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Background: APCA take up one of major places in the structure of poisonings. Nonetheless, the structure of APCA in terms of individual nosologies are still poorly studied. Methods: A retrospective chart review of adult patients admitted to our referral center with APCA during the past 5 years was performed. We identified 701 patients. We studied the following epidemiological parameters: number of hospitalizations, mortality, length of hospitalization. Results: Length of hospital stay Corrosives Cases, % Fatality, % (days [+ or -] SD) Acetic acid (AA) 39.09 12.7 8.86 [+ or -] 0.48 Hydrochloric acid 4.7 15.0 9.25 [+ or -] 0.48 Sulfur acid 7.13 0 10.20 [+ or -] 1.09 Bleach 20.99 1.3 4.36 [+ or -] 0.48 Others acids 0.99 0 8.14 [+ or -] 1.06 Sol. ammonia 11.13 1.5 7.97 [+ or -] 0.55 Other alkalis 2.71 0 14.80 [+ or -] 2.98 KMn[O.sub.4] 2.43 0 4.67 [+ or -] 1.67 Unknown 9.7 18.9 7.05 [+ or -] 0.61 All APCA 100 8.13 7.70 [+ or -] 0.53 Conclusions: 1. Acute AA poisonings require special attention, since they take the first place in APCA structure of morbidity and have high mortality (the 3rd place). 2. Poisoning by bleaches are less dangerous, since the hospitalization length in these cases is the least among the APCA poisonings and has a statistically significant difference (t = 4.9; p [is less than] 0.001). Sarmanaev SKh, Yamanaeva IE, Aydarova LF, Vafina GM. Hospital #21, Ufa, Russia, Sarmanaev SKh, Yamanaeva IE, Aydarova LF, Vafina GM. Hospital #21, Ufa, [...]

Background: Bleaches are a widely spread etiological factor of peroral poisonings not only in USA (Babl, 1997), but also in Russia. Aim. A study of the structure and the medical outcomes of PB. Data and methods: The study analyzed 296 medical cards of patients with PB. The study singled out the groups of chlorine-containing (hypochlorous acid, potassium hypochlorite, chloramin, chloride lime) and oxygen-containing (hydrogen peroxid, perhydrol, KMnO4) bleaches. Results: The table summarizes the values for PB that were investigated. Conclusions: 1. According to the frequency of admission, acute poisonings by chlorine-containing bleaches prevail (72.1%), women (66.2%). 2. Acute PB (except KMnO4) are characterized by more favorable than other types of corrosives. 3. In majority of cases (87.7%), women take the agent intentionally, men do it without intent (84.5%). Agent Cases Suicides % Abs. % M F M F Chlorine-containing 58 170 72.1 16.2 68.8 Oxygen-containing 30 17 14.9 4.2 17.0 KMn[O.sub.4] 12 9 6.6 33.3 33.3 Summary (bleaches) 100 196 66.2 15.5 87.7 All corrosives 417 284 13.5 32.0 Agent Fatality Duration of Hospitalization (Days) Abs % Chlorine-containing 1 0.4 ** 4.64 [+ or -] 1.2 * Oxygen-containing 0 0 5.9 [+ or -] 0.7 * KMn[O.sub.4] 1 4.8 7.63 [+ or -] 3.0 Summary (bleaches) 2 0.7 ** 6.05 [+ or -] 1.25 * All corrosives 35 8.13 7.70 [+ or -] 0.53 Agent Severity According to Persson et al. (1998), % 0 I II III IV Chlorine-containing 12.3 70.1 14.9 2.3 0.4 Oxygen-containing 4.2 51.1 40.3 4.2 0 KMn[O.sub.4] 28.6 47.6 9.5 9.5 4.8 Summary (bleaches) 12.1 65.5 34.1 3.0 0.7 All corrosives 7.8 42.9 26.9 14.3 8.1 * -p < 0.05 (t-test); ** -p < 0. (Fisher's angular transformation); in both cases as compared with all corrosives. Abstract 115. Sarmanaev SKh *, Aidarova LF, Yamanaeva IE, Vafina GM. Toxicological Center, Ufa, Russia, Sarmanaev SKh *, Aidarova LF, Yamanaeva IE, Vafina GM. Toxicological Center, Ufa, [...]

In higher eukaryotes, histone tails and globular domains are subjected to a variety of posttranslational modifications including regulatory proteolysis to create different chromatin structures necessary for the functioning of DNA. The aim of the present work was to detect the regions of activity of Arg-X proteolysis in complexes of histone and non-histone proteins as a potential mechanism affecting the large-scale reorganization of the chromatin. This chromatin reorganization occurs during the germination of wheat germ under conditions of highly acetylated proteins in the cell nuclei. For soaking the seeds and the induction of germination, respectively, distilled water was used as the control, and 0.004 mM sodium butyrate as the test. Cell nuclei were isolated from germs, cleared, and then the nucleoplasm, chromatin and the nuclear matrix were extracted by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. From isolated supra-molecular structures, non-histone proteins were separated from histones using ion exchange chromatography. The Arg-X proteolytic activity was assessed by cleavage of Arg-Xbonds in the arginine-enriched protein protamine in all nuclear fractions. It is possible that decreasing in histone turnover due to the antiproliferative effect of the deacetylase inhibitor (sodium butyrate) is due to decreasing of proteolytic activity in histone and non-histone proteins associated with chromatin, suggesting the possible role of histone proteinases in histone metabolism. These results also enabled us to detect the regions of activity of Arg-X proteolysis in the non-histone and histone blocks. It also provided information on the specific tissues in which proteolysis activity is observed during wheat germ germination under normal conditions, as well as under conditions of highly acetylated proteins in the cell nuclei. These results provide an example of the proteinase network formed in the supra-molecular structures of cell nuclei.

Proteolysis is a form of the biological control providing fast physiological response to changing conditions of an environment. The goal of the present work was to analyze the localization of the Arg-X proteolysis in complexes of histones and non-histone proteins isolated from supra-molecular structures (nucleoplasm, chromatin, the nuclear matrix) of cell nuclei of mature wheat germs during induction of growth. Cell nuclei were isolated from germs, cleared, and then nucleoplasm, chromatin, nuclear matrix were extracted by increasing ionic strength of solution. From isolated supra-molecular structures, non-histone proteins were separated from histones by using ion exchange chromatography. The Arg-X proteolytic activity was assessed by cleavage of Arg-X bonds in the arginine-enriched protein protamine in all nuclear fractions. It was shown that in the coleoptile, which grows by cell elongation, Arg-X proteolysis activity was at the level of nuclear matrix structures, namely the linker histone HI and core histones, and in mesocotyls, Arg-X proteolysis activity was found in the core histones of the fraction of chromatin tightly bound to the nuclear matrix. A possible role of Arg-X proteolysis in the fine regulation of morphogenetic mechanisms occurring during seed germination is suggested.

Both theoretical and experimental results of sound waves propagation peculiarities investigation in gas-liquid foams are presented in the paper. It is shown that the results of the experiments on studying weak shock waves in the gas-liquid foam can not be satisfactorily described by the standard model of sound propagation in two-phase media. To explain the obtained experimental data the authors suggest the model considering the peculiarities of the foam structure and the presence of additional hydrodynamic mechanism, influencing the signal evolution in foam - liquid motion along the system of the Plateau-Gibbs channels. The data of the experimental and calculated profiles analysis are evidence of the fact that the suggested model describes the real acoustical properties of gas-liquid foams more precisely than certain models for the two-phase mixtures with small gas content.

Serratia marcescensare well-known Gram-negative bacteria capable of excreting extracellular hydrolases, such as the nuclease—an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of both DNA and RNA chains with a high efficiency. The nuclease has a number of attractive properties for use in biotechnology industry—outstanding enzymatic activity and low production cost. The existing protocols for purification of nuclease yield only limited amounts of protein and require complicated multistage procedures. Here, we report a chromatographic protocol for elegant one-step purification procedure resulting in a pure homogenous enzyme, as confirmed by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.

In women with various gynecological disorders, ATP, ADP, and 2-methylthio-ATP dose-dependently potentiated spontaneous contractility of isolated fallopian tubes, while α,β-methylene-ATP and uridine triphosphate were little efficient. Pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid, a P2-receptor antagonist, inhibited responses to 2-methylthio-ATP, produced no effect on responses to ATP, and potentiated ADP-induced responses in fallopian tubes. During inflammation, sensitivity of fallopian tubes to P2 agonists and antagonists decreased. The data attest to the presence of functionally active P2 receptors in human fallopian tubes probably involved in the regulation of their mechanical activity.

The reaction of 1-methylthio-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,1-a]isoindole-2,6-dione (2) with NaBH4led to reduction of the keto group to the hydroxy group. The reaction with the use of LiAlH4resulted in complete reduction of the carboximide group, reduction of the keto group to the hydroxy function, and reduction of the double bond accompanied by desulfurization. The reaction of indolizidinedione 2with Zn afforded a reductive desulfurization product. The reactions of 2with hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine, and formamide proceeded according to a mechanism typical of the keto group to give hydrazone, oxime, and the formyl derivative, respectively. Oxidation of the thiomethyl group of the starting compound with ButOOH gave rise to sulfone or sulfoxide depending on the amount of the oxidizing agent used.

1.In aprotic and limitedly protogenic media, electrochemical reduction takes place with the cleavage of the C-S bond (EEC mechanism) and in protogenic media with the hydrogenation of the C=C bond (ECE mechanism).2.The SO2 group does not prevent the distribution of the spin density over the whole molecule.

1.A study has been made of the electrochemical reduction of diazo compounds in aprotic media, and of chemical reactions accompanied by transfer of an electron to a molecule.2.The formation of primary and secondary anion-radicals has been demonstrated, the structures of these radicals were determined, and a study was made of the delocalization of the unpaired electron.

Conclusions 1.Study has been made of the electrochemical reduction of the salts of trans-1,2-diphosphonioethene on the dropping Hg electrode in protogenic and aprotic media.2.It has been shown that stable radical anions result from the first, reversible one-electron stage of the reduction of disalts in aprotic media. A scheme is proposed to describe the reduction mechanism.

1.2,5-Diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles are reduced in dimethylformamide in two steps, the first of which is reversible and one-electron for diphenyl- and phenyl-p-nitrophenyloxadiazoles and two-electron for di-p-nitrophenyl- and di-m-nitrophenyloxadiazoles.2.Anion radicals of 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were produced by electrochemical reduction at the potentials of the first wave, and the parameters of their ESR spectra were determined. In the case of the anion radical of di-m-nitrophenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, no equivalence of the two nitrophenyl fragments is observed. In the remaining symmetrically substituted oxadiazoles, delocalization of the unpaired electron over the entire chain of conjugation is observed.

Electrochemical reduction ofortho-nitroanilides in an aprotic medium has been studied by polarography and ESR. It has been shown that nitroanilide anion-radicals are formed at the first reduction wave potentials. The transfer of a second electron is accompanied by subsequent reactions (autoprotonation and homogeneous electron transfer), which occur in the bulk of the solution and lead to fairly stable intermediate anion-radicals ofortho-compounds.

Iminoxyl radicals involved in the homolytic oxidation of nitrolic acids, with the general formula (NO2)RC=NO., have been detected by means of ESR. In the presence of a strong acid, the ESR spectra of the radical (NO2)2C=NO. exhibits alternation of the line widths, owing to syn-anti isomerization.

Abstract.: Propagation of sound and weak shock waves in gas-liquid foams is investigated theoretically and experimentally. An original physical model is developed to describe the evolution of small perturbations in a foam of polyhedral structure. The model developed takes into account both peculiarities of interface heat transfer in foam and liquid motion through the system of Plateau-Gibbs borders which results in the appearance of an additional hydrodynamic dissipative force. The Rayleigh equation analog, which takes into account the latter phenomenon, is obtained. Structure and dynamics of weak shock waves are investigated. A vertical shock tube was constructed and used to measure the parameters of weak shock wave propagation in gas-liquid foams of polyhedral structure. Spectral analysis of the data obtained shows that there are weak dispersion and strong dissipation of the initial signal. Comparison of the evolution of experimental and theoretical profiles permits to conclude that the suggested model allows to describe the peculiarities of acoustical perturbations in gas-liquid foam more precisely than it follows from the standard models.

1.Reduction of the azophosphonates proceeds in successive one-electron steps, the first of which is reversible.2.ESR methods have been used to show that azophosphonate anion-radical formation occurs in the first reduction step; an estimate of the spin density in these ions was obtained by these same methods. It has been shown that deuteration has an anomalous effect in delocalizing the unpaired electron in the diethylarylphosphonate anion radicals.

EPR and quantum chemical methods have been used to establish the nature of the distribution of spin density in electrochemically generated radical anions of diaryldiazocyanides. For the symmetrical diphenyldiazocyanides the unshared electron is distributed over the entire molecule, whereas the introduction of a bridge between the benzene rings leads to the localization of the unshared electron only on one fragment of the molecule.

1.Factors which determine the possibility of amino-nitrile cleavage of hydrazones on electrochemical reduction (ECR) include the basicity of the anionic product formed in the course of the ECR and the mobility of the aldehyde hydrogen which depends on the character of the electron polarization of the hydrazone fragment and the polarity of the N-N bond.2.The primary action in amino-nitrile cleavage under conditions of ECR is the deprotonation of the azomethine fragment in the unreduced molecule by electrochemically generated strong base (anion or dianion).

Conclusions 1.New phosphorus-containing iminoxyl radicals were obtained by the chemical or electro-chemical oxidation of phosphorylated oximes. ESR spectroscopy showed that these radicals exist as stable syn and anti isomeric forms.2.A dependence was shown for the coupling constants of the phosphorus atom on the geometry of the radical and the immediate environment of the phosphorus atom and the radical site.

E,Z-isomeric forms of phosphorylated oximes were established by NMR 1H, 13C, 31P spectroscopy. Stereospecifity of phosphorus-carbon coupling is shown to be suitable criteria for distinction of spatial isomers. The new type of phosphoniminoxy radicals was generated from these oximes and spin distribution dependencies upon phosphorus environment and spatial structure of the molecules were established.

The character of electrochemical oxidation of trimesitylphosphine and trimesitylarsine in acetonitrile has been studied on the rotating platinum electrode. Their oxidation has been shown to involve two stages, the first one being the one-electron reversible wave.Characteristics of common anodic and cathodic waves of degassed solution of substances on stationary electrodes and symmetry of their cyclic voltammetry polarograms indicate the stability of radical cations formed. Electrochemically generated radical cations of tris 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl-phosphine (Mes3P+) and -arsine (Mes3As+) were studied by ESR spectroscopy.Hyperfine splitting was found to be aP = 250 gauss, aAs = 279 gauss and hybridisation ratios C2p/C2s = 13.8 and 12.3 were established from analyses of anisotropic spectra.

The V3 loop from HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is involved in viral entry and determines the cellular tropism and HIV-1-induced cell–cell fusion. Earlier we have shown that V3 loop peptides representing the sequences of syncytia-inducing HIV strains have high membranotropic activity. These peptides caused the lysis of liposomes of various lipid compositions, could fuse negatively charged liposomes and induced hemolysis of erythrocytes. In contrast, peptides mimicking the sequences of non-syncytia-inducing viruses showed no lytic or fusion activities at the same concentrations. Now we have found that the V3 loop synthetic peptides containing the conserved GPGR region, derived from T-lymphotropic strains (BRU and MN), as opposed to peptides containing the GPGQ region, are able to cause a pronounced membrane permeabilization (dissipation of the ΔpH and the Δψ of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, erythrocytes and plasma membrane vesicles at micromolar concentrations with a dose-dependent kinetics. Analysis of the secondary structures of the peptides by circular dichroism revealed conformational changes in V3 loop peptides depending on solvent hydrophobicity: from random coil in water to an α-helix/β-sheet conformation in trifluoroethanol. Such structural changes of the V3 loop together with the membrane insertion of the gp41 N-terminal fusion peptide may promote the formation of the fusion pore during virus–cell fusion.

1.Cation and anion radicals of unsaturated compounds whose molecules contain two phosphorus atoms have been generated electrochemically and their properties studied by ESR methods.2.These ion radicals are p-electron systems and in which the unpaired electron is delocalized over the P-C=C-P fragment. The stability of the ion radicals is discussed.

The influence of heat transfer on the propagation of acoustic disturbances in a gas–liquid foam of polyhedral structure is considered in this paper. The presence of quasiordered structure of microcapillaries (Plateau–Gibbs channels) results in the appearance of a hydrodynamic effect caused by liquid motion along the channels and due to the competition with the contribution of heat transfer in general wave dissipation. The interphase heat transfer process in a gas‐filled foam is considered within the framework of a cell model. Liquid motion through the proposed channels depends on the radial dynamics of the foam cell and on the hydroconductivity of the foam defining a free liquid motion through the channels. The Rayleigh equation analog, which takes into account liquid motion through the channels of the foam and small moisture content, is obtained. The dispersion relation shows that the influence of surface tension can be ignored. The effects of added liquid mass and the viscous interphase mechanism in the frame of applicability of the suggested model are analyzed. It is concluded that the general influence on the evolution of the initial perturbation has been exerted by the heat transfer process between the carrying and dispersion phases and liquid motion through the channels. The attenuation decrement consists of two parts: thermal and viscous. The intensity is defined by the foam dispersion a0 (size of the foam cell). Where a0

1.The formation and structure of primary and secondary unstable anion radicals was established by the ESR method in the electrochemical reduction of derivatives of nitrophenylhydrazines. The delocalization of the unpaired electron in the anion radicals was studied.2.A quantum chemical calculation of the distribution of spin density in these anion radicals was performed.

1.The stability of the O-glycosidic bond has been studied with O-glycosides of serine and its derivatives as examples over a wide pH range at various temperatures.2.In acid and neutral ranges of pH the stability of the O-glycosidic bond of serine is comparable with the stability of the O-glycosides of ordinary aliphatic alcohols. The free amino group of serine stabilizes the O-glycosidic bond under conditions of acid hydrolysis.3.In alkaline medium serine O-glycosides decompose according to aß-elimination mechanism, while serine O-glycosides decompose most readily when the serine functional groups are protected. The liberation of one of these or both simultaneously sharply increases the stability of the corresponding glycosides in alkaline medium.

The O-gluco- and O-galactopyranosides of serine methylamide and their dipeptide derivatives have been synthesized.

1.O-?-D-Glucosides of L-and D-serine methyl esters were synthesized by the glucosidation of N-(benzyl-oxycarbonyl)-L- and-D-serine methyl esters in presence of Ag2CO3, with subsequent removal of the protective groupings.2.In more concentrated solutions in presence of PbCO3 the corresponding ortho ester was formed.

1.A vacuum microcell with a three-electrode system for the electrochemical generation of unstable free radicals in the resonator of the spectrometer was proposed.2.Anion radicals of dimethyl esters of maleic and fumaric acids, cis- and trans-dibenzoylethylene were produced, and their EPR spectra were interpreted. The rapid and practically complete trans-iso-merization of the cis-anion radicals was demonstrated.3.Electrolysis at the potentials of the steps of reduction following the first leads to the formation of free radicals that are conversion products of the primary anion radicals. The structure of these products is discussed.

1.The mechanism of the polarographic reduction of nitrophenyldiethylarsines, their oxides and sulfides in aprotonic medium was studied. Schemes of the subsequent chemical reactions after the reception of a second electron by these systems were proposed.2.New organoarsenic anion radicals were produced by electrochemical reduction and investigated by the ESR method. Their stability was estimated. The delocalization of the unshared electron in them was studied, and possible causes of the appreciable decrease in the spin density on the arsenic atom in the transition from anion radicals with a tetra-to a tricoordinated arsenic atom were considered.

1.The mechanism of the electrochemical reduction of hydrazones of isomeric nitrobenzaldehydes in dimethylformamide solution and possible chemical reactions accompanying the transfer of an electron to a molecule were considered.2.The formation of primary and secondary unstable anion radicals was established, their structure was determined, and the delocalization of the unshared electron in them was studied.3.A quantum chemical calculation was made of the distribution of spin density in the anion radicals studied. A comparison of the data obtained with the experiment permits a rather accurate description of the hyperfine splitting from the nitrogen atom in the hydrazone group.

Conclusions The EPR spectra of some chemically and electrochemically generated phosphoniminoxyls were studied. The hyperfine coupling constants on the13C and15N nuclei were determined.

New phosphorus-containing iminoxyls in which the phosphorus atom is ? to the radical center were generated either electrochemically or photochemically, and the distribution of the spin density in them was established.

1.In the crystalline state the oximes ofa-phosphorylated aldehydes and ketones (I)–(VIII) represent mixtures of the syn- (dimers) and anti-isomers (trimers, chains) that are associated via hydrogen bonds at the oxime portion. Together with the syn- and anti-isomers, the formation of H bonds involving phosphoryl oxygen is possible in the acid chloride ofa-diphenylphosphinylpropiohydroxamic acid (IX).2.Equilibrium of the cyclic trimers (dominant form of H associates), dimers, and monomers occurs in relatively concentrated CCl4 solutions.3.Independent of the type of isomer, unassociated molecules predominant in dilute solutions as the conformer with a free hydroxyl group.

Conclusions 1.Arsinobenzoates are reduced in three steps, the first of which involves one electron and is reversible. The diethylarsinyl groups are electron acceptors. Transfer of a second electron leads to the rupture of the As-C bond and to the formation of methyl benzoate.2.The spin-density distribution in the arsinobenzoate radical anions has been studied.

Hydrazyl radicals are formed from triarylhydrazines either by UV irradiation or by electrochemical oxidation in the presence of bases. Here high resolution EPR spectra are observed, in which the hyperfine structure from all of the magnetic nuclei is manifested.

On the basis of an analysis of EPR spectra and quantum-chemical calculations, it was shown that a significant change of the hyperfine splitting a31P in phosphoniminoxyls during replacement of alkoxy groups at the phosphorus atom by alkyl groups is mainly governed by electronic factors of substituents at the phosphorus atom.

1. A method has been developed for the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucosaminides acylated with glucine and alanine. 2. p-Nitrophenyl N glycyl-β-D-glucosaminide has been found to be a substrate of a neutral β D-hexosaminodase.

Without Abstract:

1.1. An active fraction that splits p-nitrophenyl N-benzoyl-β-d-glucosaminide was isolated from the liver of the pecten Mizuhopecten yessoensis.2.2. The enzyme called N-benzoyl-β-d-glucosaminidase was purified twenty times to show simultaneous high activity with that of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and N-acetyl-β-d-galactosaminidase.3.3. Some properties of partially purified N-benzoyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, e.g. thermostability, optimum pH of activity, Michaelis constant and effect of certain ions and inhibitors, were also studied.

Double electron-nuclear resonance and triple electron-nuclear-nuclear resonance have been used for the first time to determine the HFS constants and their relative signs in free radicals and cation-radicals of phenoxazine, phenothiazine, and phenothiazine derivatives.

It was shown that the reaction of phosphorous hexaalkyltriamides withß-bromovinyl aryl sulfones proceeds via the step of electron transfer with the formation of ion-radicals.