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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to propose a quantitative method for formulating a manufacturing strategy. It is based on the accepted framework for manufacturing strategy formation containing competitive priorities and manufacturing decisions. The existing literature shows a limited number of papers using quantitative methods for modeling the framework. The proposed method utilizes a combination of three multi-criteria decision making methods (MCDM) to formulate the strategy. They are the fuzzy version of DEMATEL, VIKOR, and AHP. The proposed method supports managers in generating action plans for manufacturing that are aligned with the company’s overall strategy. It also produces a ranking of the plans, so managers can focus on those that are most important for achieving the company’s goals. The contribution of the proposed method is that it captures the priorities and the complex relationships among the factors affecting the manufacturing strategy. From a practical point of view, its value is the support provided for managers in formulating manufacture. It was applied in one company, where managers stated that they found the resulting strategy useful in terms of supporting the company’s objectives.

ABSTRACTThis study explores the disparate trajectories of students in Chilean higher education and how these alter socioeconomic segregation within this system. The study follows the cohort of students who entered higher education in 2011 for eight years through census-type data. It uses two segregation indexes to make novel comparisons of socioeconomic segregation at the beginning and the end of their passage through higher education. The results show high dropout rates among students of low socioeconomic status, and high mobility between degree programs and institutions across the socioeconomic spectrum, with significant nuances in the type of mobility experienced by different socioeconomic groups. However, dropouts and transfers between degree programs, institutions, and types of institutions do not significantly modify the levels of socioeconomic segregation seven years after entrance. These results indicate that socioeconomic segregation in higher education is set to a large extent upon entrance to this system.

AbstractDespite its widespread occurrence, the topic of failure is barely addressed in entrepreneurship education. Consequently, students are given an incomplete and unrealistic picture of the complexity of being entrepreneurs. This study explores the pedagogical potential of introducing vicarious learning about failure in educational programs rather than focusing solely on starting, growing and success. Taking a qualitative approach, this study examined students’ reflective reports written after an interview with an entrepreneur on their experience of failure. Using concepts emerging from these reports and theoretical constructs, it was established whether and how students drew lessons and reflections from the failure stories. The findings show that interviewing and reflecting about the experiences of entrepreneurs allow for vicarious learning from failure, yet without students having to experience it themselves. The lessons learned and the reflections feed each other in a continuous loop. Students recognized that entrepreneurship involves trial and error instead of one straight road. Important lessons include the importance of adaptable behavior, access to key resources, insights in business development and the benefits of networking. Hence, this article contributes to the pedagogy of entrepreneurial education and provides initial suggestions for educators to introduce vicarious learning about failure as a topic in their programs.

Purpose: This research paper explores the value of collaborative inquiry networks of headteachers and curriculum coordinators to cope with 2020's coronavirus pandemic in Chile. Specifically, the authors describe the main challenges that networks identify in their contexts, the collaborative practices performed by different schools to address these challenges, and the influence of the networks on the innovative responses of teachers in their own schools. Design/methodology/approach: This is a mixed-method study from a complementary stance using different methods and data of a project implemented with a total of 54 headteachers and curriculum coordinators. The data sources were participants' individual reports, the network teams' reports of their collaborative inquiry projects, and a short open-ended questionnaire responded by teachers that did not participate directly in the networks but benefited from their work. The data were analyzed using content analysis, categories were created to organize and describe the main findings. Findings: Participants of the networks reported that their active participation in the collaborative inquiry allows them to share knowledge among different schools and has helped them to support innovative practices in their own schools. Specifically, they have reported that collaborating has permitted them to maintain a pedagogical focus, foster distributed leadership within the school communities, provide them with greater autonomy, and develop skills to favor the emotional containment of their teams. Inquiry teams perform diverse collective practices; they designed and applied virtual surveys, planned and implemented virtual workshops with teachers, and generated meaningful reflection about formative assessment and pedagogical practices. Originality/value: This work offers insights into how the Chilean school system has responded to COVID-19 challenges and shows how despite the negative aspects of the pandemic, it has become an opportunity to recognize and enhance teachers' professional development through the collaboration among different schools. Most headteachers and curriculum coordinators reported that an active collaborative inquiry changed how they used to think about their leadership and strengthened the value of professional relationships to address extremely difficult challenges as a result of the pandemic. These lessons can be taken for the future, to rethink and rebuild educational systems.

Background:Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by cancerous Reed-Sternberg cells. In contrast to ophthalmic manifestations by non-HL that are well recognized, there is paucity of the literature as it relates to ophthalmic manifestation by HL. We performed a comprehensive review of published studies (case reports and small case series) to characterize the ophthalmic manifestations of HL. Summary:Thirty patients were identified with ophthalmic manifestation of HL. Thirteen (43%) were male, and 14 (46%) were female (in 3 cases, sex was not specified). The median age at ophthalmic presentation was 27 years. Diagnosis of HL was made after ophthalmic manifestation in 10 (33%) cases, whereas 11 (36%) cases had a prior diagnosis of HL. Ophthalmic manifestations can be classified into 3 main groups; direct infiltration, inflammatory reaction, and paraneoplastic process. Seven cases had infiltration of the optic nerve. Uveal inflammatory reaction was reported in 21 cases. The presence of intraocular Reed-Sternberg cells had been confirmed in 1 case with granulomatous uveitis. Conjunctival and corneal reaction was seen in 3 cases. HL was in stage 2 or higher, with only 1 case with stage 1A (12 cases HL stage not specified). Seven cases (22%) died of HD, all were diagnosed with advanced lymphoma, and none was treated with chemotherapy. Key Message:Ocular involvement in HL is extremely rare. A few cases of histopathologically confirmed optic nerve/tract infiltration are within the spectrum of CNS involvement by HL. Inflammatory uveitis is the most common ophthalmic association of HL. In the presence of prior known diagnosis of HL, restaging should be considered to exclude recurrence. Toxicity or adverse reaction to drugs used to treat HL may also contribute to ophthalmic involvement.

Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy is the first-choice technique for investigating the majority of small bowel diseases. Its most common complications are related to incomplete examinations and capsule retention. There is no consensus on how patients with previous gastrointestinal surgery should receive the capsule.

The present evidence-based guidelines are focused on the use of device-assisted enteroscopy in the management of small-bowel diseases. A panel of experts selected by the Spanish and Portuguese small bowel study groups reviewed the available evidence focusing on the main indications of this technique, its role in the management algorithm of each indication and on its diagnostic and therapeutic yields. A set of recommendations were issued accordingly.

This study utilizes longitudinal data from two 10th-grade student cohorts in Chile to investigate the effects of selective secondary schools. Employing propensity scores and difference-in-difference methods, we find significant and positive short-term effects, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 SD, with minor variations across subjects and cohorts studied. Likewise, these schools are not a viable alternative for vulnerable students, even though the greatest measured effect is on students with lower socioeconomic status. Our findings suggest that the additional value of selective schools may not be directly linked to standardized test performance but rather related to the interactions among equally talented students.

Bacterivorous protists are thought to serve as training grounds for bacterial pathogens by subjecting them to the same hostile conditions that they will encounter in the human host. Bacteria that survive intracellular digestion exhibit enhanced virulence and stress resistance after successful passage through protozoa but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cenocepaciasurvives phagocytosis by ciliates found in domestic and hospital sink drains, and viable bacteria are expelled packaged in respirable membrane vesicles with enhanced resistance to oxidative stress, desiccation, and antibiotics, thereby contributing to pathogen dissemination in the environment. Reactive oxygen species generated within the protozoan phagosome promote the formation of persisters tolerant to ciprofloxacin by activating the bacterial SOS response. In addition, we show that genes encoding antioxidant enzymes are upregulated during passage through ciliates increasing bacterial resistance to oxidative radicals. We prove that suppression of the SOS response impairs bacterial intracellular survival and persister formation within protists. This study highlights the significance of protozoan food vacuoles as niches that foster bacterial adaptation in natural and built environments and suggests that persister switch within phagosomes may be a widespread phenomenon in bacteria surviving intracellular digestion.

Existe una gran variedad de marcadores útiles tanto en el diagnóstico como en el seguimiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Clásicamente se han utilizado los serológicos, ampliamente distribuidos y accesibles, pero en los últimos años han cobrado importancia los fecales, en especial la calprotectina fecal, por haber demostrado mayor precisión a la hora tanto de establecer la sospecha de la enfermedad como de predecir la curación mucosa o la persistencia de actividad inflamatoria. La calprotectina fecal muestra buena capacidad para predecir estudios endoscópicos patológicos, pero tiene una especificidad limitada ya que puede alterarse en otros cuadros digestivos con síntomas similares. La calprotectina fecal presenta mayor precisión cuando se asocia a otros parámetros, en especial a la proteína Creactiva, y a escalas clínicas de actividad inflamatoria. Finalmente, hay múltiples marcadores de nueva generación, serológicos y fecales, de los que hay escasa evidencia, aunque algunos han mostrado resultados prometedores en diferentes estudios.

In the species of the Cucurbitaceaefamily, the occurrence of separate male and female flowers in the same plant (monoecy) is controlled by an ethylene biosynthesis ACSgene, which specifically suppresses the development of stamen in the female flower. In watermelon, a mutation of loss of function in CitACS4promotes the conversion of female into hermaphrodite flowers, and of monoecious into andromonoecious plants. We have studied whether the ethylene produced by CitACS4 enzyme could also be involved in other ethylene-regulated traits, including pistillate flowering transition and the number of female flowers per plant, the development of floral organs other than stamens, as well as fruit and seed set, and fruit development. A linkage analysis approach was performed in three independent F2 populations segregating for the two alleles of the gene (M, monoecious; m, andromonoecious), and the different traits under study. The CitACS4mallele not only cosegregated with andromonoecy, but also with earlier pistillate transition, an increased number of pistillate flowers per plant, and a slower growth and maturation of petals and carpels, which delayed anthesis time in hermaphrodite flowers. The mallele was also found to be linked to a reduced fruit set, which was not caused by a deficiency in pollination or fertilization. The gene also affected the longitudinal and transverse growth rates of the ovary and fruit, which means that fruits from andromonoecious plants (mm) were rounder than those from monoecious (MM) ones. Taken together, these data indicate that the locus defined by the ethylene biosynthesis and sex-determining gene CitACS4acts as a pleiotropic regulator of the complete development of the pistillate flower and the earlier development of the fruit.

el uso de la enteroscopia con videocápsula fue aprobado por la FDA en 2001. La hemorragia digestiva y la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal son sus principales indicaciones. En nuestro centro se realiza desde 2004.

Endocytosis modulates EGFR function by compartmentalizing and attenuating or enhancing its ligand-induced signaling. Here we show that it can also control the cell surface versus intracellular distribution of empty/inactive EGFR. Our previous observation that PKA inhibitors induce EGFR internalization prompted us to test phosphatidic acid (PA) generated by phospholipase D (PLD) as an endogenous down-regulator of PKA activity, which activates rolipram-sensitive type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4) that degrade cAMP. We found that inhibition of PA hydrolysis by propranolol, in the absence of ligand, provokes internalization of inactive (neither tyrosine-phosphorylated nor ubiquitinated) EGFR, accompanied by a transient increase in PA levels and PDE4s activity. This EGFR internalization is mimicked by PA micelles and is strongly counteracted by PLD2 silencing, rolipram or forskolin treatment, and PKA overexpression. Accelerated EGFR endocytosis seems to be mediated by clathrin-dependent and -independent pathways, leading to receptor accumulation in juxtanuclear recycling endosomes, also due to a decreased recycling. Internalized EGFR can remain intracellular without degradation for several hours or return rapidly to the cell surface upon discontinuation of the stimulus. This novel regulatory mechanism of EGFR, also novel function of signaling PA, can transmodulate receptor accessibility in response to heterologous stimuli.

Endocytic traffic can control cell surface versus intracellular distribution of empty/inactive EGFR, an thus its accessibility to external stimuli, through a pathway involving down regulation of PKA activity mediated by PA signaling towards PDE4. This novel control mechanism can trans-modulate EGFR function by heterologous stimuli of PLD.

Resistance to the auxinic herbicide picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) has been reported in a population of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialisL.) growing in a nonarable pasture in Dayton, Washington. In addition, these plants are cross-resistant to clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) and other auxinic herbicides. To understand the mechanism of cross-resistance to clopyralid, uptake, translocation, and metabolism of clopyralid were compared between the picloram-resistant (R) and the -susceptible (S) accessions of this weed species. Radiolabeled clopyralid was applied to individual leaves of rosette-stage plants under controlled environmental conditions. Both accessions absorbed about 75% of the total applied within the first 2 h following treatment. Uptake increased linearly with clopyralid concentration, but was not different in accessions in the range of concentrations studied. Also, there was no difference between accessions in clopyralid partitioning into epicuticular wax. About 50% of the total absorbed radioactivity moved out of the treated leaf toward both upper and lower shoots 96 h following treatment in both accessions. Within 2 h of treatment, clopyralid was converted by R and S plants to similar quantities of metabolites. After 96 h, R plants metabolized more clopyralid than S plants, suggesting a possible role of herbicide metabolism in cross-resistance. However, the clopyralid-induced symptoms of ethylene production and epinasty appeared in S plants within 5 h, implying that mechanism(s) of cross-resistance involves process(es) other than metabolism.

El propósito de este estudio es valorar la isquemia miocárdica en las regiones dependientes de arterias coronarias ocluidas de pacientes sin infarto previo.