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This paper introduces the concept of power over fiber (PoF) and potential applications envisioned in radio access networks with optical fronthauling using different types of optical fibers. It is an open discussion on exploring PoF technology with current experiments integrating analog radio over fiber using 5G-NR signals in compliance with 3GPP, PoF, and monitoring techniques and general requirements in future deployments along with its potential to be part of the energy efficiency strategy in beyond 5G networks.

Power over Fiber (PoF) needs safe and resilient operation of the infrastructure. In this article, we propose a new crosstalk-based remote monitoring technique of PoF signals in Spatial Division Multiplexing optical networks with no additional consumption at the remote radio head (RRH). We demonstrate this technique in a 250 m 7-core Multicore Fiber (MCF) transmitting three multiplexed 256 QAM 5G NR optical signals with a total throughput of 1.8 Gbps, a low-speed communications channel between a Central Office and a RRH, and a PoF signal delivering to feed the RRH's control board. The 5G NR optical signals are received at the RRH with EVM values within the limits stablished in the 3GPP 5G standard. The low-speed communications channel remotely manages the power supplied to a Radio Frequency Power Amplifier located at the RRH. The PoF signal is used to supply up to 131 mW to the control board of the RRH. The monitoring channel can accurately follow the optical power injected into the MCF or the optical power received at the RRH thanks to a real-time algorithm and an ad-hoc Matlab application, which also allows to control the PoF source and the low-speed communications channel.

Earthquakes are frictional instabilities caused by the shear stress decrease, that is, dynamic weakening, of faults with slip and slip rate. During dynamic weakening, shear stress depends on slip, slip rate, and temperature, according to constitutive laws governing the earthquake rupture process. In the laboratory, technical limitations in measuring temperature during frictional instabilities inhibit the investigation and interpretation of shear stress evolution. Here we conduct high velocity friction experiments on calcite‐bearing simulated faults, both on bare‐rock and on gouge samples, at 20–30 MPa normal stress, 1–6 m/s slip rate and 1–20 m total slip. Seismic slip pulses are reproduced by imposing boxcar and regularized Yoffe slip rate functions. We measured, together with shear stress, slip, and slip rate, the temperature evolution on the fault by employing an innovative two‐color fiber optic pyrometer. The comparison between modeled and measured temperature reveals that for calcite‐bearing faults the heat sink caused by decarbonation reaction controls the temperature evolution. In bare‐rocks, energy is dissipated as frictional heat, and temperature increase is buffered by the heat sink of the calcite decarbonation reaction. In gouges, energy is dissipated as frictional heat and for plastic deformation processes, balanced by the heat sink caused by the decarbonation reaction enhanced by the mechanochemical effect. Our results suggest that in calcite‐bearing rocks, a common fault zone material for earthquake sources in the continental crust at shallow depth, the type of fault materials (bare‐rocks vs. gouges) controls the energy dissipation during seismic slip. During earthquakes, faults rocks lose strength, and therefore the ability to sustain shear stress as a consequence of slip, slip rate, and temperature resulting in dynamic weakening. The mathematical relationships between the decreasing strength and slip, slip rate, and temperature and the energy balance describing the partition of energy are of fundamental importance to model the propagation of an earthquake rupture. These relationships can be defined thanks to laboratory experiments that simulate seismic slip. Here, we tested calcite‐bearing fault rocks simulated as bare‐rock and gouges. During the experiments, temperature was monitored thanks to an innovative measuring system. Numerical models were done assuming all mechanical energy was converted into heat. By comparing all results above, we discovered that the mechanical energy in both bare‐rocks and gouges is converted to heat but limited by the occurrence of endothermic decarbonation reaction. In gouges, also an energy contribution for plastic deformation processes is required. Our work implies significant changes in the commonly accepted energy budget for earthquake propagation and show the importance of slip rate and temperature in driving together the dynamic weakening during seismic slip. We measure temperature, shear stress, and slip rate to assess energy dissipation during seismic slip in calcite‐bearing fault materialsCalcite decarbonation compensates frictional heat production in all tested fault materialsMechanical energy is dissipated for frictional heat in bare‐rocks and for frictional heat and plastic deformation processes in gouges We measure temperature, shear stress, and slip rate to assess energy dissipation during seismic slip in calcite‐bearing fault materials Calcite decarbonation compensates frictional heat production in all tested fault materials Mechanical energy is dissipated for frictional heat in bare‐rocks and for frictional heat and plastic deformation processes in gouges

In this work, we investigate the feasibility of optical powering in coexistence with radio transmission using baseband signals with 5G New Radio (5G NR) numerology with different bandwidths (BW) on Analog Radio over Fiber (ARoF) systems with single mode fibers (SMF). We focus on the impact of chromatic dispersion (CD), non-linear effects, High Power Laser (HPL) instabilities and their interactions, performing simulations and experiments. First, without Power over Fiber (PoF), we verify that increasing the BW of the 5G NR baseband signal reduces the CD-induced power fading at the critical RF frequency with the highest extinction and the error-vector magnitude (EVM) of the received 5G NR signal worsens. The CD-induced power fading is 10 dB smaller for 100 MHz versus 10 MHz baseband signal BWs. Then, we experimentally demonstrate the influence of a PoF signal, generated by a Raman HPL, on the transmission of 5G NR signals in a shared scenario with co-transmission of both PoF and data signals. The CD-induced power fading at the critical RF frequency with the highest extinction is 27 dB smaller for 5G NR signal BWs of 10 MHz and 100 MHz respectively when the HPL is set to +33 dBm. This PoF signal enhances the EVM of the received 5G NR signal to values in compliance with the standard while providing an On/Off Raman gain of 12.7 dB at 1552.8 nm data signal in a 14.43 km SMF link. For a 5G NR signal BW of 10 MHz and a RF carrier frequency of 17 GHz, the EVM improves from 31.3% to 11.6% for a HPL power of +33 dBm. For shorter distances such as 100 m, HPL noise transfer does not affect the EVM of data signal.

Lesbians of the Latino community can see racism and heterosexism as institutionalized oppression. One woman's act of cultural militancy in dancing with another women during a stay in Nicaragua reflected her respect for the Lesbian culture and for Nicaraguans.

This work analyzed the degradation of the bond between steel and concrete under protection conditions (-1000 mV [?] E [?] -850 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) and overprotection (E <-1000 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) cathodic by impressed current are based on a model of paths in the concrete matrix and an equivalent circuit. Considering two mixtures immersed in a 3.5% solution of NaCl; the first with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the second replacing 15% cement with fly ash (OPCFA). Based on analysis obtained from the equivalent circuit showed greater continuous conductivity resistance path (CCRP), the specimens with protection potentials and charge transfer resistance (Rct). Marking a difference of protection and cathodic overprotection in the corrosion rate, and the increasing of the concentration of potassium, sodium (K+, Na+) ions; in the specimens submitted to levels of overprotection, which presented greater bond loss based on the results of the pull out test.

The Human Rights Campaign's (HRC) decision supporting the reelection campaign of Sen Al D'Amato is an affront to the gay rights movement. D'Amato, a staunch supporter of the pro-life movement, is also known for his racist and anti-semitic views. The HRC, on the other hand, purportedly supports gay rights but its willingness to compromise has made it ineffective in representing the concerns of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender movement. A key problem confronting the gay movement is the rift between power seekers and those who see power as a means to an end.

In this work different patented optical sensing solutions are reviewed, mostly for their application of measuring fluid level within tanks, containers or bio-mass boilers in condominiums, thus providing an intrinsically safe sensing scenario within harsh and hazardous environments, due to the passive nature of light. In general, the intensity modulation of the light is very attractive since it is simple in concept, reliable, and can produce optical sensors which offer a wide range of applications at lower costs, thus facilitating their final commercialization and market spread. The optical sensing solutions discussed in this work include a fiber-optic sensor for fluid detection/level with intrinsic self-referencing property thus solving one of the main drawbacks when using intensity-based sensors, namely the undesirable and unexpected optical power fluctuations when operating. Moreover, a low-cost intensity-based POF sensor for fuel level measurements in paramotoring and powered paragliding is presented. It features a very simple and a very low-cost solution for these sports, attending the increasing demand of new and more sophisticated embedded sensors in the flight instrumental. Going on from this, a fiber-optic fluid level sensor for a range greater than 2m is described. The system uses a single lens and a single fiber but being possible to increase the measuring safety area by optical multiplexing. Finally, a fluid level sensor based on a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), which includes a temperature control scheme, is presented. Its final embodiment design is also shown and described.

The behavior of lithium oxide (Li2O) under an atmosphere of CO2 was studied using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results show that Li2O can be used for CO2 retention. It is a better absorbent than other lithium ceramics. A chemisorption topochemical reaction is proposed to explain the sorption of CO2. The kinetic parameters were obtained. First, the CO2 sorption is controlled by a first-order reaction. Later, CO2 sorption depends on the diffusion of lithium through the formed shell of Li2CO3, with an extraordinary increase of the diffusion at 600 °C, due to an unusual increase of lithium mobility.

The cDNA for a human homologue (hIF2) of bacterial (bIF2) and yeast (yIF2) translation initiation factor two (IF2) has been identified during a screen for proteins which interact with HIV-1 matrix. The hIF2 cDNA encodes a 1220-amino-acid protein with a predicted relative molecular mass of 139 kDa, though endogeneous hIF2 migrates anomalously on SDS/PAGE at 180 kDa. hIF2 has an extended N-terminus compared with its homologues, although its central GTP-binding domain and C-terminus are highly conserved, with 58% sequence identity with yIF2. We have confirmed that hIF2 is required for general translation in human cells by generation of a point mutation in the P-loop of the GTP-binding domain. This mutant protein behaves in a transdominant manner in transient transfections and leads to a significant decrease in the translation of a reporter gene. hIF2 interacts directly with HIV-1 matrix and Gag in vitro, and the protein complex can be immunoprecipitated from human cells. This interaction appears to block hIF2 function, since purified matrix protein inhibits translation in a reticulocyte lysate. hIF2 does not correspond to any of the previously characterized translation initiation factors identified in mammals, but its essential role in translation appears to have been conserved from bacteria to humans.

AbstractThis article offers a discussion of abuse in the Hispanic older person population, conceptualizedfrom within a cultural framework including assessment and treatment. Basic cultural values such as familism, marianismo, machismo, and respeto are considered essential elements to the understanding of this framework. Acculturation, migration, and socioeconomic factors are also presented as important factors in the understanding of this problem. This article emphasizes how expectations based on cultural aspects and values can unintentionally increase the risk of neglect and/or abuse. The concepts of caregiver stress and dependency widely discussed in the older person abuse literature are integrated in the discussion of older person abuse in the Hispanic.

The effects of intestinal resection on several intestinal parameters have been studied in the large intestine of rats one month after the surgical operation. The results show that both 50% and 80% distal small bowel resection increased net fluid absorption and mucosal permeability and caused expansion of the intercellular spaces of the large intestine. The increase in net fluid absorption was dependent upon the extent of the intestine removed. The cAMP and cGMP content of cecal and colonic mucosa were significantly reduced after jejunoilectomy. Changes in nucleotide levels were dependent on the length of the intestine resected. On the other hand, mucosa Na,K-ATPase specific activity was only increased in the cecum after 80% intestinal resection. The results are discussed in terms of adaptation to prevent diarrhea.

Minority children's lack of responsiveness to projective tests has been attributed to underlying verbal deficits versus productivity on the TAT and the TEMAS (Tell-me-a-story), a new TAT depicting ethnic minority figures, cultural themes, and urban backgrounds. Results indicated that children were more responsive to TEMAS pictures than TAT pictures, and this effect was more enhanced for females than males. Children were more likely to respond in Spanish to the TEMAS and to switch from English on the TAT to Spanish on the TEMAS. Results support earlier findings of increased responsiveness of minority children to culturally relevant stimuli and also suggest a promising instrument for assessment of minority children.

In this work, we expose the synthesis of the new bicyclocarbophosphazene 4, its x-ray crystall structure and the experimental data obtained. The results of the study of thermal stability of 4 and two related compounds are also presented.

Talks about the reaction of gays and lesbians to the Human Rights Campaign's (HRC) decision to endorse Al D'Amato. Willingness of some gays and lesbians to compromise with right-wingers; HRC's alleged lack of concern for gays and lesbians; Rift in the HRC.

Argues that the key problem faced by the gay and lesbian movement in the United States is not leadership but the failure of vision and political will. Movement's narrowed focus on sexual orientation as the basis for unity; Dispute within the gay community over the movement's direction; Need for the movement to stay focused on defending and expanding laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

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