the phase change material was increased by 0.2°C and the latent heat value decreased by 1.8%, still with good stability. The trace of deionized water should be added to the phase change material in subsequent studies to compensate for the consumption of water by the anodic elution.

Mineral carbonation is a promising CO2sequestration strategy that can utilize industrial wastes to convert CO2into high-value CaCO3. This review summarizes the advancements in CO2mineralization using typical industrial wastes to prepare ultrafine CaCO3. This work surveys the mechanisms of CO2mineralization using these wastes and its capacities to synthesize CaCO3, evaluates the effects of carbonation pathways and operating parameters on the preparation of CaCO3, analyzes the current industrial application status and economics of this technology. Due to the large amount of impurities in solid wastes, the purity of CaCO3prepared by indirect methods is greater than that prepared by direct methods. Crystalline CaCO3includes three polymorphs. The polymorph of CaCO3synthesized by carbonation process is determined the combined effects of various factors. These parameters essentially impact the nucleation and growth of CaCO3by altering the CO2supersaturation in the reaction system and the surface energy of CaCO3grains. Increasing the initial pH of the solution and the CO2flow rate favors the formation of vaterite, but calcite is formed under excessively high pH. Vaterite formation is favored at lower temperatures and residence time. With increased temperature and prolonged residence time, it passes through aragonite metastable phase and eventually transforms into calcite. Moreover, polymorph modifiers can decrease the surface energy of CaCO3grains, facilitating the synthesis of vaterite. However, the large-scale application of this technology still faces many problems, including high costs, high energy consumption, low calcium leaching rate, low carbonation efficiency, and low product yield. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate ways to accelerate carbonation, optimize operating parameters, develop cost-effective agents, and understand the kinetics of CaCO3nucleation and crystallization to obtain products with specific crystal forms. Furthermore, more studies on life cycle assessment (LCA) should be conducted to fully confirm the feasibility of the developed technologies.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted significant research interest in various graph data modeling tasks. To advance trustworthy, reliable, and safe Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems for practical applications, adversarial robustness learning on GNNs has drawn widespread attention among researchers. Numerous attack methods, including white-box attacks, gray-box attacks, and black-box attacks, have been proposed, but black-box attacks are widely considered to be the most challenging and practical in real-world applications. In this paper, we focus on the challenging and realistic black-box attack scenario on GNNs, where the attacker has no information about the structure and parameters of the target model. We first theoretically demonstrate that the loss changes of the GNNs are related to the node voting matrix, which is subject to the graph topology information and is independent to the structures of GNNs. Then, we propose a novel black-box attack strategy for GNNs based on the theoretical results, i.e., node voting influence-based GNNs black-box adversarial attack, named VoteAttack. Specifically, the VoteAttack algorithm iteratively chooses a group of significant nodes based on mutual voting among nodes (the node voting matrix) and considers the voting weights among nodes. Furthermore, the VoteAttack algorithm modifies the attributes of the selected nodes to create a perturbed graph and ultimately utilizes the perturbed graph to attack GNNs. Experimental results on popular GNNs and graph datasets indicate that the proposed attack strategy outperforms baseline strategies.

The decoupling control of negative sequence active and reactive components becomes crucial for voltage source converters to prevent the misoperation of protection elements and achieve desirable control performances. However, conventional current controls with an additional negative sequence phase-locked loop (PLL) can cause transient instability and extra computing burden. To address these issues, this letter introduces a new perspective of negative sequence impedance emulation, which converts the control object from an absolute phase angle-defined negative sequence current to a relative phase angle-defined negative sequence impedance. Due to the inherent nature of emulated resistance and inductance/capacitance, the active and reactive components can be decoupled automatically, eliminating the need for the negative sequence PLL. Meanwhile, a dual control is proposed to ensure an accurate emulation of the negative sequence impedance facing diverse control needs. Finally, the effectiveness of the above analysis and controls is verified through control-hardware-in-the-loop test results.

Construction of a cancer nanovaccine that can simultaneously activate immune cells and exert efficient tumor treatment still remains a challenge. Herein, we showcase a proof-of-concept demonstration of an advanced therapeutic nanovaccine formulation based on poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanogels (NGs) which were loaded with manganese dioxide (MnO2), the sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), and the immune adjuvant cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). The gels were furthermore coated with apoptotic cancer cell membranes (AM). On the one hand, the AM promoted the recognition of NGs by antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes due to their enhanced immunogenicity, then the loaded Mn and cGAMP could mature APCs viastimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation for triggering immunity to prevent tumor growth. On the other hand, the NGs could selectively release Mn2+for hydroxyl radical production and Ce6 to generate single oxygen under ultrasound irradiation of tumors, respectively, thereby exerting local chemodynamic/sonodynamic therapy to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). Moreover, the Mn2+could also activate STING in tumors to synergize with ICD for potentiated immune responses. Overall, the biomimetic NG-based therapeutic nanovaccine could directly evoke immune system, and also conduct local tumor treatment to further activate ICD, thus realizing a full-cycle immunomodulation (tumor killing for ICD/antigen production, and tumor cells/APCs immune activation) to tackle bilateral tumor growth.

The optimization of the motor magnetic pole shape has been shown to improve the motor’s electromagnetic performance; however, the irregular shape makes the analytical calculation of the magnetic field difficult. In this article, the harmonic model (HM) method is used for spoke-type permanent magnet (PM) motor magnetic field calculation; considering the influence of irregular magnetic pole shape on the magnetic field, an equivalent method with a single-layer subdomain for irregular magnetic poles is proposed based on the principle of magnetoresistance equivalence. The modulation effect of the irregular magnetic pole on the magnetic field is equaled by the equal-thickness fan-shaped regular micro-slices with the permeability varying along the circumference. By this way, the standard boundary conditions requirement of the analytical method can be satisfied. Besides, the low rank of the coefficient matrix in boundary conditions of HM method results in a time-consuming inverse calculation of the coefficient matrix. To address this issue, the dimension-reduced harmonic model (DRHM) adapted to the tangential PM structure of a spoke-type motor is derived. The saturation effect of tooth-tip, tooth-slot, and magnetic pole region is considered by iterative calculations. Finally, the finite-element model (FEM) of 12S/10P dual three-phase spoke-type PM motor with the eccentric magnetic pole is built, and then, the effectiveness of the irregular magnetic pole equivalent method and DRHM method is verified.

In this letter, a trench and field limiting rings co-assisted JTE termination with N-P-N sandwich epitaxial wafers for 4H-SiC devices is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The formation of an N-enrich region by ion implantation at the bottom of the trench prevents the generation of leakage current along the P+ buried layer. The P+ buried layers on both sides and the P-shield region at the bottom of the trench can together modulate the electric field near the N-enrich region and improve the breakdown characteristics of the proposed termination. Meanwhile, it is found that the electric field on both sides of the P+ buried layer is similar to that near the P-shield region, indicating that a good modulation effect is formed. Further, it is verified that the proposed termination is less sensitive to the ring width and the initial ring spacing of the field limiting rings, and better electrical characteristics can be obtained with appropriate trench width and enough field limiting rings. Moreover, the over etching effect is found in the fabrication process, and simulation is used to verify that deeper over etching depth will lead to lower breakdown voltage. The breakdown characteristics of the proposed termination can be improved by increasing the dose and energy of ion implantation in the P-shield region.

Photocatalytic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are typically constructed with rigid aromatic linkers for crystallinity and extended π-conjugation. However, the essential hydrophobicity of the aromatic backbone can limit their performances in water-based photocatalytic reactions. Here, we for the first time report the synthesis of hydrophilic COFs with aliphatic linkers [tartaric acid dihydrazide (TAH) and butanedioic acid dihydrazide] that can function as efficient photocatalysts for H2O2and H2evolution. In these hydrophilic aliphatic linkers, the specific multiple hydrogen bonding networks not only enhance crystallization but also ensure an ideal compatibility of crystallinity, hydrophilicity, and light harvesting. The resulting aliphatic linker COFs adopt an unusual ABC stacking, giving rise to approximately 0.6 nm nanopores with an improved interaction with water guests. Remarkably, both aliphatic linker-based COFs show strong visible light absorption, along with a narrow optical band gap of ∼1.9 eV. The H2O2evolution rate for TAH-COF reaches up to 6003 μmol h–1g–1, in the absence of sacrificial agents, surpassing the performance of all previously reported COF-based photocatalysts. Theoretical calculations reveal that the TAH linker can enhance the indirect two-electron oxygen reduction reaction for H2O2production by improving the O2adsorption and stabilizing the *OOH intermediate. This study opens a new avenue for constructing semiconducting COFs using nonaromatic linkers.

Coacervates formed by liquid–liquid phase separation emerge as important biomimetic models for studying the dynamic behaviors of membraneless organelles and synchronously motivating the creation of smart architectures with the regulation of cell fate. Despite continuous progress, it remains challenging to balance the trade-offs among structural stability, versatility, and molecular communication for regulation of cell fate and systemic investigation in a complex physiological system. Herein, we present a self-stabilizing and fastener-bound gain-of-function methodology to create a new type of synthetic DNA membraneless organelle (MO) with high stability and controlled bioactivity on the basis of DNA coacervates. Specifically, long single-strand DNA generated by rolling circle amplification (RCA) is selected as the scaffold that assembles into membraneless coacervates via phase separation. Intriguingly, the as-formed DNA MO can recruit RCA byproducts and other components to achieve self-stabilization, nanoscale condensation, and function encoding. As a proof of concept, photoactivatable DNA MO is constructed and successfully employed for time-dependent accumulation and spatiotemporal management of cancer in a mouse model. This study offers new, important insights into synthetic membraneless organelles for the basic understanding and manipulation of important life processes.

In clinical practice, the treatment of colon cancer is faced with the dilemma of metastasis and recurrence, which is related to immunosuppression and hypoxia. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is a negative regulatory pathway of immunity. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is an important immunotherapy method. However, inadequate immunogenicity reduces the overall response rate of ICB. In this study, a tumor microenvironment-responsive nanomedicine (Cu-FACD@MnO2@FA) was prepared to increase host immune response and increase intracellular oxygen levels. Cu-FACD@MnO2@FA preferentially enriched at the tumor site, combined with the immune checkpoint inhibitor alpha PD-L1, induced sufficient immunogenicity to treat colon cancer. Immunofluorescence detection of tumor cells and tissues showed that the expression of hypoxa-inducing factor 1α was significantly down-regulated after treatment and the expression of immunoactivity-related proteins was significantly changed. In vivotreatment in a bilateral tumor mouse model showed complete ablation of the primary tumor and efficient inhibition of the distal tumor. In this study, for the first time, the oxygenation effects of MnO2-coated Cu-doped carbon dots and chemodynamic therapy and a strategy of combining with immuno-blocking therapy were used for treating colon cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroductionOsteoarthritis (OA) related pain has affected millions of people worldwide. However, the current pharmacological options for managing OA-related pain have not achieved a satisfactory effect.Areas coveredThis narrative review provides an overview of the current and emerging drugs for OA-related pain. It covers the drugs’ mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and limitations. The National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database was primarily searched from 2000 to 2024.Expert opinionCurrent treatment options are limited and suboptimal for OA pain management. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the recognized and first-line treatment in the management of OA-related pain, and other drugs are inconsistent recommendations by guidelines. Emerging treatment options are promising for OA-related pain, including nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibitors, ion channel inhibitors, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists. Besides, drugs repurposing from antidepressants and antiepileptic analgesics are shedding light on the management of OA-related pain. The management of OA-related pain is challenging as pain is heterogeneous and subjective. A more comprehensive strategy combined with non-pharmacological therapy needs to be considered, and tailored management options to individualized patients.

In light of the difficult removal of harmful impurity tungsten (W) in Ce metal, in this paper a combined vacuum gravity sedimentation‒directional solidification method was innovatively designed and the W separation behavior was investigated. By reducing the electron beam power instantly and gradually at reduction rates of 1, 3 and 5 kW/min, it is found that W is enriched at the bottom of ingots as the melt solidifies. The enrichment effect is much better than that of single purification method and the enrichment degree increases as the beam reduction rate decreases, attributed to the k0(W) ＞ 1 and ρ(W) ＞ ρ(Ce). Overall, the minimum content of W impurity can decrease from 630 to 0.1 ppm at the top of the ingot, and the purity of Ce increases from 99.932 wt% to 99.995 wt% by this combined method. Additionally, this paper provides a new method for the removal of high density and low evaporation coefficient impurities in low vapor pressure rare earth metals.

A concise method for the facile construction of 3-methyl-2-substituted benzo[b]furans and 3-methyl-2-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes using low-cost, abundant, and easy-to-use solid calcium carbide instead of flammable and explosive gaseous acetylene as an original alkyne source, o-bromophenyl ethers or o-bromophenyl thioethers as substrates through an intramolecular carbanion-yne cyclization in a 5-exo-digmanner, and subsequent double-bond isomerization is described. The simultaneous formation of two C–C bonds is realized in a one-step route. The wide substrate scope, high yield, and simple workup manipulations are also merits of this method. The synthetic strategy can also be suitable for the gram scale.

The metastasis and recurrence of cancer are related to immunosuppression and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. Activating immune activity and improving the hypoxic environment face essential challenges. This paper reports on a multifunctional nanomaterial, HSCCMBC, that induces immunogenic cell death through powerful photodynamic therapy/chemodynamic therapy synergistic antitumor effects. The tumor microenvironment changed from the immunosuppressive type to immune type, activated the immune activity of the system, decomposed hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen based on Fenton-like reaction, and effectively increased the level of intracellular O2with the assistance of 3-bromopyruvate, a cell respiratory inhibitor. The structure and composition of HSCCMBC were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, etc. Oxygen probe RDPP was used to investigate the oxygen level inside and outside the cell, and hydroxyl radical probe tetramethylbenzidine was used to investigate the Fenton-like reaction ability. The immunofluorescence method investigated the expression of various immune markers and hypoxia-inducing factors in vitro and in vivo after treatment. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that HSCCMBC is an excellent antitumor agent and is expected to be a candidate drug for antitumor immunotherapy.

Sediment deposition is one of the most significant processes in small watersheds characterized by gentle long hillslopes in the black soil (Mollisol) region of Northeast China, as indicated by severe ephemeral gully and gully erosion on hillslopes and very low sediment concentrations in river systems. Few reviews have been conducted to summarize the related research in this region. The objectives of this review were to identify the potential factors influencing sediment deposition, review related studies, and propose future research needs in the black soil region of Northeast China. Sediment deposition is controlled by the deficit between sediment transport capacity of flow and sediment load. Hence, all factors affecting flow transport capacity and sediment load directly affect sediment deposition. For a specific small watershed, the change in slope gradient along the flow path is the key factor affecting sediment deposition. Shelterbelts, ridge tillage systems, terraces, grass strips, road distribution, ponds and reservoirs, and land-use patterns also influence the spatial distribution and rate of deposition. The trace method has been widely used to quantify sediment deposition in this region. The results of cesium-137 (137Cs), lead-210 (210Pb), and magnetic susceptibility reveal that serious deposition occurs on the back and foot slopes. Distinct deposition occurs in front of contour shelterbelts. Future studies should focus on the methodology, spatial and temporal variations, dominant influencing factors and their mechanisms, and the potential effects on land productivity within specific small watersheds and across the black soil region. This review provides insights into the sediment deposition process in small watersheds characterized by gentle, long hillslopes.

Small-molecule dyes for fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 900–1880 nm) hold great promise in clinical applications. Constructing donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) architectures has been recognized to be a feasible strategy to achieve NIR-II fluorescence. However, the development of NIR-II dyes via such a scheme is hampered by the lack of high-performance electron acceptors and donors. Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), as a classic organic optoelectronic material, enjoys strong light absorption, high fluorescence quantum yield (QY), and facile derivatization. Nevertheless, its application in the NIR-II imaging field has been hindered by its limited electron-withdrawing ability and the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect resulting from the planar structure of DPP. Herein, with DPP as an electron acceptor and through donor engineering, we have successfully designed and synthesized a DPP-based dye named T-27, in which the strong D–A interaction confers excellent NIR absorption and high-brightness NIR-II fluorescence tail emission. By strategically introducing long alkyl chains on the donor unit to increase intermolecular spacing and reduce the influence of solvent molecules, T-27 exhibits an improved anti-ACQ effect in aqueous solutions. After being encapsulated into DSPE-PEG2000, T-27 nanoparticles (NPs) show a relative NIR-II fluorescence QY of 3.4% in water, representing the highest value among the DPP-based NIR-II dyes reported to date. The outstanding photophysical properties of T-27 NPs enable multimode NIR-IIa bioimaging under 808 nm excitation. As such, the T-27 NPs can distinguish mouse femoral vein and artery and achieve cerebral vascular microscopic imaging with a penetrating depth of 800 μm, demonstrating the capability for high-resolution deep-tissue imaging. This work holds significant potential in the field of bioimaging and provides a new strategy for developing bright NIR-II dyes.

BackgroundGlcNAc2-epimerase (GNE) myopathy is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the GNEgene, which is essential for the sialic acid biosynthesis pathway.ObjectiveThis multi-centre study aimed to delineate the clinical phenotype and GNEvariant spectrum in Chinese patients, enhancing our understanding of the genetic diversity and clinical manifestation across different populations.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed GNEvariants from 113 patients, integrating these data with external GNEvariants from online databases for a global perspective, examining their consequences, distribution, ethnicity and severity.ResultsThis study revealed 97 distinct GNEvariants, including 35 (36.08%) novel variants. Two more patients with deep intronic variant c.862+870C>T were identified, while whole genome sequencing (WGS) uncovered another two novel intronic variants: c.52-8924G>T and c.1505-12G>A. Nanopore long reads sequencing (LRS) and further PCR analysis verified a 639 bp insertion at chr9:36249241. Missense variants predominantly located in the epimerase/kinase domain coding region, indicating the impairment of catalytic function as a key pathogenic consequence. Comparative studies with Japanese, Korean and Jewish, our cohorts showed later onset ages by 2 years. The high allele frequency of the non-catalytic GNEvariant, c.620A>T, might underlie the milder phenotype of Chinese patients.ConclusionsComprehensive techniques such as WGS and Nanopore LRS warrants the identifying of GNEvariants. Patients with the non-catalytic GNEvariant, c.620A>T, had a milder disease progression and later wheelchair use.

For the first time, we propose the design and fabrication of 3D-stacked 2T0C-DRAM cells with Al2O3/TiO2-based 2DEG FETs as the building blocks. The robust carrier transport nature in the 2DEG channel at the Al2O3/TiO2 interface is beneficial for steep FET switching. The design and process of the gate stack in Al2O3/TiO2 FET are optimized, and the off-state leakage is effectively suppressed ( $\sim {2}\times {10}^{-{17}}$ A/ $\mu $ m) by alleviating the over-negative V $_{\textit {th}}$ issue with dual-gate manipulation. This provides fundamental basis of the excellent retention over ~400 s in 2T0C-DRAM cells. The 3D stacking process is further developed with two layers of DRAM cells showing retention time of ~30 s and ~4 s, respectively. Our results have demonstrated great potential for future low-power and high-density monolithic 3D DRAM applications.

The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of biomass by a vapor-phase catalyst plays a crucial role in the development of renewable energy resources. While the catalysts for HDO are not satisfactory in terms of both selectivity and stability. The poor stability is due to the need for acid centers that can cause carbon deposition. TiO2modified with P was used as a support to improve the selectivity and stability. It was found that the content of surface acid on the catalysts exhibited a volcano-shaped curve in relation to increasing P content. The conversion of m-cresol over 5%Ru/TiO2–3.5%P is up to 60%, while the conversion of m-cresol over 5%Ru/TiO2is only 0.3% under the same conditions. In addition, the activity over 5%Ru/TiO2–3.5%P remains stable over 100 hours due to the presence of a suitable acid center, which is not observed over other supports, such as Nb2O5, Al2O3, TiO2, CeO2, and so on. As revealed by CO-TPD, TEM and XPS, the encapsulation of Ru by TiO2was eliminated after the TiO2was modified with P. It was demonstrated by changing the order of catalyst modification and the way of catalyst reduction that the introduction of Brønsted acid on the catalysts improves the selectivity for toluene, and the increase of catalytic activity is caused by more exposed Ru sites and the introduction of Brønsted acid. The findings of this study may provide a new approach to the appropriate control of the metal and support interface.

Honey manufacturers and traders have suffered economic damage due to the spurious labeling of honey botanical sources. The traditional detection methods for distinguishing honey origins have inherent performance disadvantages, such as costly equipment, complicated operations, and need more time. This study proposes a novel method for identifying the origin of honey by applying an electronic tongue (ET) and deep learning algorithm. First, a self-developed ET device is utilized to collect unique fingerprints of honey samples from different botanical origins. Due to the high dimensionality and complex nonlinearity of the collected signal, an unsupervised convolutional autoencoder (CAE) is developed to reduce the dimension of the ET signals and achieve effective feature extraction. Moreover, in order to avoid the gradient disappearance and suppress redundant information, the self-adaptive attention mechanism and residual learning are introduced in the CAE model to improve the feature extraction ability of the model. The proposed model is further used to measure actual honey samples and contrast with multiple machine learning and deep learning models. The experimental results show that the proposed model demonstrates better classification capabilities for honey from different botanical sources, and the accuracy, precision, F1, and area under the curve (AUC) score reach 99.25%, 99.14%, 0.9919, and 0.9957, respectively. Compared with the other detection methods, the proposed method exhibited advantages in terms of convenience and accuracy of detection, which has great application prospects in the field of on-site measurements.

To address the controversy on whether investing in digital technologies (DTs) could foster innovation, we integrate absorptive capacity and organizational inertia perspectives and examine the unique effects of DT investment on different types of innovation, as well as the moderating role of strategic flexibility. Evidence from 171 Chinese manufacturing companies reveals that DT investment poses a linear effect on exploitative innovation but an inverted U-shaped effect on exploratory innovation. More interestingly, resource flexibility (RF), rather than coordination flexibility (CF), reveals a substituting effect on DT investment because it weakens the positive association between DT investment and exploitative innovation. In contrast, the inverted U-shaped association between DT investment and exploratory innovation is increased by both RF and CF, suggesting reinforcing effects on DT investment. Our proposed moderated mechanisms contribute to the extant digital innovation research by providing new understandings for the DT investment–innovation association. Our findings also guide for companies to clarify the direction of DT investment.

Conventional evaluation of fish freshness based on physiological and biochemical methods was destructive, complicated and costly. In this study, the new model was trained on the eye images of 100 large yellow croakers along with their total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value as freshness indicators in the storage of nine consecutive days at 4 °C. The experiment was divided into three stages (0–2 days, 3–6 days, and 7–8 days) based on TVB-N value, about 1000 images in each stage were used for freshness classification. A non-destructive and rapid fish freshness detection method based on the eye region images of large yellow croaker was proposed by mathematical modeling. The features of large yellow croaker images were extracted automatically by ResNet-34 structure, and then the key extracted feature was focused on the pupil of the fish eye by mixed attention mechanism. Finally, the features of pupil were used to classify the freshness of large yellow croaker. The results showed the accuracy of the model to classify the fish freshness was reached to 99.4%. The model constructed based on the eye images was non-destructive, and could well monitor and distinguish the freshness of large yellow croakers at different storage stages.

Chinese FrameNet (CFN) is a scenario commonsense knowledge base (CKB) that plays an important role in research on Chinese language understanding. It is based on the theory of frame semantics and English FrameNet (FN). The CFN knowledge base contains a wealth of scenario commonsense knowledge, including frames, frame elements, and frame relations, as well as annotated instances with rich scenario-related labels on Chinese sentences and discourses. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive overview of CFN from a commonsense perspective, covering topics such as scenario commonsense representation, CFN resources, and its applications. We also summarize recent breakthroughs and identify future research directions. First, we introduce the concept of scenario commonsense, including its definitions, examples, and representation methods, with a focus on the relationship between scenario commonsense and the frame concept in CFN. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of CFN resources and their applications, highlighting the newly proposed frame-based discourse representation and a human-machine collaboration framework for expanding the CFN corpus. Furthermore, we explore emerging topics such as expanding the CFN resource, improving the interpretability of machine reading comprehension, and using scenario CKBs for text generation.

The adulteration and counterfeiting of tea products lead to economic losses and poses health concerns for consumers. This study proposed a novel method to rapidly discriminate the category of oolong tea, a famous Chinese semifermented tea, by applying an electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue) system combined with a modified generative adversarial network (GAN) - temporal convolutional network (TCN) composite model. Specifically, the olfactory and gustatory fingerprint signals of tea samples are first collected by E-nose and E-tongue sensory systems, respectively. Considering the unbalanced scarcity and small-sample nature of data collection, a Wasserstein GAN model is employed to learn the data representations of E-nose and E-tongue signals and generate highly realistic training samples. Two improved temporal convolutional networks (TCNs) integrated with a squeeze-and-excitation attention module are proposed to learn the significant features and discover the internal patterns from the signals of the E-nose and E-tongue. Then, a dynamic fusion module (DFM) is developed to fuse the features of the E-nose and E-tongue to achieve information complementarity and enhancement. Finally, the fused information is sent to a classifier to predict the class label. The proposed approach is assessed using different performance metrics, and the experimental results reveal that an accuracy of 99.33% was achieved. The above research will provide a new approach for the rapid identification of different categories of oolong tea, which has a wide range of application prospects in the rapid classification and detection of other agricultural products.

Background: Cytokine storm is known to impact the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), since pro-inflammatory cytokine variants are associated with cytokine storm. It is tempting to speculate that pro-inflammatory cytokines variants may impact COVID-19 outcomes by modulating cytokine storm. Here, we verified this hypothesis via a comprehensive analysis. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Central, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until December 15, 2023. Case–control or cohort studies that investigated the impacts of rs1800795 or rs1800629 on COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, mortality, IL-6, TNF-α, or CRP levels were included after an anonymous review by two independent reviewers and consultations of disagreement by a third independent reviewer. Results: 47 studies (8305 COVID-19 individuals and 17,846 non-COVID-19 individuals) were analyzed. The rs1800629 A allele (adenine at the −308 position of the promoter was encoded by the A allele) was associated with higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). In contrast, the rs1800795 C allele (cytosine at the −174 position of the promoter was encoded by the C allele) was linked to higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP. In addition, the A allele of rs1800629 increased the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, the C allele of rs1800795 only increased COVID-19 susceptibility. Conclusions: rs1800629 and rs1800795 variants of pro-inflammatory cytokines have significant impacts on systemic inflammatory profile and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. rs1800629 may serve as a genetic marker for severe COVID-19.

In this article, a variable structure sliding mode observer (VS-SMO) for load torque observation is designed by adding a decoupling term to the structure of the traditional sliding mode observer. The VS-SMO can remove the coupling relationship between the parameter to be estimated and the derivative of the estimated speed error, as well as the chattering signal in the estimated load torque. Then, a variable structure extended sliding mode observer (VS-ESMO) is designed on this basis, with the moment of inertia used as an extension, to achieve simultaneous identification of the load torque and the moment of inertia. This article analyzes the estimation errors and the impact of measurement noise on estimation errors. The stability of the VS-ESMO is proved by backstepping control theory. An experiment is carried out on a 3.1 kW surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor to validate the identification performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the VS-ESMO has a high estimation accuracy and fast convergence speed, and the identification value does not contain a chattering signal. Using the inertia and load torque identified by VS-ESMO for parameter tuning and compensation can improve system dynamic performance and anti-interference performance to the load.

The utilization of the explicit model predictive (EMP) control method for direct speed control (DSC) of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) achieves high-bandwidth speed control and excellent dynamic performance. However, the commonly used regular hexagonal current and voltage constraints restrict the motor's operational region, resulting in a narrow speed range and low load capacity. In addition, the conventional formula-based field-weakening method leads to undesirable allocation of $d$- and $q$-axis currents, reducing the degree of freedom in adjusting the motor's operating point. These drawbacks restrict the EMP-DSC method's application in the motor's extreme operation. Therefore, this article proposes an expanded limit boundary EMP-DSC method to realize cascade-free speed control with a wider speed range and higher load capacity. First, the proposed method constructs irregular hexagonal constraints, expanding the limit boundary of the motor's operational region in the $i_{\mathrm{d}}$–$i_{\mathrm{q}}$ plane to broaden the speed and load ranges simultaneously. Then, based on these new constraints, an easily implementable optimal-trajectory field-weakening method is skillfully designed to optimize the current distribution, maintain the operating point near the optimal position, and improve field weakening performance. The proposed method enhances the competitiveness of EMP control in motor servo drive fields, and its feasibility is verified by experiments.

SiC MOSFETs are increasingly used in various power electronic converters due to their low switching losses, high operating frequency and high power applicability. The crosstalk phenomenon which will lead shoot-through in bridge-leg configuration and overvoltage breakdown of the device is more serious due to the high switching speed characteristics. In this paper, a smart self-driving crosstalk suppression gate driver is proposed based on the resistor–capacitor–diode (RCD) level shifter circuit for SiC MOSFETs, in which a low impedance branch of Miller clamping circuit is provided for the crosstalk current. In addition, no extra control signal is required which does not increase the complexity of the driver circuit. Then, by modeling the equivalent circuit of the proposed gate driver, the quantization relationship between the clamping capacitor and the crosstalk voltage is derived. Finally, a double-pulse test platform is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed gate driver under different clamping capacitors, input voltage and load current conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed gate driver can suppress the crosstalk voltage effectively. Meanwhile, the switching loss is reduced by a maximum of 16.6% by using the designed clamping capacitor under 600 V/20 A, while ensuring the switching speed.

The heat transfer of power devices has the characteristics of multitimescale. However, the traditional thermal network model is difficult to predict the temperature information of power devices at multitimescale accurately. This article proposes a multitimescale thermal network model for power devices, with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (mosfet) as an example. First, we establish a finite-element model for temperature calculation of power devices and then reduce the order of the finite-element model based on the proper orthogonal decomposition algorithm. The reduced-order model is converted into an equivalent circuit model by the node voltage method and integrated into the circuit simulation software. To demonstrate its general applicability, this article also establishes thermal network models for both insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and SiC mosfet devices, and validates the multitimescale thermal network models through ANSYS/transient thermal software and experiments. The temperature calculation results of the three power devices all indicate that the proposed multitimescale thermal network model can calculate the temperature of power devices faster than the ANSYS/transient thermal model and has less than 5% error under test conditions. This article is accompanied by a video demonstrating a comparison of the computational speed of the multitimescale thermal network model with a finite-element model. Finally, a case study of junction temperature calculation in a buck converter is presented to illustrate the application method of the thermal network model.

Glioma, as a disease of the central nervous system, is difficult to be treated due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that can severely hamper the efficacy of most therapeutic agents. Hence, drug delivery to glioma in an efficient, safe, and specifically targeted manner is the key to effective treatment of glioma. With the advances in nanotechnology, targeted drug delivery systems have been extensively explored to deliver chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, and contrast agents. Among these nanocarriers, dendrimers have played a significant role since they possess highly branched structures, and are easy to be decorated, thus offering numerous binding sites for various drugs and ligands. Dendrimers can be designed to cross the BBB for glioma targeting, therapy or theranostics. In this review, we provide a concise overview of dendrimer-based carrier designs including dendrimer surface modification with hydroxyl termini, peptides, and transferrin etc. for glioma imaging diagnostics, chemotherapy, gene therapy, or imaging-guided therapy. Finally, the future perspectives of dendrimer-based glioma theraputics are also briefly discussed.

Data deduplication technology is a very important technology in cloud storage. It is widely applied in various fields, such as electronic health care. Data deduplication technology can significantly eliminate redundant data and save storage space. For protecting the security of user's data, secure deduplication schemes based on data popularity have been proposed. They use the convergent encryption to encrypt the data with high popularity and use double-layer encryption to encrypt the data with low popularity. However, these schemes have huge computational overhead because of the adopted double-layer encryption for the whole data and the complex symmetric key delivery. In order to address this problem, we design a lightweight secure deduplication scheme based on data popularity. We propose a new outer-layer encryption strategy, which encrypts two different parts of the inner-layer convergent ciphertext with different techniques. This strategy reduces the computational overhead of outer-layer encryption, while ensuring that unpopular data are still semantically secure. In addition, we use a new method to transfer the key of the outer-layer encryption. It not only reduces the computational overhead of the user to generate and encrypt the symmetric key but also reduces the computational overhead of the cloud server to decrypt the symmetric key when popularity transition arises. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that our scheme is more efficient than the existing schemes in aspects of encrypting unpopular data and transferring the symmetric key.

The liable organic carbon (LOC) plays an imperative role in soil fertility and rice production. The diverse crop rotations and straw returning appreciably improve the crop yield and soil health. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 comprising five treatments including winter fallow, winter Chinese milk vetch (CMV), winter rape, winter garlic, winter rotation-early rice-late rice to determine the impacts on liable carbon fractions and rice yield. The results showed that compared with the winter fallow treatment, except winter garlic treatment, all other winter cropping and double straw returning improved the soil organic carbon (SOC), total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). However, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) content of winter CMV, rape, and garlic treatments decreased, but easily oxidizable carbon (EOC) and soil particulate organic carbon (POC) content of winter rotation treatment was increased. At the same time, organic carbon content in 0–15 cm soil was significantly higher than that in 15–30 cm soil layer (P < 0.05). The soil carbon pool management index (CPMI) of both earlier and late rice in the soil layer of winter treatment except 15–30 cm of winter garlic treatment was significantly improved and the CPMI was higher in 0–15 cm soil as compared to 15–30 cm. The two-year average yield of late rice was better than that of early rice and rice yield was positively correlated with TOC, WSOC and MBC, and negatively correlated with EOC and POC. In conclusion, different rotations and double straw returns improved LOC, which was conducive for improving yields of both early and late rice.

Compared to a quasistatic environment, the electromechanical response of piezoelectric ceramics exhibits a considerably nonlinear behavior when subjected to impact. If the effect of ambient temperature is further considered, then the situation becomes more unpredictable. The thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of soft-doped piezoelectric ceramics (PZT-5H) under compression and impact conditions were analyzed in the temperature range of −60°C to 200°C (below Curie temperature). The experimental results indicate that the fracture strength of PZT-5H has an extreme value near room temperature. The dynamic piezoelectric coefficient is strongly temperature dependent and has a maximum value near 100°C because of the “electric devil’s staircase effect” between polarization and domain switching threshold. These temperature-dependent data will enable the accurate prediction of the dynamic performance of devices by computer simulation.

The harmonic model (HM) method is widely applied for accurate linear/nonlinear magnetic field calculations; however, the harmonic truncation effect contributes to the error and slows down the convergence. The low-rank property of the coefficient factor matrix of the boundary conditions, moreover, results in an extremely time-consuming inverse matrix calculation. In this article we presented a simple but effective method that applies the Hanning window into HM method (HMHW) to achieve faster convergence and higher accuracy. To avoid the time-consuming inverse of the low-rank coefficient factor matrix, the coefficient factor matrix was analyzed, and a simplification method of the coefficient factor matrix in HM (SHM) was proposed. This article includes a detailed description of SHM method and HMHW method, improvements in time consumption and iterative calculation of the SHM and HMHW method, and finite element simulations to verify their magnetic field calculation accuracy. The HMHW method was found to reduce the rms error of the nonlinear magnetic field in the mid-air gap by an average of 18%, and the SHM method has reduced the magnetic field calculation time by an average of seven times when compared to the general HM method.

In the speed control of electrical machine servo systems, the two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) control has attracted considerable attention due to its ability to optimize both the system's reference tracking performance and disturbance suppression performance. However, the existing 2DOF control structures have the shortcoming that the coupling relationship of the reference tracking performance regulation and disturbance suppression performance regulation results in cumbersome controller design and parameter tuning. To address the shortcoming, this article proposes a new decoupling 2DOF control structure consisting of the control law and the observer. First, to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed control structure in reducing the complexity of controller design and parameter tuning, the design process and performance comparison of the speed controllers based on conventional control structures and the proposed control structure are presented in detail. Furthermore, to illustrate the advantages of the proposed structure in increasing the flexibility of controller design, four decoupling 2DOF speed controllers are designed for four typical speed servo conditions. Subsequently, the system stability is proved by analyzing the distribution of the characteristic roots, and parameter tuning guidelines for the four decoupling 2DOF speed controllers are provided. Finally, The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Two cationic heteroleptic four-coordinate Cu(I) complexes were successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The crystal structures of the complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. UV/Visible absorption spectra of these complexes show ligand-centered π-π* and charge transfer transitions. In the solid state the complexes show intense emissions with microsecond-scale lifetime and relatively high efficiency at room temperature. The photophysical behavior at T= 298 and 77 K indicates that the emissions of these complexes are thermally activated delayed fluorescence mixed with phosphorescence.

Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) has been confirmed to take part in multiple biological events and the mechanism supporting abnormal RACK1 expression in ovarian cancer (OC) remains to be characterized. Here, we identified Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (SMURF2) as a bona fide E3 ligase of RACK1 in OC. SMURF2 effectively added the K6, K33 and K48 ubiquitin chains to the RACK1, resulting in polyubiquitination and instability of RACK1. PCAF promoted acetylation of RACK1 at K130, leading to SMURF2-mediated RACK1 ubiquitination inhibited and promote OC progression. The expression levels of SMURF2 and RACK1 were negatively correlated. SMURF2 was abnormal low expression in human ovarian cancer, resulting in decreased ubiquitination of RACK1 and increased stability, which promoted OC progression, and strongly associated with poor patients’ prognosis. In general, our results demonstrated that SMURF2 plays a pivotal role in stabilizing RACK1, which in turn facilitates tumorigenesis in OC, suggesting that SMURF2-RACK1 axis may prove to be potential targets for the treatment of OC.

This article presents an investigation of the reverse recovery phenomenon for SiC devices in high-temperature applications (from 25 °C to 250 °C). First, the mechanism of reverse recovery and corresponding influencing factors are analyzed. A piecewise equivalent circuit model is proposed to analyze reverse recovery. Second, two mismatch conditions, which may worsen the reverse recovery, are also introduced when antiparallel Schottky barrier diodes are used. It is found that the device layout of power module and dead time control also affect reverse recovery. It is also found that a short enough or long enough dead time can suppress reverse recovery to some extent, whereas a moderate dead time may lead to the most severe reverse recovery in PN-CELL layout. Finally, different methods for reverse recovery suppression are summarized and compared.