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An essay is presented on the history of vaccinations, as well as a discussion of the social and psychological aspects of vaccinating. Disease research is discussed, such as 18th century doctor Edward Jenner's infection of children to promote immunity to smallpox. The socioeconomic factors of vaccines for children in the U.S. are mentioned, as well as public health, hepatitis B (hep B) vaccines for infants, and anti-vaccination activism.

The article focuses on the increase of noncommunicable diseases (NCDS) in developing countries. It states that urbanization, freer trade in emerging markets, and persistent poverty have helped increase the incidence of NCDS and talks about the 2010 Global Risks report by the World Economic Forum on the threat NCDS poses to global economic development. It mentions 80 percents of deaths from NCDS occur in low- and middle-income nations according to the World Health Organization. It suggests vaccinations and reduced infant mortality have resulted in increased life expectancies for the poor in nations with little public support for the poor, resulting in increased odds of NCDS. It talks about the lack of regulations of alcohol, processed food products, and tobacco which increase NCDS risks.

Objective. To evaluate the healthcare and economic impact of routine hepatitis A vaccination of toddlers in Chile. Methods. We used a dynamic model of hepatitis A infection to evaluate the impact of a twodose vaccination program, administered at ages 12 and 18 months. The model incorporated the changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in Chile and the development of vaccine-induced herd immunity. Our analysis was conducted from the public payer perspective, and an estimation of the societal perspective was performed. Costs are expressed in 2005 U.S. dollars. Results. Vaccination of toddlers rapidly reduced the healthcare burden of hepatitis A. In the base case (95% vaccination coverage, 100-year time horizon, 1% annual decrease in force of infection), the average number of infections fell by 76.6% annually, and associated deaths fell by 59.7%. Even at 50% coverage, the program reduced infection rates substantially. Routine vaccination of toddlers had economic as well as health benefits, saving $4 984 per life-year gained (base case scenario). The program became cost saving after 6 years, and its overall cost-effectiveness per life-year gained was largely unaffected by changes in disease-related costs, herd immunity, coverage rate, and annual decrease in force of infection. Conclusions. Routine vaccination of toddlers will reduce the rates of symptomatic hepatitis A and associated mortality. The two-dose schedule evaluated here will be less expensive than disease-related costs in the absence of vaccination from the sixth year of its implementation. These findings support the establishment of a routine vaccination program for toddlers in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the progress in the hepatitis B prevention through administering the universal infant vaccination in China from 1997-2006. It is said that infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of illness and death of children in the region. China aims to reduce the chronic HBV infection among children by vaccinating them, also in the impoverished regions to ensure that infants born at home will be vaccinated within 24 hours of birth.

Discusses several drug-related research. Increase in the use of vitamins containing folic acid among U.S. women; Feasibility of universal influenza vaccination for infants; Safety in using over-the-counter diclofenac.

Offers advice on keeping babies healthy. Importance of vaccines to the immune system of babies; Ways to ensure the cleanliness of the environment of babies; Risks for babies who are exposed to cigarette smoke.

Reports on the outbreak of tuberculosis as declared by the Department of Health in 1993. Factors in the control and prevention of the disease; Policies concerning the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination; Incorporation of BCG into infant vaccination.

Se discurre sobre la decisión que tienen que tomar los padres sobre las vacunas para los bebés. La autora aboga por la participación de los padres en las decisiones médicas respecto a sus hijos y describe específicamente la cuestión de la vacunación para la enfermedad de la Hepatitis B. Se explican las ventajas y los riesgos de la vacuna para la enfermedad y se ofrecen consejos sobre la decisión de vacunar o no.

The article offers tips on how parents can keep their toddlers germ-free and healthy in the U.S. It mentions the need of parents to keep their infants away from people with symptoms of infections and wash hands to prevent the spreading of germs before carrying the infants. Parents also need to teach their toddlers to do hand washing when they reach the age of 8 to 12 months. Furthermore, it suggests the need of parents to wash the toys of their toddlers and to get them vaccinated.

The article provides information on a grant funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The grant is aimed at investigating the acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of promoting infant immunization during prenatal care visits that can encourage parents to vaccinate their children confidently. Eligible organizations include nonprofits having a 501(c)(3) status and public and state controlled higher education institutions.

Presents news briefs on adverse drug reactions as of April 17, 2004. Effect of bicalutamide on the risk of death in prostate cancer patients; Association of cisplatin-based antineoplastic therapy for ovarian tumours with the development of cardiovascular risk factors; Lack of evidence on the link between infant vaccinations and childhood asthma based on a report from U.S. researchers.

Discusses research being done on the interchangeability of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis in infancy, with reference to a study by D.P. Greenberg, et al, published in the April 2002 issue of 'Pediatrics.'

Two corrections are presented including one about a font that was said to be used on a university exam and another in regards to the article "Killer Cough," from the July 15, 2006 issue is presented.

This article discusses the author's experiences finding the right pediatrician for her baby. The author discusses the difficulties of contracting pediatricians and getting straight answers to questions about her child's health. She also relates the false information given to her friends by their pediatricians about thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative, in vaccinations for children. The author talks about the importance of finding a physician who is communicative, patient, and truthful.

Discusses how the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advisory committee voted unanimously to "recommend" flu shots for all 6 million healthy American babies between the ages of 6 and 23 months. This means that most doctors will do it and most private insurers will cover the cost--about $10 a shot. Recent studies have shown that children are at higher risk than we thought and that they can significantly benefit from vaccinations. Not only will vaccinations cut down on the flu, but it will make it easier to spot cases of SARS should that flulike disease re-emerge.

Reports on the trial of a DNA vaccine at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California which has raised hopes that babies could vaccinated against diseases soon after birth. Reasons why conventional vaccines do not work in very young babies; DNA vaccine as enabling babies to produce viral proteins inside their own cells.

The article reports on the efforts of governments to avert the onset of rubella epidemic worldwide. In Taiwan, the government gave thousands of doses of rubella vaccine to give babies full immunity against infection. In the U.S. drug manufacturers, including Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eli Lilly & Co. and Philips Roxane Laboratories, tested and make rubella vaccines based on the virus strains isolated by pediatricians Harry M. Meyer Jr. and Paul D. Parkman.

The article discusses the focus of vaccine manufacturers on vaccinating babies still in their mothers' wombs. Topics include concerns regarding the risk of vaccinations to the fetus, the efforts of companies such as Novavax and Pfizer to develop inoculations against group B strep and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's history of never approving vaccines specifically for safeguarding fetuses.

The article presents answers related to the question of whether or not there are safety issues if the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) or measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MRV) vaccinations are given to babies under nine months of age.

The article discusses the study which states that there are no new safety concerns with quadrivalent meningococcal diphtheria toxoid conjugate (MenACWY-D; Menactra) vaccination in infants or young children.

The article presents questions and answers related to vaccination of babies including why immunization is important, what is correct age for vaccination, and which all are the routine vaccines for babies.

The article provides information on infant hepatitis B vaccination recommendations revised by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

The article focuses on the changes in vaccination programs by general practitioners in of Great Britain in 2013 after a disease outbreak in 2012 due to vaccine shortages. It mentions that rotavirus vaccination, which is a treatment against gastroenteritis, will be provided for infants under four months by September 2013. It states that great Britain Department of Health is planning to spread an annual flu vaccination program for children ages two to 17 years of age. INSET: What's next for immunisation?.

The article discusses the importance for infants in the U.S. to have vaccination. It highlights the growing concerns of pediatricians on the alarming cases of preventable diseases due to the preferences of parents to delay or exempt their babies from vaccination. It reveals that serious allergic reactions to vaccines are barely quantifiable. It also dispels the association between vaccination and autoimmune diseases.