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The present work present a chronological account of the discovery, research, and recreational use of the hot and mineral springs of Costa Rica. The descriptions of the investigations carried out have been divided into five periods with a first period called pre-Columbian stage, conquest and Colony until 1755. The second period is defined from 1755 to1854, where the first formal descriptions are presented. The third period includes the first scientific investigations made by European scientists (1855 - 1873). The fourth period refers to a reduction in the number of researches (1874 - 1954) and the fifth, and last period includes modern research for recreational purposes and applied engineering (1955 - present). The main use of the geothermal energy is for electricity generation, and the mineral and hot springs has been use for tourism, in particular areas associated with volcanic terrains and faults; however, for therapeutic and medicinal use it is still very limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 10 years, the telecommunications sector in Latin America has substantially advanced. The digital divide with respect to the rest of the world has been narrowed, the traditional services--fixed and mobile--were multiplied by 6, many new services emerged, prices and use dropped, the total sector incomes showed a year-by-year increase, and the investments were above 164 billion dollars. However, as time passes by, Latin America has seen at all its position to change in the ranking of the Availability Network Rate (ANR). It is mainly due to the fact that the investment has not been enough: the investment breach if compared with the developed countries is still of about 300 billion dollars, equivalent to 120% of what has been invested in the region in the last twenty years. There are public policies that could help promote this investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (referred to as IDWA-I in this paper) was first proposed in 2007 for 23 member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and formed part of the Asian Water and Development Outlook (AWDO), 2007 brought out by the ADB. IDWA-I was obtained by averaging 5 separate component indicators referring to capacity to buy water, extent of resource availability, amount of water used, water quality (indicated by a proxy variable, namely the death rate due to diarrhoea) and the percentage of people with access. This paper reports the main results of IDWA-I and IDWA-II, in which we replace general access with specific access via home connection, alter discovering the relatively weak correlation between the two types of access. Because of the dominating influence of the other common components. IDWA-I and IDWA-II are highly correlated indicators. The two, however, bring out diverse relative ranks for different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I describe focalizing syntactic structures in which the so-called que galicado (que used instead of the "canonical" relative pronouns or adverbs) is used. I also make reference to its origins, which several scholars of Spanish have attributed to the influence of other Romance languages. Empirical studies, however, show that que galicado seems to relate to a generalized linguistic tendency, even though the contact of Spanish with other languages, especially French, could favor its use. Several studies on the subject show that the occurrence of que galicado seems to be conditioned by dialectal regions (more frequent use in Spanish speaking Latin America than in Spain), speakers' socioeconomic status, and most of all, by the syntactic function of the focalized constituent, its grammatical category and number of syllables. Some recommendations about the use of que galicado are made in the final part of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the debate of the orthographical reform of the Spanish language offering a frame for A. Bello's proposals. We gather the different sources and positions of this debate literally, by the selection, order and disposition of the key texts of different authors, giving the most relevant arguments -for or against the orthographical reform of the Spanish language- offered by each one of them. With this weaved selection we develop a hypertextual work in which several voices and texts are compared. In such a way, readers can form their own idea about the reform of the orthographical system of the Spanish language with the literal texts of the different quoted authors; therefore, readers can base their opinion on the for-or-against arguments that they consider more convincing. The text is structured as follows: 1) on the identification of the question, where the object, Spanish orthography, is stated as possible point to be reformed; 2) where the main arguments in favour of that reform are gathered and exposed; 3) where reserve and restraint of the reforming academic attitudes are presented. This third part includes the literal presentation of Bello's reform; its reasons, proposals, results and unresolved aspects, as well as Bello's answers to the preventions and objections to his proposal. The last part (4) offers the main arguments against this reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Endoscopica is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Endoscopica is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

If approved, it will be the second Covid-19 vaccine authorized for emergency use in the U.S.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturer says the trial participant's illness has nothing to do with the vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 10 years, the telecommunications sector in Latin America has substantially advanced. The digital divide with respect to the rest of the world has been narrowed, the traditional services--fixed and mobile--were multiplied by 6, many new services emerged, prices and use dropped, the total sector incomes showed a year-by-year increase, and the investments were above 164 billion dollars. However, as time passes by, Latin America has seen at all its position to change in the ranking of the Availability Network Rate (ANR). It is mainly due to the fact that the investment has not been enough: the investment breach if compared with the developed countries is still of about 300 billion dollars, equivalent to 120% of what has been invested in the region in the last twenty years. There are public policies that could help promote this investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]