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We have determined different phase fractions from microscopy images using semi-automated image analysis fitting technique, and in addition we have classified each phase according to its hardness. The distribution of grayscale pixels of different phases is first characterised separately for each phase, which are sampled from the microscope image. After this the distributions of the separate phases are fitted to give the corresponding distribution of the whole image. The microhardness measurement provides reliability on the classification of the different phases to ferrite, bainite or martensite. In addition to describing the applied techniques in detail, we present the results obtained from the analysis for one steel subjected to isothermal holding experiments at different temperatures.

Online gas-solid adsorption studies with single-atom quantities of Hg, Tl, and Pb, the lighter homologs of the superheavy elements (SHE) copernicium (Cn, Z=112), nihonium (Nh, Z=113), and flerovium (Fl, Z=114), were carried out using short-lived radioisotopes. The interaction with Au and SiO2surfaces was studied and the overall chemical yield was determined. Suitable radioisotopes were produced in fusion-evaporation reactions, isolated in the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA, and flushed rapidly to an adjacent setup of two gas chromatography detector arrays covered with SiO2(first array) and Au (second array). While Tl and Pb adsorbed on the SiO2surface, Hg interacts only weakly and reached the Au-covered array. Our results contribute to elucidating the influence of relativistic effects on chemical properties of the heaviest elements by providing experimental data on these lighter homologs.

This work focuses on the properties of hydrolysis lignin biocarbons with a perspective on utilizing the biocarbons in pyrometallurgical processes. Even if the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) process route was replaced by emerging technologies with lower CO2emissions in the future, the need for carbonaceous materials in the iron and steel making industry will still exist. Most of these applications do not require as high standards for the properties of carbonaceous materials as BF but the requirements are still similar to those for BF. The most important properties of carbonaceous materials are the mechanical strength and suitable reactivity. In the case of biocarbon, the apparent density is also considered important. The reactivity and strength properties are investigated with isothermal reactivity tests and compression strength tests for the non-gasified and pre-gasified biocarbon and reference coke samples. The mass loss rate of coke gasification (-0.069%/min) was considerably lower than that of least reactive biocarbon L1200 (-0.18%/min). Regarding the compression strength of the samples, the strength of coke dropped by 56.44% for the samples of pre-gasification level of 50% compared to non-gasified samples while the drop was only 40.68% for the L1200 biocarbon samples. The level of gasification was found to have direct correlation with pore area percentage with R2value 0.92 in case of L1200 and 0.98 in case of coke. Further, the pore area percentage correlated with the compression strength with R2of 0.93 in case of L1200 and 0.98 in case of coke.