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Objective: To study the prevalence, clinical presentation, treatment, and follow-up of ocular (dermal) melanocytosis (ODM) and its association with choroidal melanoma (CM) in Asian Indian patients. Methods: This was a retrospective case series of patients with ODM conducted in a quaternary eye care center. Results: Of the total 1.48 million patients during the study period, we identified 213 patients with ODM with a prevalence rate of 0.014%. Median age at presentation was 13 years (range 0-76 years). Unilateral presentation of ODM was noted in 87% cases. ODM involved the sclera in 100% cases, the iris in 23%, the choroid in 20%, the eyelid in 29%, and V1 and V2 dermatomes in 53% cases. Nineteen patients (9%) were found to have CM, with 1.3 times increased risk of CM compared to the Caucasian population. The most common tumor location was in the inferior quadrant (n = 8, 44%). The mean tumor thickness was 8.3 ± 2.8 mm with a mean basal diameter of 14.0 ± 4.3 mm. Primary treatment of CM included plaque brachytherapy (n = 6), enucleation (n = 9), and few patients refused for treatment (n = 3). During a mean follow-up period of 21 months, one patient died because of lung metastasis. Conclusion: Although rare, choroidal melanoma does occur in the presence of ODM with an increased risk in Asian Indians compared to the Caucasian population. Patients with ODM should be examined periodically for early detection of CM. Keywords: Asian Indians, choroidal melanoma, clinical features, nevus of Ota, oculodermal melanocytosis, treatment, Author(s): Prapti Chheda [1]; Srishti Ramamurthy [1]; Vishal Raval (corresponding author) [1,2]; Swathi Kaliki [2] Ocular (dermal) melanocytosis (ODM) is a congenital disorder marked by increased pigmentation in the periorbital [...]

Pneumococcal infections, stemming from Streptococcus pneumoniae, present a substantial health risk, especially among vulnerable populations. To counter this, vaccines employing bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS) have been developed. However, the purification of CPS is a pivotal vaccine manufacturing step, with the clarification process playing a crucial role in achieving optimal product yield and purity. This research focuses on refining the clarification step by assessing the performance of various depth filters. The study explores both conventional cellulose-based and innovative synthetic depth filters, utilizing pneumococcal fermentation harvests from two challenging serotypes. Evaluation criteria include hydraulic performance, throughput, and filtrate turbidity. Employing the constant flow rate sizing method for scale-up, the study determines that synthetic depth filters with suitable pore sizes demonstrate low resistance and high throughput, suggesting their efficiency in impurity removal. Overall, optimizing the clarification step is crucial for improving downstream processing of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, and this study provides valuable insights into selecting and optimizing depth filters for efficient clarification, ensuring high product quality and process efficiency in vaccine manufacturing., Pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), a gram-positive coccus that also causes, otitis media, meningitis, and bacteremia in pediatric, elderly, and immunocompromised populations (1). The leading cause of [...]

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) of head and neck region predominantly arises in salivary gland, oral cavity, oropharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and larynx; those arising from tongue are rare. Morphologically, it is a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, with early regional and distant metastasis. Diagnosis of LEC can sometimes be challenging especially in small biopsy and more so when seen at unusual location. Combination of morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) helps the diagnosis. Herein, we report a rare third case of LEC arising from lateral border tongue, diagnosed in a 36-year-old male. The presented case highlights challenges faced during diagnosis in small biopsy. Treatment of LECs comprises of surgery followed by radiotherapy or combined chemoradiation. Though, almost 70% of LEC of oral cavity region present with cervical nodal metastasis, their prognosis remains favorable. Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, tongue, Author(s): Diksha Karki [1]; Meenakshi Kamboj (corresponding author) [1]; Sunil Pasricha [1]; Ghanashyam Mandal [2]; Vishal Yadav [2]; Vikas Arora [2] INTRODUCTION Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC), by definition, are undifferentiated and [...]

Byline: Vishal Ghariwala Last year's MOVEit and 3CX vulnerabilities offered a stark reminder of the risk software supply chain attacks pose today. Threat actors exploit vulnerabilities to infiltrate a software [...]

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One of the advancements of the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the development of microneedles (MNs). These micron-sized needles are used for delivering various types of drugs to address the disadvantage of other transdermal techniques as well as oral drug delivery systems. MNs have high patient acceptance due to self-administration with minimally invasive and pain compared to the parenteral drug delivery. Over the years, various methods have been adopted to evolve the MNs and make them more cost-effective, accurate, and suitable for multiple applications. One such method is the 3D printing of MNs. The development of MN platforms using 3D printing has been made possible by improved features like precision, printing resolution, and the feasibility of using low-cost raw materials. In this review, we have tried to explain various types of MNs, fabrication methods, materials used in the formulation of MNs, and the recent applications that utilize 3D-printed MNs.

•With a median follow-up of 24.2 months, the 2-year progression-free survival of patients treated with AN+AD was 88%.•AN+AD led to an 88% CR rate and favorable safety profile, notable for the absence of febrile neutropenia.

The nonheme iron(II) complexes containing a fluoride anion, FeII(BNPAPh2O)(F) (1) and [FeII(BNPAPh2OH)(F)(THF)](BF4) (2), were synthesized and structurally characterized. Addition of dioxygen to either 1or 2led to the formation of a fluoride-bridged, dinuclear iron(III) complex [Fe2III(BNPAPh2O)2(F)2(μ-F)]+(4), which was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. An iron(II)(iodide) complex, FeII(BNPAPh2O)(I) (3), was prepared and reacted with O2to give the mononuclear complex cis-FeIII(BNPAPh2O)(OH)(I) (5). Addition of excess fluoride to 5led to the formation of the oxo-bridged, dinuclear iron(III) complex [Fe2III(BNPAPh2O)2(F)2(μ-O)] (6), while the mononuclear iron(III)(fluoride) complex cis-FeIII(BNPAPh2O)(F)(Cl) (7) was prepared from the addition of excess F–to FeIII(BNPAPh2O)Cl2. The dinuclear complexes 4and 6were unreactive to fluorine radical transfer, but mononuclear 7reacts with the radical substrate (p-MeO-C6H4)3C•to give the fluorine radical transfer products FeII(BNPAPh2O)(Cl) and (p-OMe-C6H4)3CF. These results show that a mononuclear FeIII(F) complex is capable of mediating fluorine radical transfer, even in the presence of second coordination sphere hydrogen bonds to the F–ligand. These findings are placed in context with what is known about the nonheme iron halogenases and related synthetic catalysts regarding their ability, or lack thereof, to mediate fluorine radical transfer reactions.

There are surprisingly few RNA intramolecular triple helices known in the human transcriptome. The structure has been most well-studied as a stability-element at the 3′ end of lncRNAs such as MALAT1and NEAT1, but the intrigue remains whether it is indeed as rare as it is understood to be or just waiting for a closer look from a new vantage point. TRIPinRNA, our Python-based in silico platform, allows for a comprehensive sequence-pattern search for potential triplex formation in the human transcriptome─noncoding as well as coding. Using this tool, we report the putative occurrence of homopyrimidine type (canonical) triple helices as well as heteropurine–pyrimidine strand type (noncanonical) triple helices in the human transcriptome and validate the formation of both types of triplexes using biophysical approaches. We find that the occurrence of triplex structures has a strong correlation with local GC content, which might be influencing their formation. By employing a search that encompasses both canonical and noncanonical triplex structures across the human transcriptome, this study enriches the understanding of RNA biology. Lastly, TRIPinRNA can be utilized in finding triplex structures for any organism with an annotated transcriptome.

In this study, we analyze the impact of external magnetic field on laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) driven by cosine-Gaussian laser pulse in homogeneous plasma. The unique characteristics of cosine-Gaussian pulses provide an alternative to the more commonly studied Gaussian pulses in LWFA applications. By introducing an external magnetic field, we aim to explore dynamics of plasma wake formation and its impact on electron acceleration. Our investigation begins with a theoretical framework for the cosine-Gaussian laser pulse-plasma medium interaction under different magnetic field strengths. We use analytical models to study and evaluate laser wakefield structure, laser wake potential, laser wakefield and electron energy gain. Simulations conducted using MATHEMATICA software demonstrate that a magnetic field has the capacity to amplify plasma waves, resulting in increased acceleration efficiency depending on field orientation and strength. We also investigate the parametric dependencies of the wakefield modifications, including the effects of laser intensity, pulse length and plasma density. This research provides new insights into the controllability of LWFA processes through external magnetic fields and demonstrates the potential of cosine-Gaussian pulse lasers in advanced particle acceleration applications.

Ulva fasciata, a green seaweed, is emerging as a promising food source. The present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and functional effects of incorporating U. fasciatainto wheat breads as a value-addition. The dried powder of U. fasciataexhibited a crude protein content of 16.38 ± 0.38% (dry weight basis), phenolic content of 309.47 ± 23 mg GAE/ 100 g dried samples and a DPPH antioxidant activity of 5.49%. It was observed that incorporation of U. fasciatainto bread increased the total phenolic content by 20 times. Sensory analysis revealed that the breads produced with U. fasciatahave a favourable green colour, odour and taste. However, respondents were not satisfied with the bread containing 5% (the maximum level) due to an undesirable odour. When the texture of the bread was evaluated, hardness increased with the addition of dried U. fasciatapowder due to high fibre and protein content. Moreover, the addition of U. fasciatain breads altered the cellular structure of crumb, resulting in more gas cells during fermentation. The water holding capacity of the breads incorporated with U. fasciatawere not significantly different (p-value > 0.05) from the control. The oil holding capacity was higher and significantly different (p-value < 0.05) from the control bread. Furthermore, the shelf-life was observed as 5 days without addition of any preservative. This study highlights the nutritional and biochemical properties resulting from the incorporation of U. fasciatain a baked product. These findings will be valuable in identifying and addressing challenges in the development of future baked goods.

Introduction: Intraoperative parathyroid gland (PG) localization remains challenging during thyroid surgeries, contributing to postoperative hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. This study assessed the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence in identifying and preserving PGs during thyroid surgeries and its correlation with postoperative outcomes. Materials and methods: This ambispective observational study included 57 patients undergoing thyroid surgeries using ICG and compared outcomes with 56 historical controls. ICG was administered intravenously in two 5 mg boluses. Parathyroid identification rates, fluorescence intensity, and postoperative calcium and parathormone levels were assessed. Fluorescence intensity was qualitatively scored on a 1–3 scale. Results: ICG significantly improved PG identification (92.5% vs 69.3% with white light alone). Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 22.81% of ICG patients compared to 39.29% in controls (p = 0.045). Hypoparathyroidism rates were 10.53% and 32.14% respectively (p = 0.005). Higher fluorescence intensity (FI) correlated with lower risk of postoperative hypocalcemia (p = 0.026) and combined hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism (p = 0.046). Considering both FI 2 and 3 as positive yielded 100% sensitivity and 85.7% accuracy. When only FI 3 was considered positive, sensitivity was 78.4%, specificity was 50%, and accuracy was 69.4%. Conclusion: ICG fluorescence is a safe and effective tool for enhancing PG identification and preservation in thyroid surgeries, significantly reducing postoperative hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. It also helps in confirming the vascularity of the PGs post thyroidectomy. Fluorescence intensity of preserved PGs, rather than quantity, better predicts postoperative outcomes. These findings support the integration of ICG fluorescence imaging and the application of our methodology in thyroid surgeries to improve postoperative results.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular disease characterised by restricted flow and high pressure through the pulmonary arteries, leading to progressive right heart failure and death. This study reports the global burden of PAH, leveraging all available data and using methodology of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to understand the epidemiology of this under-researched and morbid disease.

Herein, we report a label-free cancer biosensor designed for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection using a nanohybrid comprising CeO2nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), and chitosan (Ch). CeO2nanoparticles were prepared using a simple green synthesis process. A thin film of the CeO2-CNPs-Ch nanohybrid was formed on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass plates that endowed a high surface area, excellent stability, and good adsorption for the efficient loading of CEA antibodies. Quantitative and selective determination of CEA antigen was achieved by immobilizing monoclonal CEA antibodies (anti-CEA) on the CeO2-CNPs-Ch/ITO platform. The electrochemical response of the anti-CEA/CeO2-CNPs-Ch/ITO immunoelectrode was evaluated in a label-free immunoassay format using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response studies of immunoelectrodes indicated wider linearity with respect to the CEA concentration in the range of 0.05–100 ng mL−1. The electrochemical cancer biosensor exhibited a higher sensitivity of 22.40 μA cm−2per decade change in concentration along with storage stability for up to 35 days. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.037 ng mL−1. Furthermore, this cancer biosensor exhibited good specificity and reproducibility. Thus, the proposed CeO2-CNPs-Ch nanocomposite-based platform provides an efficient method for the analysis of other antigen–antibody interactions and biomolecule detection. The efficacy of the anti-CEA/CeO2-CNPs-Ch/ITO immunoelectrode was further examined by measuring CEA levels in human serum.

Motivated by the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, this study explores whether mergers and acquisitions (M&As) can facilitate or impede a firm’s marketing capabilities. Furthermore, this study also examines whether the influence of M&As on a firm’s marketing capabilities is conditional to the type of deals, that is, domestic versus cross-border acquisitions. Using the difference-in-differences research design with a large sample of 15,509 firm-year observations for 898 US public acquirers, this study tests the postacquisition changes in a firm’s marketing capabilities as reflected in the sensitivity of sales revenue to marketing-related expenditure. The results of the empirical tests show a postacquisition increase in sales sensitivity, suggesting that firms can enhance their marketing capabilities through M&As. However, it is also found that the enhancement in marketing capabilities is limited to domestic M&As and disappears for cross-border acquisitions. This result suggests that more salient differences in a firm’s marketing environment attributable to cross-border acquisitions may disrupt a firm’s marketing capabilities and dampen the positive effect of M&As.Fields of Specialization: Strategic management, marketingJEL CLASSIFICATION:G34; L25; M30

Without careful dissection of the ways in which biases can be encoded into artificial intelligence (AI) health technologies, there is a risk of perpetuating existing health inequalities at scale. One major source of bias is the data that underpins such technologies. The STANDING Together recommendations aim to encourage transparency regarding limitations of health datasets and proactive evaluation of their effect across population groups. Draft recommendation items were informed by a systematic review and stakeholder survey. The recommendations were developed using a Delphi approach, supplemented by a public consultation and international interview study. Overall, more than 350 representatives from 58 countries provided input into this initiative. 194 Delphi participants from 25 countries voted and provided comments on 32 candidate items across three electronic survey rounds and one in-person consensus meeting. The 29 STANDING Together consensus recommendations are presented here in two parts. Recommendations for Documentation of Health Datasets provide guidance for dataset curators to enable transparency around data composition and limitations. Recommendations for Use of Health Datasets aim to enable identification and mitigation of algorithmic biases that might exacerbate health inequalities. These recommendations are intended to prompt proactive inquiry rather than acting as a checklist. We hope to raise awareness that no dataset is free of limitations, so transparent communication of data limitations should be perceived as valuable, and absence of this information as a limitation. We hope that adoption of the STANDING Together recommendations by stakeholders across the AI health technology lifecycle will enable everyone in society to benefit from technologies which are safe and effective.

Nucleic acids are a class of drugs that can modulate gene and protein expression by various mechanisms, namely, RNAi, mRNA degradation by RNase H cleavage, splice modulation, and steric blocking of protein binding or mRNA translation, thus exhibiting immense potential to treat various genetic and rare diseases. Unlike protein-targeted therapeutics, the clinical use of nucleic acids relies on Watson–Crick sequence recognition to regulate aberrant gene expression and impede protein translation. Though promising, targeted delivery remains a bottleneck for the clinical adoption of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. To overcome the delivery challenges associated with nucleic acids, various chemical modifications and bioconjugation-based delivery strategies have been explored. Currently, liver targeting by N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) conjugation has been at the forefront for the treatment of rare and various metabolic diseases, which has led to FDA approval of four nucleic acid drugs. In addition, various other bioconjugation strategies have been explored to facilitate active organ and cell-enriched targeting. This review briefly covers the different classes of nucleic acids, their mechanisms of action, and their challenges. We also elaborate on recent advances in bioconjugation strategies in developing a diverse set of ligands for targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs.

Insomnia, a known cardiovascular risk factor, is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. There is growing acknowledgment of a potential bidirectional relationship between cardiovascular diseases and sleep disorders. We previously assessed the risk factors for common sleep disorders in ESRD patients. This follow-up study assesses the demographic and clinical cardiovascular-related risk factors for insomnia diagnosis in ESRD patients, given their increased cardiovascular burden.

Purpose To describe the clinical and imaging features of circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas (CCH) and their treatment outcomes with Ruthenium-106 (106Ru) plaque brachytherapy.Methods Retrospective study of 24 patients (24 eyes) diagnosed with CCH and treated with 106Ru plaque between 2017 and 2022. Analysis included pre- and post-treatment clinical and imaging features such as tumor regression, reduction in height, subretinal fluid (SRF) resolution, and change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Results The mean age at presentation was 36 years (range, 16–57). The most common tumor location was the temporal quadrant (n= 19) with macular involvement (n= 13). Associated features were macular SRF (n= 22) and inferior exudative retinal detachment (n= 10). Nineteen of the 24 patients underwent primary treatment, whereas 5 patients underwent plaque as a salvage treatment. The mean tumor apex dose was 40 Gy. At a median follow-up of 7.5 months (range 3–65 months), 18 eyes showed complete regression, whereas 6 eyes showed partial regression. The mean height decreased from 4.8 (SD 1.28) mm at presentation to 2.5 (SD 1.63) mm. Median BCVA improved from logMAR 1.2 (IQR 0.4–2) at baseline to logMAR 1.05 (IQR 0.1–1.95) (p= 0.4). Complete resolution of the macula and tumor SRF was observed in 15 (68%) and 13 (57%) eyes, respectively. The radiation-related complications observed were radiation maculopathy (4 eyes), retinopathy (1 eye), and vitreous hemorrhage (1 eye).Conclusion Ruthenium-106 plaque brachytherapy is effective for CCH (> 3 mm height) as a primary and salvage treatment for tumors unresponsive to other modalities.

This study analyzes total electron content (TEC) variations during two solar eclipse events that occurred on October 25, 2022, and October 14, 2023. The solar eclipse of October 25, 2022, was a partial solar eclipse, while the eclipse of October 14, 2023, was an annular solar eclipse. For this study, the data of eight International GNSS Service (IGS) stations from different eclipse coverage zones are used to analyze TEC variations. It is found that the stations located in the maximum eclipse cover zone exhibited notable decreases in TEC values. The minimum variation of about 11.76% in TEC values is observed at the station situating in about 20 percent eclipse cover zone, while it varies from 22% to 38% at the stations falling in about 60 percent eclipse cover zone. The highest variation in TEC values of about 44% is found at the stations in about 80 percent eclipse cover zone. The time of occurrence of maximum depletion in TEC values at each station is in line with their longitudinal sequence. Atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) are also observed by performing wavelet analysis on TEC data. The global TEC maps visualize and confirm observed TEC variations, providing spatial and temporal insights into the ionospheric response. This analysis highlights the influence of station location and eclipse coverage on the magnitude and spatial distribution of TEC variations.

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Aims and methodThere is currently a lack of monitoring and standardisation of diabetes care in the National Health Service (NHS) psychiatric in-patient setting. We surveyed healthcare professionals in psychiatric in-patient units across England to understand current diabetes care. A 13-item questionnaire was piloted via think-aloud interviews. The survey was completed by healthcare professionals across 19 wards in 11 NHS mental health trusts. Results were analysed via descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.ResultsOf 150 respondents, 98% agreed that addressing physical health needs was an important part of the mental health team's role; 68% agreed that they had adequate skills and knowledge to manage diabetes safely. Thematic analysis identified themes relating to individual, organisational and patient-level factors.Clinical implicationsPsychiatric admission could be used opportunistically to improve the healthcare disparities for people with comorbid diabetes and severe mental illness. This national survey highlights areas that need to be addressed to optimise diabetes care in this setting.

A simple one-step deposition–precipitation method was used to synthesize highly active and well-defined CuNi alloy bimetallic nanoparticles supported on h-BN/g-C3N4. The nanocomposite was applied for hydrogen gas evolution via seawater splitting and photocatalytic chloramphenicol (CHP) removal. Through TEM and synchrotron studies, the formation of CuNi alloy and uniform distribution of CuNi bimetallic nanoparticles on the h-BN/g-C3N4surface was observed. The EXAFS analysis verified the successful formation of the alloy, while the XPS and XANES spectra showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles are in a metallic state. Additionally, XANES revealed nanoparticle distortion upon interaction with the support, confirming the effective formation of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite achieved a maximum hydrogen evolution rate of 3658.9 μmol g–1h–1for 5 wt % CuNi(3:1)/h-BN/g-C3N4, outperforming CuNi(3:1) nanoparticles and pristine g-C3N4by 1.82 and 4.31 times, respectively. Additionally, it degraded chloramphenicol with a rate constant (kapp) of 0.018 min–1. Optical and electrochemical analysis revealed enhanced charge mobility, extended lifetime, improved photostability, and superior photoresponse. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations attributed the performance to the synergy between the bimetallic nanoparticles and the h-BN/g-C3N4sheet. DFT calculations demonstrated the effective breakdown of chloramphenicol and the promotion of hydrogen gas evolution, aligning with experimental observations. Cytotoxicity of CHP post-treatment was analyzed using Drosophila melanogaster(fruit fly) and the Oregon-R strain of D. melanogaster.

Single-source vapor deposition of halide perovskites has, to date, remained challenging due to the dissimilar volatilities of the precursors, limiting the controlled transfer of multiple elements at once. Here, we demonstrate that pulsed laser deposition (PLD) addresses the rate-control challenges of single-source evaporation, enabling perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies above 19% after passivation. Combining dry mechanochemical synthesis and PLD, we fabricated (Cl-passivated) MA1−xFAxPbI3films from a single-source target. These films grow on hole-selective self-assembled monolayers, initially forming a thin PbI2-rich layer, which fully converts to perovskite. An oleylammonium iodide (OAmI) post-treatment is then applied to passivate the perovskite’s top surface by forming a 2D perovskite film. Incorporating PbCl2in the target and applying OAmI-based 2D passivation results in a remarkable 19.7% efficiency for p-i-n perovskite solar cells with enhanced device stability. This highlights the appeal of PLD to fully unlock the potential of single-source vapor-deposited perovskites.

•InO-exposed patients with R/R B-ALL have inferior outcomes after brexu-cel, particularly those who were nonresponders to InO.•The negative association is unrelated directly to InO per se; rather, it reflects selection of patients with intrinsically adverse-risk ALL.

AbstractThe present study was proposed to model full-length HBV-RT and investigate the intermolecular interactions of known inhibitor and libraries of phytocompounds to probe the potential natural leads by in silicoand in vitrostudies. Homology modeling of RT was performed by Phyre2 and Modeller and virtual screening of ligands implemented through POAP pipeline. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (100 ns) and MM-GBSA calculations were performed using Schrodinger Desmond and Prime, respectively. Phytocompounds probable host protein targets gene set pathway enrichment and network analysis were executed by KEGG database and Cytoscape software. Prioritized plant extracts/enriched fraction LC-MS analysis was performed and along with pure compound, RT inhibitory activity, time-dependent HBsAg and HBeAg secretion, and intracellular HBV DNA, and pgRNA by qRT-PCR was performed in HepG2.2.15 cell line. Among the screened chemical library of 268 phytocompounds from 18 medicinal plants, 15 molecules from Terminalia chebula(6), Bidens pilosa(5), and Centella asiatica(4)) were identified as potential inhibitors of YMDD and RT1 motif of HBV-RT. MD simulation demonstrated stable interactions of 15 phytocompounds with HBV-RT, of which 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl Glucose (PGG) was identified as lead molecule. Out of 15 compounds, 11 were predicted to modulate 39 proteins and 15 molecular pathways associated with HBV infection. TCN and TCW (500 µg/mL) showed potent RT inhibition, decreased intracellular HBV DNA, and pgRNA, and time-dependent inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg levels compared to PGG and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. We propose that the identified lead molecules from T. chebulaas promising and cost-effective moieties for the management of HBV infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Our screening model involves virtual enrolment and training participants aged ≥75 years to use handheld single-lead electrocardiogram devices. With a remote central support system, older people are empowered to use handheld devices to self-screen atrial fibrillation (AF) at home or elsewhere in the community.This innovative screening model was feasible and acceptable, with high adherence to self-screening among older participants (mean age of 79 years). It yielded a five-fold higher rate of AF diagnosis at 6 months compared with standard usual care and needed 12 participants screened to find one additional AF.This screening model can be implemented, interfacing with (i.e. communicating, connecting, and supporting) the existing healthcare systems. If implemented at scale, it could provide better access and quality of AF screening and care to remote and high-risk populations.Graphical Abstract

The critical impact of coating wear on structural stability and safety has initiated extensive research in the development of real-time coating health monitoring systems for aircraft, naval vessels, and infrastructure. Among various developed systems, microwave-based systems have garnered significant interest for their real-time and remote operability but struggle with poor localization capabilities over large surfaces. This work presents and investigates the wear detection and localization capabilities of a smart coating system that leverages embedded microwave-based passive split ring resonator (SRR) sensors. The system performance is validated by observing its resonant response during the erosion of the coating through both mechanical and chemical erosion. Furthermore, the work examines the potential of the developed SRR array to localize the region of coating damage through artificial intelligence (AI)-based postprocessing techniques, enabling real-time wear localization over extensive surfaces including aircraft and pipelines. In addition, a cloud-based augmented reality (AR) system is integrated for out-of-sight monitoring of coating wear, thereby enhancing visual identification, ease of system data interpretation, and faster decision-making, promising their robust application in harsh industrial environments.

Optimizing a transmit multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) radar waveform subject to the nonconvex constant modulus constraint (CMC) remains a problem of enduring interest. The past decade has seen a variety of tailored iterative approaches with various performance–complexity tradeoffs. Despite promising work, iterative algorithms have a speed handicap and require meticulous parameter tuning. Deep learning has recently been proposed for MIMO radar waveform design, where iterative optimization is replaced by a neural network that regresses from the problem specification to the desired waveform. Once trained, a deep network can quickly regress the desired waveform coefficients, but it is a black box and may excel only when generous training is available. We present a fast, learned, and explainable deep (FLED) learning approach by unrolling a state-of-the-art iterative algorithm. We particularly leverage the recently proposed projection–descent–retraction (PDR) algorithm and design a neural network where each PDR iteration is mapped to a step of the network while preserving the CMC. Alongside an interpretable network architecture, we propose learning of key algorithm parameters such as the direction of descent, while introducing learning of FLED initialization and solution refinement through trainable prune–expand blocks. By enforcing appropriate regularizers in the learning of these parameters, FLED breaks the tradeoff between computational speed and performance. Compared to the state-of-the-art alternatives, it is near real time with boosted performance—fidelity to the desired beampattern. Crucially, the benefits of FLED over competing deep learning techniques are enhanced in the regime of limited training, i.e., FLED exhibits superior generalizability.

The vasculature of the skeletal system is crucial for bone formation, homoeostasis and fracture repair, yet the diversity and specialization of bone-associated vessels remain poorly understood. Here we identify a specialized type of post-arterial capillary, termed type R, involved in bone remodelling. Type R capillaries emerge during adolescence around trabecular bone, possess a distinct morphology and molecular profile, and are associated with osteoprogenitors and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Endothelial cell-specific overexpression of the transcription factor DACH1 in postnatal mice induces a strong increase in arteries and type R capillaries, leading to local metabolic changes and enabling trabecular bone formation in normally highly hypoxic areas of the diaphysis. Indicating potential clinical relevance of type R capillaries, these vessels respond to anti-osteoporosis treatments and emerge during ageing inside porous structures that are known to weaken compact bone. Our work outlines fundamental principles of vessel specialization in the developing, adult and ageing skeletal system.

Introduction:The aim of this study was to differentiate amelanotic choroidal lesions – amelanotic choroidal melanoma, choroidal metastasis, and choroidal granuloma using multimodal imaging. Methods:Retrospective comparative chart review was done. Patients diagnosed with the abovementioned choroidal lesions from 2015 to 2022 were included. Baseline lesion morphology and retinal layer changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT), lesion echogenicity and dimensions on ocular ultrasonography (USG), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICG-A) patterns and findings were assessed. Results:Twelve eyes with melanoma, 22 eyes with metastasis, and 9 eyes with granuloma were included. On OCT, 83% of melanomas and 67% of granulomas, and 68% of metastasis had dome-shaped choroidal lesions. Presence of intraretinal fluid (IRF) and shaggy photoreceptors was 94% (95% CI: 79–99%) and 90% (95% CI: 74–98%) specific to differentiate melanomas from other choroidal lesions (AUC >0.75, p< 0.05). Similarly, presence of incomplete retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA) was 77% (95% CI: 55–92%) sensitive and 77% (95% CI: 53–92%) specific (AUC = 0.8, p+ 0.03) and presence of lumpy-bumpy choroid was 55% (95% CI: 32–76%) sensitive and 95% (95% CI: 76–99%) specific (AUC = 0.75, p= 0.04) to distinguish metastasis from other choroidal lesions. Mean height: base ratio was more in melanoma compared to metastasis (0.54 ± 0.22 vs. 0.43 ± 0.12, p= 0.17) and both were hyperechoic on USG. On FAF, 100% metastasis and 60% granulomas were hypoAF, whereas 100% melanomas were hypoAF. Majority choroidal lesions were hyperfluorescent on FFA. Double vascular circulation was observed in melanomas (50%). On ICG-A, all choroidal lesions were hypofluorescent. Conclusion:Clinical and multimodal imaging features such as the presence of IRF, shaggy photoreceptors, iRORA, and lumpy-bumpy choroid can help diagnose and differentiate amelanotic choroidal lesions, thereby avoiding the need for choroidal biopsy. Further larger studies are needed to devise a standard imaging protocol to validate our findings.

A measurement of spleen stiffness has been demonstrated to improve the detection of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). In this study, we evaluated the performance of EUS-guided shear wave elastography (EUS-SWE) for detecting CSPH.

Exploring the effective incorporation of natural fibers into polymer composites offers a sustainable approach to finding eco-friendly alternatives that do not harm the environment. Sheep wool–based polymer composites have emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative in the field of materials science. This review comprehensively examines the recent advancements and developments in the utilization of sheep wool as reinforcement in polymer composites. The abundant availability of sheep wool as a natural and renewable resource makes it an attractive option for enhancing the properties of synthetic polymers. The unique structural characteristics of wool fibers, such as their high aspect ratio, surface morphology, and chemical composition, contribute to the improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of the resulting composites. This review explores the various techniques employed for preparing sheep wool fibers, including mechanical treatments, chemical modifications, and functionalization approaches, to optimize their compatibility with polymer matrices. The interfacial interactions between wool fibers and polymer matrices are also discussed, along with the effects of various processing parameters on the overall performance of the composites. The introduction of sheep wool fiber reinforcement results in a significant uptick in tensile strength, showcasing enhancements of up to 25% compared to unmodified polymers. The inherent thermal stability of sheep wool fibers leads to an enhanced thermal resistance, as demonstrated by a 15 °C elevation in the onset degradation temperature. Moreover, sheep wool fiber reinforcement precipitates a remarkable 50% reduction in peak heat release rate, thereby spotlighting augmented flame-retardant attributes. Additionally, the integration of sheep wool fibers yields a notable reduction in water absorption by up to 30%, signifying improved resistance against moisture-related degradation. Moreover, this review highlights the potential applications of sheep wool–based polymer composites in diverse fields, including construction materials, automotive components, textiles, and packaging materials. Furthermore, the environmental benefits of utilizing sheep wool as a renewable resource and its role in waste reduction from the textile industry are emphasized. However, challenges and limitations associated with sheep wool–based polymer composites are addressed, paving the way for future research directions. Overall, this review presents a comprehensive assessment of the current state of knowledge regarding sheep wool–based polymer composites, providing valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and industries interested in sustainable materials development and environmentally friendly technologies. Sheep wool is an exciting biomass which has a potential to create sustainable and innovative materials.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common keratinocyte carcinoma in dark-skinned ethnic groups. Available studies are primarily focused on white populations, with fewer data available for black Africans, including Ethiopians. Therefore, less priority may be given to treatment and prevention in this population.

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in patients undergoing descending thoracic (DTAA) or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We present our outcomes after open DTAA and TAAA repair with and without DHCA.

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a cost-effective, evidence-based intervention for preterm and low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. KMC offers several advantages, such as improved growth and sustained long-term development. Despite its numerous benefits, the adoption and implementation of KMC have been minimal. The number of hours that KMC is practiced remains minimal, even in facilities where it is already implemented. There are a number of possible obstacles to KMC, such as problems with the surroundings and resources of the facilities, unfavourable perceptions of the attitudes of the employees, and not enough knowledge about the advantages of KMC (Seidman et al., 2015).

Byline: Vishal. Raval, Aniruddha. Agarwal, Mudit. Tyagi Purpose: We evaluated the anatomical and functional outcomes after vitreoretinal surgery for complex retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH). Methods: This was a retrospective case [...]

Byline: Deepti. Sharma, Shruti. Gupta, George. Koshy, Vishal. Sharma, Anita. Hooda The modern era has observed vast technological advancements with a definite impact on the health sector. There has been [...]

In the past year, discussion of digital health and, specifically, the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) has made headlines. Digital health refers to the use of technology, such as mobile [...]