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Background: Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) is a heterogenous group of disorders with the common theme of iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. These disorders typically present in childhood with progressive neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Caring for an individual with NBIAs is intensive, however it is unknown what factors impact caregiver well-being and quality of life. Methods: Common themes were obtained via literature review of quality of life surveys in children with neurological and chronic illnesses. Five domains were addressed: Diagnosis, Communication, Symptom Management, Clinical Experience and Resources/Support. The survey was approved by the Family Advisory Committee at the CHEO Research Institute and the CHEO REB. The survey was distributed via the Rare Connect Platform to Canadian caregivers. Results: Survey responses are being analyzed and will be presented at the CNSF. Within each domain, Likert scales will be analyzed. Domains will be ranked according to the caregiver responses. Conclusions: Results of this survey will assist in developing care management guidelines, resources for families and help with future advocacy for patients and families affected by NBIAs. The results will also help guide future NBIA Canada Family Conferences.

The electrical resistivity survey has been very successful for decades in delineating prospective groundwater zones around the world. In general, the method is used to decipher the horizontal and vertical electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface earth’s layers. In the perspective of hydrogeology, understanding the subsurface conditions and lithological variations is quite necessary to target groundwater potential zones. One-dimensional (1D) geoelectrical resistivity survey, vertical electrical sounding (VES), was carried out in selected locations across the Nagavathi watershed, Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu in India. The Nagavathi watershed is positioned in an undulated terrain and is dominantly underlain by charnockite and gneissic rocks. Forty-six VES using Schlumberger’s electrode arrangement were conducted over the entire Nagavathi watershed, using an equal grid method. The field data were processed by IPI2 Windows software and different types of sounding curves were identified. The lineaments such as faults, joints, and fractures act as pathways to groundwater movement, major lineaments were identified from satellite data using ArcGIS 9.3. In the study area consisting of hard rocks, groundwater prospecting is a difficult task without proper understanding of subsurface lithology. From the VES results, geoelectric layers such as topsoil, weathered, fractured, and infinitely hard rock layers were identified and eight thematic maps involving spatial distribution of resistivities and thickness were prepared, in addition to geology, hydrogeomorphology, and lineament thematic layers. The combination of the eleven thematic layers in ArcGIS resulted in a groundwater potential map, providing the information about very good (75.799 km2), good (85.595 km2), medium (134.240 km2), poor (115.124 km2), and very poor (69.336 km2) groundwater possible zones.

The morphometric parameters are depicting the hydrological reaction through geographic information systems (GIS) and geospatial techniques used for water conservation. In this area, drainage system shows a dendritic pattern occasion where the most outrageous number of streams found in the primary request and the stream arrange extended by receding in stream number. The preference criteria were chosen in the pappiredipatti watershed compared to other watersheds in the sub basin based on slope condition, rainfall, and weathered zone thickness. The highest mean bifurcation ratio is 4.9 at yercaud watershed whereas the lowest mean bifurcation ration is 1.8 in kadattur watersheds. The mean bifurcation proportion was 3.125 which demonstrate that the discharge design is influenced by auxiliary aggravations. The Elongation ratio lowest in 0.53 at kadattur and highest at KRW is 0.8, form factor esteems were 0.67 and 0.1.92 which specify stretched state of the bowl having a compliment high point of the stream for longer spans. Flowing streams of the prolonged basin are less demanding to oversee for accommodating to deciding the impact of the catchment territory on hydrological valuation. In the pappiredipatti watershed was chosen preference criteria of recharge structures, number of structures 8, 12, and 30 of check dams were built on 1st, 2nd, 3rd order stream individually. Two permeation lakes were developed nearer to 3rd order stream. Artificial recharge structures in 1st order are lower than in 2nd order, according to the morphometric investigation, the 2nd and 3rd order stream are described by high penetrable, high infiltration limit and low help, which is conducive for the recharge. The accompanying observations made while settling on the sort and plan of maintainability structures for the proper location.

Groundwater is a major natural resource for drinking and irrigation purpose. The overexploited of groundwater is increase year by year and quality of groundwater simultaneously decreases. Groundwater quality is the main issue because water is linked with our metabolism. In order to know the groundwater pollution and controlling factors of groundwater quality in the upper Manimuktha sub basin, Vellar river, Tamil Nadu, India. Forty eight groundwater samples were collected from entire study area on January 2014 and analysed for physicochemical properties. Major ions were as abundance of Na > Ca > Mg > K, and HCO3> Cl > SO4> NO3respectively. Multivariate statistical analyses display the good correlation between all the physicochemical parameters except pH and F. The dendrogram reveals cluster 3 (EC and TDS), cluster 2 (alkalinity, TH, HCO3) and cluster 1 (F, K, NO3,Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, Cl). The hydrochemical processes reveal rock-weathering interactions and ion-exchange processes play an important role in groundwater quality of the study area. The WQI indicates 50.03% of the samples fall in excellent to good for drinking in the center of the study area. Remaining samples fall poor to very poor categories, signifying northern and southern side mainly polluted. Maximum of lakes located in the northern side also indicate poor quality, because of the contamination of wastewater at or near the lakes, migrate in the groundwater. This study has shown the great combination of GIS, statistical analysis and WQI in assessing groundwater quality give a clear view for decision makers can plan better for the operation and maintenance of groundwater resources.

Background: Prior to the pandemic, telemedicine use was limited and sparsely funded within Ontario. During the pandemic, a shift in clinical recommendations and government funding models promoted telemedicine. We aim to highlight both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the patient and provider experience over 2.5 years within a Canadian Pediatric Neurology clinic. Main objectives of the study are to assess the safety, efficiency and convenience of telemedicine. Methods: A REDCap survey was sent to all patients with a telemedicine appointment from March 2020 –September 2022 and all Pediatric Neurology providers. Survey included a 5-point Likert scale questions, open questions, and patient characteristics. Results: Responses received from 272 patients and 7 providers. 91% of patients and all providers were satisfied with telemedicine. 95% of patients and all providers felt they received or were able to provide safe/adequate care. 90% of patients and all providers reported that telemedicine was more convenient. 87% of patients and all providers were interested in future appointments via telemedicine. Conclusions: Our survey shows patients and providers had highly positive experiences with telemedicine – reporting care was adequate, safe, and more convenient. This data supports incorporating telemedicine into future care and advocates that Canadian regulations/billing codes to continue to support telemedicine.

Background: Currently, there are no standardized approaches to care or evaluation for tone dysfunction in Canada. The study authors hypothesize that there is significant practice variation across the country. This environmental scan is aimed to describe the current practice for management of patients with hypertonia across Canada. Methods: A web-based survey was developed by the authors with a multi-disciplinary approach and sent to representative rehabilitation sites in each province. All statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical software version 4.0. Results: CP was found to be the most common diagnosis for tone dysfunction, with 58% (7/12) of sites diagnosing greater than 20 new patients per year. All 12 sites offered oral baclofen and gabapentin, and 92% of sites offered trihexyphenidyl. Botulinum toxin injections were offered at 50% of sites. Upper and lower extremity procedures were offered in 83% of the sites. In 8 of 12 sites (67%), patients were seen within a formal multidisciplinary clinic to manage hypertonia. Conclusions: The information gained from this study provides some insight into the current practice across Canada for children with hypertonia. This study may assist in the development of a national, standardized strategy to tone management, potentially facilitating more equitable access to care for patients.

Rainfall and runoff are significant constitute the sources of water for recharge of ground water in the watershed. Rainfall is a major the primary source of recharge into the ground water. Other, substantial sources of recharge include seepage from tanks, canals, streams and functional irrigation. Evaluation of water availability by understanding of rainfall and runoff is essential. Hydrometeorological and hydrological data are an important role in the assessment of source water accessibility for planning and design of artificial recharge structures. The surface water resources are available in the watershed from runoff from rivers, streams and in surface water bodies. The total area of study is about 179.4 km2, of which fall in the Vaniyar sub basin but pappiredipatti is one of the main catchment of area of the basin so considered for runoff model assessment in a watershed is a precondition for the design of artificial recharge structures, reservoir and soil erosion control. Surface water resource planning and management is an important and critical issue in the hard rock regions. Runoff in a watershed affected by geomorphological factors, particularly, land use change affects the runoff volume and the runoff rate significantly. In the Present case study assumed to estimate the surface runoff from a catchment but one of the Curve Number methods is mostly used. The SCS–CN method is useful for calculating volume of runoff from the land surface meets in the river or streams. The proposed construction of artificial recharge structures can be thought of in the given study area. This output is useful for the watershed development and planning of water resources effectively.

An attempt has been made to assess the groundwater recharge potential zones in Upper Manimuktha sub basin, Vellar river, Tamil Nadu. Groundwater recharge denotes to the entry of water from the unsaturated zone into the saturated zone below the water table surface, together with the associated movement away from the water table within the saturated zone. This study mainly focus the many factors that control the occurrence and movement of groundwater in a hardrock region including topography, Geology, lineament, drainage patterns, land use/land cover, slope and soil. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System it is possible to take number of different thematic maps of the area and overlay form a new integrated layer. The integrated map reveals about the groundwater recharge potential zones of the area and classified into five categories which represents very low to Very good Groundwater Recharge Potential Zones (GWRPZ). Downstream areas as well as waterbodies fall in the very high GWRPZ (12.4 km2) indicates high infiltration and low runoff. Then followed by high GWRPZ (115.74 km2) indicate these area maximum covered by agricultural land (57.99 km2) as well as fallow land (85.41 km2), so the infiltration high. In the poor (125.28 km2) and very low GWRPZ (82.61 km2) mainly fall in the hilly terrain as well as in the waste, barren and buildup land of the study area. Based on the GWRPZ study indicate 34.4 % of the rainwater infiltrate in the ground of the entire study area.

Aluminium foams have become popular because of their properties such as high stiffness combined with very low density. The aluminium foams are being used in many applications like automobiles, railways, aerospace, ship building, household applications etc. The development of foam with consistent quality and study of foam structure–property relation is important for both scientific and industrial applications. Metallic foams are commonly produced using hydride and carbonates foaming agents. However carbonate foaming agents are safer to handle than hydrides and produce aluminum foam with a fine, homogenous cell structure, low cost and easily available. The number of pores per inch and relative density of the foam play an important role on their physical and mechanical properties. Hence it is very important to investigate effect of grain size of calcium carbonate foaming agent on pores per inch and relative density. The present work deals with the effect of grain size of the calcium carbonate forming agent on the physical properties of an eutectic Al–Si alloy closed cell foam. The foam was produced with different grain size of calcium carbonate (150, 106, 75, 53 µm) as a foaming agent. The pores per inch and density of the foam produced with different grain size of calcium carbonates as foaming agent are determined. Relative density is in the range of 0.21–0.34, pores per inch is in the range of 11–20 for the produced eutectic Al–Si alloy closed cell foam. It is observed that as grain size of calcium carbonate used for production of aluminium foam increases, the number of pores per inch decreases, relative density decreases and porosity increases.

The main objective of the study is to identify groundwater potential zones in the hard rocks area of the Upper Gadilam river basin in Vizhupuram district of Tamil Nadu. The study area lies between North Latitudes 11°40’ to 11° 58’ N and East Longitudes 78° 58’ to 79° 26’ 35” E. The drainage pattern in the area is dendritic to sub dendritic and at complex as trellis type. Based on drainage pattern, the study area has been divided into two watersheds viz., Gadilam watershed, and SeshaNadi watershed. The Gadilam stream is originate from MayanurGarudan spring of Garudan rock and traverses via.Pasarhill and Damal village before reaching the sedimentary contact near Thirunavalur. SeshaNadi is an ephemeral stream which is found almost to be dry throughout the year, excepting the surface water flow for few days in a year during rainy season. Hydrogeological, Geophysical studies has been carried out in the above aquifer. As a result the total groundwater abstraction has considerably gone up causing an overall decline of regional piezometric heads in this water table aquifer. With an integrated approach on using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS). Topographic map has been used to prepare base map and generate thematic maps like geology, geomorphology, lineament and lineament density, drainage, drainage density, and slope maps has been prepared for the study area. A number of geomorphic units such as Inselberg, moderately buried pediplain, Pediment, Inselber complex, Pediplain, and Pediment Valley has been observed. A composite groundwater potential map has been generated as very high, high, medium, low and very low based on the groundwater availability in study area. The upper, middle and downstream of the basins have been identified as potential zones for groundwater exploration. The regions of lineaments and intersecting lineaments proved for groundwater potential zones. The data generated subjected to validate with field checks

A case study has been conducted to delineation of artificial recharge zones using geospatial techniques in Sarabanga sub basin Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu. The groundwater storage change from place to place and there isneed to identify recharge zones throughgeospatial technology as an important strategy for water management system.However conventional methods alone it is not an easy task to study the surface parameters of a large area to identify suitable sites for artificial recharge, since many controlling parameters must be independently derived and integrated, which involves additional cost, time and manpower. Modern remote sensing technologies have many advantages over older, conventional methods due to their synoptic coverage, improved spatial resolution, and their capabilities for multi-spectral and multi-temporal analysis. In addition, unlike conventional methods for demarcation of suitable areas for groundwater replenishment are able to take into account the diversity of factors that control groundwater recharge. Based on the GIS overlay analysis the possible combinations for recharge sites based on geology, geomorphology, lineament, lineament density, drainage density, Landuse and Landcover combinations covers an area of 915.052 Sq.kmand are suitable for various artificial recharge structures. The results show that by expanding the artificial recharge system, the recharge volume can be increased even for small flood events.

Water quality assessment is essential to ensure viable safe use of the resources for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Sixty groundwater samples were collected systematically during pre and post monsoon season in the Vaniyar watershed in the Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. Understand the geochemistry of the groundwater and to assess the overall physicochemical faces in the study area. Vaniyar watershed lies between the latitudes 11°46’ N to 12°09’39” N and longitudes 78°12’27” E to 78°36’65” E and covering an area of 982.25 km2. Out of which plain land covers an area of 591.43 km2. The study area is underlain by the Archaean crystalline rocks surrounded by hills. The physical and chemical parameters of the analytical results of groundwater were compared with the standard guideline of values recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards for irrigational suitability, domestic usage further hydrogeochemical data have been plotted in a standard graphs such as United State Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and Wilcox's diagrams. Based on the United State Salinity Laboratory (USSL) results of C3-S1 (452.75 Km2) class is good and could be used for all types of crops. Base on the Wilcox's diagrams that the groundwater near the downstream is good for irrigation and the contamination are found to be high in some places. This may be due to the rock water interactions because highly weathered rock noticed during field validation. Result reveals that 377.41 Km2(61.67%) areas fall in (Wilcox) Good to Permissible category and 452.75 Km2area falls in (USSL) C3-S1 category. Above said areas indicate that the groundwater could be used for all types of crops. According to U.S. Salinity Laboratory diagram, the majority of groundwater samples belongs to C3–S1 (High Salinity – Low SAR) category and spatially covers an area 452.75 Km2under “Suitable” zone. In the present study, it is evident that high salinity of groundwater persists at majority of sites. Hence, for high to very high salinity of waters, soil must be permeable with adequate drainage facilities for satisfactory crop growth.

We investigated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants in children with a first episode of acquired demyelinating syndromes (PD-ADS) of the CNS and their relationship to disease phenotype, including subsequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Diamed is a herbal formulation composed of the aqueous extracts of three medicinal plants (Azardirachta indica, Cassia auriculataand Momordica charantia). We have investigated Diamed for its possible antihyperglycaemic action in rats with alloxan-induced experimental diabetes. Oral administration of Diamed (1.39 (0.25 g), 1.67 (0.30 g) or 1.94 (0.35 g) mL kg−1) for 30 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and an increase in plasma insulin and total haemoglobin. The effect was highly significant after administration of the 1.94 mL (0.35 g) g−1body weight dose. Diamed also prevented a decrease in body weight. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in experimental diabetic rats in which there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in the animals treated with Diamed. The effect was compared with 600 μg kg−1glibenclamide. The results showed that Diamed had antihyperglycaemic action in experimental diabetes in rats.

Diamed is a herbal formulation composed of the aqueous extracts of three medicinal plants (Azardirachta indica, Cassia auriculataand Momordica charantia). We have investigated Diamed for its possible antihyperglycaemic action in rats with alloxan‐induced experimental diabetes. Oral administration of Diamed (1.39 (0.25 g), 1.67 (0.30 g) or 1.94 (0.35 g) mL kg−1) for 30 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and an increase in plasma insulin and total haemoglobin. The effect was highly significant after administration of the 1.94 mL (0.35 g) g−1body weight dose. Diamed also prevented a decrease in body weight. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in experimental diabetic rats in which there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in the animals treated with Diamed. The effect was compared with 600 μg kg−1glibenclamide. The results showed that Diamed had antihyperglycaemic action in experimental diabetes in rats.

A fully coupled implicit method has been developed for solving the viscous full multi-fluid equations, which incorporate transport and generation of mass and momentum for each component present in a system. This work presents stability analysis and representative computational results of this algorithm. The stability analyses demonstrate the performance of several iterative schemes applied to the solution of the linearized block system which arises in the fully implicit formulation. These include block Jacobi and symmetric block Gauss–Siedel schemes using two forms of relaxation. A hierarchy of increasing physical complexity is pursued, starting with one-dimensional, two-fluid systems with minimum inter-field dynamic coupling and no mass transfer. These analyses are then extended to systems employing physically important inter-field forces (drag, dispersion, virtual mass). The effects of mass transfer, multiple fields (i.e., more than 2), and multiple dimensions are considered. A two-fluid Navier–Stokes code has been developed, guided by the stability analyses. One-dimensional and two-dimensional results generated with this code are presented, which verify the validity of the stability analyses presented for the coupled scheme, and the effectiveness of the method for flows of engineering relevance.

The present study was carried out to investigate the antiperoxidative effect of Livex, a compound herbal formulation, against erythromycin estolate induced lipid peroxidation. The oral administration of Livex to rats along with erythromycin estolate caused a significant reversal in lipid peroxidation, enzymatic leakage and produced enhancement of cellular antioxidant defence, revealing that the antioxidative action of Livex is responsible for its protective activity. These observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver and kidney sections. The results of this study revealed that Livex could afford significant protection against erythromycin estolate induced lipid peroxidation. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Endoscopic, histological, and ultrastructural features of 21 cases of esophageal melanosis are described. These cases were detected during 1000 consecutive routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopies. Staining characteristics and ultrastructure of the pigment contained in the endoscopically visible lesions were found to be similar to those of true melanin.

Waveguide-heated microwave plasmas for space propulsion applications are analyzed by a two-dimensional numerical solution of the combined Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equations. Two waveguide configurations—one purely transmitting and the other with a reflecting end wall—are considered. Plasma stability and absorption characteristics are studied and contrasted with the characteristics of resonant cavity heated plasmas. In addition, preliminary estimates of the overall efficiency and the thrust and specific impulse of the propulsion system are also made. The computational results are used to explain experimental trends and to better understand the working of these devices.

Measurements of the casing boundary layers were obtained in a four-stage, low speed axial flow compressor, to verify the ‘law of the wall’ applicability to these complex flows. Some of the available shear stress models of the two-dimensional flows have been examined towards the quantitative assessment of skin friction. The shear stress prediction obtained from the Ludwieg-Tillmann relation applied to the streamwise or untwisted profile agreed closely with the measured shear stress by the hot wire. The skin friction was fairly constant for rotor and stator flows and was close to the flat plate values. The boundary layer profiles exhibited a well pronounced semi-logarithmic region with the universal constants of the law of the wall far removed from the standard two dimensional values, especially for rotor flows. Stator flows showed signs of similarity to two dimensional flows.

Combined convective and radiative heat transfer in an axisymmetric solar thruster is analyzed. In a solar thruster, focused solar energy is converted into thermal energy by volumetric absorption, resulting in a significant increase in the temperature of the propellant gas. The heated gas is then expanded through a propulsive nozzle in order to generate thrust. In the present theoretical analysis, submicron size particles are employed for providing the mechanism of solar energy absorption. The two-dimensional radiation problem is solved using both an exact integral method and the P1-approximation. The overall energy transfer is solved iteratively by numerical means. The computational model is used to perform parametric studies of the effects of Boltzmann number, optical dimensions of the medium, and wall emissivity. The overall performance of the solar thruster is assessed by determining the thrust levels and the specific impulses of the device under different operating conditions.

Waveguide-heated microwave plasmas for space propulsion applications are analyzed by a two-dimensional numerical solution of the combined Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equations. Two waveguide configurations—one purely transmitting and the other with a reflecting end wall—are considered. Plasma stability and absorption characteristics are studied and contrasted with the characteristics of resonant cavity heated plasmas. In addition, preliminary estimates of the overall efficiency and the thrust and specific impulse of the propulsion system are also made. The computational results are used to explain experimental trends and to better understand the working of these devices.

Measurements of the casing boundary layers were obtained in a four-stage, low speed axial flow compressor, to verify the ‘law of the wall’ applicability to these complex flows. Some of the available shear stress models of the two-dimensional flows have been examined towards the quantitative assessment of skin friction. The shear stress prediction obtained from the Ludwieg-Tillmann relation applied to the streamwise or untwisted profile agreed closely with the measured shear stress by the hot wire. The skin friction was fairly constant for rotor and stator flows and was close to the flat plate values. The boundary layer profiles exhibited a well pronounced semi-logarithmic region with the universal constants of the law of the wall far removed from the standard two dimensional values, especially for rotor flows. Stator flows showed signs of similarity to two dimensional flows.

Bhattacharyya and Natarajan have established the condition for oscillation of a three operational amplifier (OA) active-R oscillator. This letter shows that the integrator model used by them is incorrect. Analysis, based on single pole model, indicates the absence of oscillations. However, conditions for oscillations exist when a two pole model of the OA's is taken.

A numerical solution of the unsteady boundary layer equations under similarity assumptions is obtained. The solution represents the three-dimensional unsteady fluid motion caused by the time-dependent stretching of a flat boundary. It has been shown that a self-similar solution exists when either the rate of stretching is decreasing with time or it is constant. Three different numerical techniques are applied and a comparison is made among them as well as with earlier results. Analysis is made for various situations like deceleration in stretching of the boundary, mass transfer at the surface, saddle and nodal point flows, and the effect of a magnetic field. Both the constant temperature and constant heat flux conditions at the wall have been studied.

Combined convective and radiative heat transfer in an axisymmetric solar thruster is analyzed. In a solar thruster, focused solar energy is converted into thermal energy by volumetric absorption, resulting in a significant increase in the temperature of the propellant gas. The heated gas is then expanded through a propulsive nozzle in order to generate thrust. In the present theoretical analysis, submicron size particles are employed for providing the mechanism of solar energy absorption. The two-dimensional radiation problem is solved using both an exact integral method and the P1-approximation. The overall energy transfer is solved iteratively by numerical means. The computational model is used to perform parametric studies of the effects of Boltzmann number, optical dimensions of the medium, and wall emissivity. The overall performance of the solar thruster is assessed by determining the thrust levels and the specific impulses of the device under different operating conditions.

The present study was carried out to investigate the antiperoxidative effect of Livex, a compound herbal formulation, against erythromycin estolate induced lipid peroxidation. The oral administration of Livex to rats along with erythromycin estolate caused a significant reversal in lipid peroxidation, enzymatic leakage and produced enhancement of cellular antioxidant defence, revealing that the antioxidative action of Livex is responsible for its protective activity. These observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver and kidney sections. The results of this study revealed that Livex could afford significant protection against erythromycin estolate induced lipid peroxidation. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

(First submitted 15 Nov 1991;accepted 11 December 1991)The effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment of an ovarian carcinoma line on the sensitivity to lysis by specific CTL clones and non-specific Tumor Associated Lymphocytes (TAL), isolated from the ascites fluid, was analyzed. Thein vitroestablished TAL line displayed a non-specific lytic activity against the autologous tumor as well as against several allogeneic tumor lines. Pretreatment with IFN-γ alone, or in combination with TNF-α, rendered the carcinoma line less susceptible to lysis by the autologous TAL line. Conversely, susceptibility to lysis by tumor specific T cell clones, isolated from the TAL line, was increased as a result of cytokine pretreatment. Several TCR-α/β+, CD8+T-cell clones showing a more specific pattern of lysis against the autologous tumor were isolated. Lysis of the autologous tumor by these clones involved the TCR-α/β via a MHC-class I restricted mechanism dependent on the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-3, as inferred from antibody blocking studies. The enhanced sensitivity to specific CTL clones seen after cytokine treatment may be related to theenhanced expression of ICAM-1 molecules on the ovarian carcinoma. These results have implications for cytokine based immunotherapy, where IFN-γ may enhance the effects of tumor associated specific CTL while decreasing that of non-specific effector cells.

Ionospheric E-region observations from Boulder (40.0 N, 105.3 W), Grand Bahama (26.6 N, 78.2 W), Mexico City (19.3 N, 99.2 W), Vandenberg (35.6 N, 120.6 W), and Wallops Island (37.9 N, 75.5 W) during the total solar eclipse of 7 March, 1970 are used for reconstructing the distribution of the ionizing XUV radiation over the solar disk. The derived solar image compares reasonably well with the EUV and X-ray pictures of the Sun obtained from rockets.

Scoparia dulcisL. commonly known as ‘Sweet Broomweed’ is widely used in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 g/kg body weight of the aqueous extract of the Scoparia dulcisleaves (SLEt) for 45 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and an increase in total haemoglobin but in the case of 0.45 g/kg body weight the effect was highly significant. The aqueous extract also prevented a decrease in the body weight. An oral glucose tolerance test was also performed in experimental diabetic rats, in which there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in animals treated with SLEt and the effect was comparable to that of glibenclamide. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A new active RC circuit with grounded capacitors is proposed, which can perform as any one of the following devices: noninverting differentiator, inverting differentiator, capacitance bridge, inductance simulator, bandpass filter and oscillator.

A resistively mismatched linear active 2-port can be designed for a given performance factor, so that its power gain is optimum. In this process, a cubic equation has to be solved numerically by hand or machine. Simple and closely accurate analytic solutions for this equation have now been obtained with an error less than 1.5%.

An active RC circuit with a single transistor can realise a simulated inductance with even infinite Q factor. A design procedure is developed to realise a simulated inductance with infinite Q factor. Examples based on a particular transistor are included.

A modified hybrid &Fgr; equivalent circuit is developed for the transistor mixer. It is based on input-port measurements and simple theory. This equivalent circuit is valid for a wide range of emitter current and local-oscillator voltage, provided that the local oscillator and signal frequencies are small compared with the ft of the transistor.

A multifunction active R filter with two operational amplifiers, attractive for monolithic i.c. fabrication, is presented. It realises b.p., b.e. and l.p. transfer characteristics at three different output terminals. The resonant frequency of the b.p. characteristic can be controlled over a wide range with constant bandwidth and resonant gain.

A synthesis technique for an active R multifunction circuit is presented. The realised circuit provides inverting bandpass, noninverting lowpass, allpass, band elimination and oscillator functions. With polarities of both the operational amplifiers (OAs) reversed, noninverting bandpass, noninvertig lowpass and oscillator functions are realised. The circuit has been analysed, based on a simplified pole-zero model for the OAs.

Inductors are synthetised using voltage-controlled voltage sources and RC elements. Wherever possible, unity-gain amplifiers are used. Practical circuits are presented. Some of these also realise gyrators.

When the concentration of diffusing impurity in a semiconductor approaches or exceeds the intrinsic concentration of electrons or holes at the temperature of diffusion, the resulting partial differential equation becomes nonlinear. A computer program has been prepared to obtain the profile of the diffused impurity for such a situation.

As was pointed out by Raman and Krishnan,1the nebulosity or wings which appear accompanying the original lines of the mercury arc in the spectrum of the light transversely scattered by liquids consist of nearly completely unpolarised light. These wings arise from an unresolved rotational Raman scattering, their intensity depends on the optical anisotropy of the molecules concerned, and they contribute in a not negligible degree to the total scattering by the liquid. Owing to the fact that it consists mainly of unpolarised light, the existence of rotational scattering affects the observed depolarisation of the total scattered light to a notable extent. This is illustrated by the figures given in Table I., in which measurements with carbon disulphide, benzene, and toluene are shown. The first column of figures gives the depolarisation, as measured with a nicol and a spectroscope with a very wide slit, so that the Rayleigh and rotational Raman scattering are superposed.

It is proved that if f is a continuous nonlinear operator on a Banach space E then $ f(x) = kx$ is sufficiently large.