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Background: Altered serum magnesium (Mg) levels in older persons have been hypothesized to have a role in predicting hospitalization and mortality. Hypomagnesemia and delirium are frequent problems in older patients, but no study has evaluated such an association in acute geriatric setting. Aims: We investigated the impact of hypomagnesemia on the incidence of delirium in an acute geriatric setting. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 209 older hospitalized patients. All subjects underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Mg was measured in serum by routine laboratory methods. The presence of incident delirium was determined by the 4AT screening tool. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between serum Mg and delirium controlling for multiple covariates. Results: 209 patients (77.9% women) were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 85.7 ± 6.50 years (range 65–100). 27 subjects (12.9%) developed delirium during the hospitalization, with no difference between genders. Subjects with delirium had lower serum magnesium levels than those without (1.88 ± 0.34 versus 2.04 ± 0.28; p= 0.009). Delirium risk was significantly higher in patients with lower serum magnesium levels (OR 5.80 95% CI 1.450–23.222; p= 0.013), independent of multiple covariates. Conclusion: Our data show that low serum Mg level is a good predictor of incident delirium in acute geriatric settings. Present findings have relevant implications for clinical management, highlighting the need for analyzing Mg concentration carefully. Whether Mg supplementation in patients with hypomagnesemia could lead to delirium prevention and/or control needs further investigation.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases due to atherosclerosis represent the major cause of disability and mortality in old age subjects. The atherosclerotic process is linked to a low grade of systemic inflammation with the involvement of many cytokines and inflammatory proteins. Among them, evidence from animal studies suggests that IL-13 has a protective property. However, the role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans is still unknown. Aims: With this study, we aim to investigate a potential association between IL-13 and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in old age subjects. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted among 79 old age subjects (over 75 years old). All subjects underwent IMT assessment by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography and IL-13 measurement in serum by ELISA. Results: Subjects (41 M/38F) had a mean age of 81.0 ± 4.5 years and were mostly overweight. Stratifying the whole cohort by IMT thickness (IMT ≤ 0.9, n= 17; IMT ≥ 1 and ≤ 1.3, n= 50; IMT ≥ 1.4, n= 12) among the main variables explored, only BMI and triglycerides differed among groups, having subjects with higher IMT significantly higher BMI and lower triglycerides. Serum IL-13 levels significantly differed among groups having subjects with IMT ≥ 1.4 lower levels as compared to other groups (p< 0.0001). In all sample population, IMT values significantly correlate with IL-13 levels (r= − 0.454, p< 0.0001). Indeed, a linear regression analysis showed that independent of age, gender, body mass index, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, statin use and smoking habit, lower IL-13 serum levels were associated with higher IMT values. Conclusions: IL-13, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, may have a protective role in the human atherosclerotic process. It could be used as an effective and promising novel therapeutic target development.

•κ-index correlates negatively with verbal memory in MS.•Brain MRI-visible lesions do not mediate this link.•B cell activation may worsen cognitive function in MS.