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Purpose: When a catastrophic loss occurs, reconstructing the nail and nail bed can be difficult. In this review, we evaluated the current modes of treatment and trending innovations in the treatment of traumatic nail injuries. Method: We searched PubMed, and PubMed Central, using keywords and the medical subject headings [(nail injuries OR nail bed trauma OR nail deformities)] AND [(nail reconstruction OR nail bed regeneration OR nail treatment)]; relevant studies were selected. Result: A nail injury occurs when any part of the nail is cut, torn, smashed, or bruised from the skin. Minor injuries like swelling could be treated with over-the-counter pain medication, which usually clears within a week. However, in severe injuries such as amputation of the fingertips and other nail deformities, it can take several months for a nail bed to grow back. Such injuries require urgent treatment from experts, which may range from traditional surgical approaches (nail avulsion surgery, nail bed reconstruction surgery, nail fold excision, and phalangeal fracture repairs) to more recent regenerative approaches, utilizing nail-derived stem cells. Conclusion: While there is still a need for further research and clinical trials to fully understand the potential of nail-derived stem cells within regenerative engineering, the trend of therapeutic application of regenerative cells has already indicated a promising future for the field, and the potential to revolutionize the treatment of other tissues and organs. As the field of regenerative engineering continues to advance, there will be even more innovative approaches toward nail treatment for improved patient outcomes and quality of life. Lay Summary: There has been a progressive increase over the years in nail injury treatments utilizing newer approaches to restore function and aesthetic appearance. Nail injuries occur when any part of the nail is bruised or torn away. Minor injuries could be treated with off-the-counter medications; however, for severe injuries, patients are advised to seek immediate help from medical experts. Treatments may range from traditional surgical interventions including nail avulsion, nail bed reconstruction, nail fold excision, and fracture phalanges repair to a more futuristic regenerative approach, utilizing nail-derived stem cells. While there is a need for further investigations to fully understand the working principles of these stem cells, the view of such therapeutic applications in nails and other interventions holds strong promise as the field of regenerative engineering continues to advance.

This current work produced biodiesel from linseed oil using a novel heterogeneous catalyst—clay-doped barium chloride (CD-BaCl). The CD-BaCl catalyst was developed by mixing 10% barium chloride with clay, dried, and calcinated at 600 °C for 4 h. The raw clay and the synthesized catalyst were all appropriately characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) before and after treatment to ascertain their suitability for the process. The process variables (catalyst concentration, methanol/mol ratio, time, temperature, and agitation speed) were taken into consideration when modeling the responses (biodiesel yield, kinematic viscosity, and cetane number) using the response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The capability of the models was evaluated using the correlation coefficient (R2) and mean square error (MSE). The second-order polynomial model is shown in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with an R2, 0.9999; Adj R2, 0.9997; Pred R2, 0.9978 for biodiesel yield, R2, 0.9997; Adj R2, 0.9992; Pred R2, 0.9938 for kinematic viscosity, and R2, 0.9991; Adj R2, 0.9976; Pred R2, 0.9778 for cetane number, demonstrating the model’s acceptance. The low uncertainty values for (biodiesel yield, 1.4%; kinematic viscosity, 16%; and cetane number, 13%) depict the high reliability of the experiment, and the biodiesel fuel property performance indicators for ANN are thus as follows: biodiesel yield (R2= 0.99, MSE = 0.11), kinematic viscosity (R2= 0.99, MSE = 0.002), cetane number (R2= 0.99, MSE = 0.36), for ANFIS: biodiesel yield (R2= 0.946, MSE = 0.00074), kinematic viscosity (R2= 0.99, MSE = 0.00007), and cetane number R2= 0.99, MSE = 0.00035). The results showed that the ANN and ANFIS models performed effectively in prediction accuracy R2close to 1 and MSE close to 0. Additionally, the process was optimized using RSM and genetic algorithm (GA), with GA providing a better optimization with a biodiesel yield (89.54%), kinematic viscosity (5.5mm2/s), and cetane number (49.9) at a catalyst concentration of 3wt.%, a methanol/mol ratio of 12:1, a time of 3 h, a temperature of 70 °C, and an agitation speed of 300 rpm. According to (the American Society for Testing Materials) the ASTM D 6751 criteria, the produced biodiesel’s quality was evaluated. Nevertheless, the developed CD-Bacl catalyst successfully optimized the linseed transesterification process.

Recent advances in deep neural networks have opened up new possibilities for visuomotor robot learning. In the context of human–robot or robot–robot collaboration, such networks can be trained to predict future poses and this information can be used to improve the dynamics of cooperative tasks. This is important, both in terms of realizing various cooperative behaviors, and for ensuring safety. In this article, we propose a recurrent neural architecture, capable of transforming variable-length input motion videos into a set of parameters describing a robot trajectory, where predictions can be made after receiving only a few frames. A simulation environment is utilized to expand the training database and to improve generalization capability of the network. The resulting architecture demonstrates good accuracy when predicting handover trajectories, with models trained on synthetic and real data showing better performance than when trained on real or simulated data only. The computed trajectories enable the execution of handover tasks with uncalibrated robots, which was verified in an experiment with two real robots.

The kinetics and reaction mechanism of lard oil (LO) methanolysis heterogeneously catalyzed by thermally modified hybrid-banana-plantain-peel-ash catalyst in lard-oil methyl-ester production were explored. The catalyst properties were ascertained via instrumental assay. The kinetic evaluation was performed at the following reaction settings; 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C temperature, 10.5:1 methanol-to-LO-molar-proportion, 2.5 wt% catalyst amount as well as 0–3.5 h time range. Eley–Rideal-(ER) coupled with Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson reaction-mechanisms were employed to explore the kinetics evaluation. The rate expression based on surface-reaction between triglyceride and adsorbed-methanol (CH3OHS) as the rate-defining stage (RDS) in ER process was established to satisfy the investigational data. The thermodynamic along with the kinetic factors were established on the RDS of the lard oil methanolysis reaction. The activation-energy together with frequency aspect of the forward-reaction are 29.5 kJ/mol and 2.75 × 104h−1. The enthalpy-change-∆H, entropy-change-∆S, and Gibb’s free-energy-∆G of the activity are 29.5 kJ/mol, 63 kJ mol−1K−1, and 178 kJ. The consequent kinetic data forms the basis for the reactor design of the specific process.

Purpose: To improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy in treating osteoarthritis, we developed a cell-protective and cell-supporting injectable delivery system that can enhance cell retention and cellular functionalities within the target site. Methods: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were encapsulated in semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) hydrogels, composed of type I collagen with varying concentrations of collagen (3, 5, and 7 mg/mL) and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) (5 mg/mL). The hydrogels were analysed for their viscoelasticity, flow behaviour, enzymatic degradation, equilibrium water content, shrinkage, and cell encapsulation potentials. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate viability, proliferation, metabolic activity, morphology, stemness, and cytoskeletal development of the ADSCs within the hydrogels. Results: The in vitro studies showed that among other compositions, Col 5/HA 5 demonstrated better cell proliferation than Col 3/HA 5 and maintained elongated stem cell morphology compared to Col 7/HA 5. To further evaluate the effectiveness of these hydrogels with and without ADSCs in slowing down cartilage degeneration, in vivo studies were performed with Col 5/HA 5 for the treatment of rat knee OA. The reports demonstrated significant attenuation of OA related joint inflammation and cartilage degeneration using Col 5/HA 5 hydrogels. Conclusion: These results confirmed that semi-IPN type I collagen-HA hydrogel can be used as a potential candidate to improve the rate of clinical translation for stem cell therapies to treat OA. Lay Summary: In this study, an injectable delivery system that can enhance cell retention and cellular functionalities within a target site was developed to improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy in treating osteoarthritis. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were enfolded in hydrogels, that composed of type I collagen with different concentrations of collagen (3, 5, and 7 mg/mL) and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) (5 mg/mL). The hydrogels were analysed for their physical, chemical, biological potentials, to support the development of ADSCs within the hydrogels. Findings from the in vitro studies indicated that the compositions, Col 5/HA 5 demonstrated better cell proliferation than Col 3/HA 5 and maintained elongated stem cell morphology compared to Col 7/HA 5. Furthermore, the in vivo studies demonstrated significant reduction of OA related joint inflammation and cartilage degeneration using Col 5/HA 5 hydrogels. In conclusion, these results confirmed that semi-IPN type I collagen-HA hydrogel can be used as a potential candidate to improve the rate of clinical translation for stem cell therapies of treat OA. Graphical Abstract:

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global musculoskeletal disorder that affects primarily the knee and hip joints without any FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies. Animal models are essential research tools in developing therapies for OA; many animal studies have provided data for the initiation of human clinical trials. Despite this, there is still a need for strategies to recapitulate the human experience using animal models to better develop treatments and understand pathogenesis. Since our last review on animal models of osteoarthritis in 2016, there have been exciting updates in OA research and models. The main purpose of this review is to update the latest animal models and key features of studies in OA research. Method: We used our existing classification method and screened articles in PubMed and bibliographic search for animal OA models between 2016 and 2023. Relevant and high-cited articles were chosen for inclusion in this narrative review. Results: Recent studies were analyzed and classified. We also identified ex vivo models as an area of ongoing research. Each animal model offers its own benefit in the study of OA and there are a full range of outcome measures that can be assessed. Despite the vast number of models, each has its drawbacks that have limited translating approved therapies for human use. Conclusion: Depending on the outcome measures and objective of the study, researchers should pick the best model for their work. There have been several exciting studies since 2016 that have taken advantage of regenerative engineering techniques to develop therapies and better understand OA. Lay Summary: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disease without any cure that affects mostly the knee and hip joints and often results in surgical joint replacement. Cartilage protects the joint from mechanical forces and degrades with age or in response to injury. The many contributing causes of OA are still being investigated, and animals are used for preclinical research and to test potential new treatments. A single consensus OA animal model for preclinical studies is non-existent. In this article, we review the many animal models for OA and provide a much-needed update on studies and model development since 2016.

Solanum aethiopicumis used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of overweight, constipation and anaemia. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of S. aethiopicumon phenylhydrazine-induced anaemia in rats. Acute toxicity was determined in male and female rats (n?=?5/group/sex) by oral administration of single dose of up to 5000 mg/kg of the S. aethiopicumextract. The experimental rats were randomly grouped into five (5) groups of 6 rats each. Group (i) served as normal control, group (ii) negative control, group (iii) standard drug-5 mg/kg ferrous sulphate, groups (iv) and (v), 200 and 400 mg/kg of S. aethiopicumextract respectively. Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) was administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight for two consecutive days to groups (ii–v). After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed; blood, liver and kidney were collected. The haematological, lipid profile, liver and kidney function parameters were determined and the histopathology of the liver and kidney were examined. In acute toxicity study, no signs of toxicity or death were recorded. The study shows an observable significant (P?

Background: Knee orthoses have been extensively used as a nonsurgical approach to improving knee deficiencies. Currently, arthritic knee conditions remain the leading cause of disability, and this number is expected to increase. As the use of knee orthoses varies widely, so has their effectiveness which is still largely debatable. Here, we present the functions and effectiveness of the three most prominent knee orthotic models dedicated to supporting knee osteoarthritis—unloader, patellofemoral, and knee sleeves. Purpose/Research Question: Considering the depth and diversity of the many clinical studies and documented laboratory reports published to date, this literature review was created to educate the clinician, patient, and researcher on common knee orthoses used for the management of arthritic knee conditions. In doing so, we discuss their design, biomechanical effects, and clinical efficacy, as well as broader outcomes, limitations, and recommendations for use. Results/Synthesis: The knee orthoses discussed within the scope of this paper are dedicated to protecting the knee against strenuous compressive loads that may affect the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints of the knee. Since the knee has multiple axes of motion and articulating surfaces that experience different loads during functional activities, it can be implied that, to a large extent, knee brace designs can differ drastically. Unloader knee orthoses are designed to decrease tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint pressures. Patellofemoral knee orthoses are designed to decrease strain on the patellofemoral and quadriceps tendons while stabilizing the patella. Knee sleeves are designed to stabilize movements, reduce pain in joints, and improve proprioception across the knee joint. Conclusion: Although patients often report benefits from wearing braces, these benefits have not been confirmed by clinicians and scientific investigators. Results from these three orthosis types show that clinical efficacy is still elusive due to the different methodologies used by researchers. Layman Summary: Knee orthoses also referred to as knee brace are commonly used for support and stability of the knee. Unloader knee braces are designed to relieve and support those suffering from knee osteoarthritis by improving physical impairment and reducing pain. Patellofemoral knee braces aim to help patients manage patellofemoral pain syndrome. Rehabilitative compression sleeves, also known as knee sleeves, are often used to assist patients suffering from knee pain and laxity. Important findings on the three knee braces discussed show discrepancies in results. Their effectiveness and validity are yet to be understood.

Fixtures are essential to most assembly and machining processes. Their design is vital, as they have a direct effect on productivity, cost and quality. It is estimated that 40 percent [...]

Successful regeneration of critical-size defects remains one of the significant challenges in regenerative engineering. These large-scale bone defects are difficult to regenerate and are often reconstructed with matrices that do not provide adequate oxygen levels to stem cells involved in the regeneration process. Hypoxia-induced necrosis predominantly occurs in the center of large matrices since the host tissue’s local vasculature fails to provide sufficient nutrients and oxygen. Indeed, utilizing oxygen-generating materials can overcome the central hypoxic region, induce tissue in-growth, and increase the quality of life for patients with extensive tissue damage. This article reviews recent advances in oxygen-generating biomaterials for translational bone regenerative engineering. We discussed different oxygen-releasing and delivery methods, fabrication methods for oxygen-releasing matrices, biology, oxygen’s role in bone regeneration, and emerging new oxygen delivery methods that could potentially be used for bone regenerative engineering.

We aimed to develop readily measurable digital quality measure statements for clinical care in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using a multistep process guided by consensus methods. Using a modified Delphi process, an American College of Rheumatology (ACR) workgroup of SLE experts reviewed all North American and European guidelines from 2000 to 2020 on treatment, monitoring, and phenotyping of patients with lupus. Workgroup members extracted quality constructs from guidelines, rated these by importance and feasibility, and generated evidence‐based quality measure statements. The ACR Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness (RISE) Registry was queried for measurement data availability. In 3 consecutive Delphi sessions, a multidisciplinary Delphi panel voted on the importance and feasibility of each statement. Proposed measures with consensus on feasibility and importance were ranked to identify the top 3 measures. Review of guidelines and distillation of 57 quality constructs resulted in 15 quality measure statements. Among these, 5 met high consensus for importance and feasibility, including 2 on treatment and 3 on laboratory monitoring measures. The 3 highest‐ranked statements were recommended for further measure specification as SLE digital quality measures: 1) hydroxychloroquine use, 2) limiting glucocorticoid use >7.5 mg/day to <6 months, and 3) end‐organ monitoring of kidney function and urine protein excretion at least every 6 months. The Delphi process selected 3 quality measures for SLE care on hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoid reduction, and kidney monitoring. Next, measures will undergo specification and validity testing in RISE and US rheumatology practices as the foundation for national implementation and use in quality improvement programs.

Purpose: Aspirates from the liposuction procedures have been identified as a potential source of cells, termed the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that could be utilized for regenerative engineering purposes owing to their multipotent capability. They stimulate regenerative effect through the secretion of biologically active molecules that act in a paracrine fashion to enhance angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic, and immuno-modulation responses at targeted tissue. As the prospects in SVF continue to drive interest among scientists, there have been corresponding innovations added, many of which have been patented or are currently in the process. This review aims at exploring the relevant additions to our previous knowledge of SVF. Method: Patent on stromal vascular fraction, patent on adipose tissue, or adipose tissue products were searched on PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, https://patents.justia.com/patent/, and http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/from 2005 to 2020. Withdrawn, abandoned, or inactive applications were excluded. Result: There were many innovations in isolation methods, isolation kits, characterization molecules, purification, pharmacological mechanisms, and implant/graft/therapeutic applications of SVF. These were highlighted under subcategories and the scope of inventions including methods of cell isolation and processing; methods and devices for the application of SVF; and therapeutic application of SVF for diseased conditions. Each subcategory was further summarized by detailing its inventors, patent number, the field of invention, description, and major claims. Conclusion: The recent patented innovations from basic and clinical studies indicate that SVF has the prospect of providing a better quality of life to patients. Though the FDA is yet to approve the clinical use of SVF, more studies are ongoing to standardize the processes involved and also provide more evidence to support the safety. Lay Summary: The aspirates from liposuction contain a fraction that holds in native cells, termed the stromal vascular SVF. Due to the regenerative potentials of SVF, there has been an increased research interest, with corresponding discoveries. These include the methods of isolation, isolation kits, characterization and purification makers, mechanism of action, applications, and therapies. In this report, a summary of some of the active and recently applied patents on SVF was detailed. These native cells are made up of a mixture of populations, which has the potential for application in regenerative engineering. They can be obtained through mechanical or enzymatic means and produce their regeneration effect mainly by the secretion of bioactive molecules that can modulate immune responses and inflammations. In conclusion, these recent patented innovations indicated that SVF has the prospect of providing a better quality of life to patients; however, more studies are needed before approval from the FDA for clinical applications.

Abstract This article focuses on recent disturbing trends opposed to Christian unity in Nigeria that have both remote and immediate causes. Although the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) was formed [...]

This paper is aimed at investigating the mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered alumina (Al2O3) reinforced with tungsten-carbide-cobalt (WC-12wt%Co). Pure Al2O3 and admixed-Al2O3 powders were sintered using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique at a temperature of 1800°C, heating and cooling rates of 100 °C/min and 200 °C/min, a pressure of 48 MPa in an argon atmosphere. The density, hardness (HV) and indentation fracture toughness (KIC) of the sintered samples were measured and compared. Between 9 and 17% increase was observed in the HV values of the additives, while the KIC value recorded an increase between 17 and 63% for all the additive as compared to pure Al. Phase analysis and identification was carried out with X-ray diffraction and microstructure was taken with scanning electron microscope. The results obtained showed the samples potential for cutting tool applications.

This article primarily sets out to investigate whether Igbo (African) thoughts on death might be considered Heideggerian or not. It does so by analysing and juxtaposing five key elements of Heidegger’s existentialist analysis of Dasein’s death with some important features of Igbo (African) thoughts on death. This is aimed at challenging an identifiable attempt by scholars like Chukwuelobe and Onwuanibe to couch the Igbo metaphysics of death in Heideggerian terms. Therefore, the main argument of the article is that the important features of Igbo thoughts on death, as outlined by these scholars, substantially conflict with key elements of Heidegger’s existentialist analysis of Dasein’s death. To make this case, the article thoroughly examines the key elements in both the Heideggerian and the Igbo frameworks, showing that they could hardly be reconciled. Though the article identifies some scholars and zeroes in on them, it simultaneously serves a larger pre-emptive purpose of pointing out the many hurdles that may have to be overcome in any attempt to align Igbo thoughts on death with Heidegger’s framework. This pre-emptive aspect is a worthwhile philosophical task in itself, given that the theme of death occupies an important place in both the existentialist tradition and in Igbo philosophy.

This study presented hybrid genetic algorithm adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (GA-ANFIS) modelling, cuckoo search algorithm optimization (CSAO), and scale-up techno-economics of Azadirachta indicaleaves’ microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Box-Behnken design (BBD) of Design-Expert software was used to design MAE experiment using microwave power (520–1040 watts), extraction time (2–10 min), and solid–liquid ratio (0.4–1 g/ml) with two dependent variables: total phenolic content (TPC) and total extractible yield (TEY). Predictive GA-ANFIS and CSAO models for the MAE were implemented in Matlab 2019environment. ASPEN base-case simulation and economic analysis for the phenolic extract recovery were achieved using CSAO optimal conditions. Process profitability uncertainty analyses were conducted with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). BBD model results gave coefficient of determination (R2) 0.949 and 0.952 for TEY and TPC, respectively. GA-ANFIS results gave training R20.989, testing R20.999 and training R20.995, testing R20.992 for the TEY and TPC prediction, respectively. CSA optimal region for the extract recovery gave microwave power 1040 W, extraction time 4 min, S/L ratio 0.4, TEY 33.3%, and TPC 10 mg GAE/g dw. ASPEN base-case techno-economic results gave batch size (1.49 kg), batch time (135 min), total capital investment ($211,172), annual production cost ($42,386), net present value ($150,298), payback time (5.84 years), and rate of return (17%). The MCS profitability risk analysis revealed that the associated uncertainty for the process is less than 1%. Therefore, this work shows that Azadirachta indicaleaves extract production using green technology is feasible.

Autonomous truck platoon (ATP) deployment on road networks has recently attracted significant interest for its potential economic and environmental benefits. However, the impact of platooning on bridges is a concern because of the differences in their live load characteristics compared with those in the existing bridge design specifications. One of the primary aspects in the safe deployment of ATP is to evaluate the reliability of bridge designed using the existing provisions for live loads from potential configurations of ATP. An analysis procedure is proposed and demonstrated for a simple span steel composite bridge designed according to the existing design provisions. Given that many characteristics of the live load distribution such as the bias factor, coefficient of variation (CoV), and the dynamic amplification factor are presently not known for ATP, a parametric approach is used. The bias factor, dynamic amplification, and CoV are parametrized to calculate the live load distribution and quantify its impact on the reliability index. A two-truck platoon with different headway spacings constituted by different trucks in a single lane scenario is considered. The results indicate that the two single lane bridges designed according to existing design specifications are generally reliable (i.e., achieved the target reliability for which the bridge was initially designed) for the range of ATP live loads investigated when the CoV is less than 0.07, bias close to one and headway distances are above 17 ft. Future studies are suggested to include bridges with multiple spans, other bridge types, and a larger number of trucks in the platoons. The main contribution of this paper is to quantify the reliability indices of selected steel composite bridges designed using the existing specifications but subjected to various configurations of ATP loads and the influence of different components of the live load model attributed to the latter.

Background: Knee orthoses have been extensively used as a conservative approach in protecting the knee against injury and treating knee deficiencies. In this review, we present three categories of knee orthotic models dedicated to supporting ligament tissues, stabilizing the knee, restricting abnormal displacement, and augmenting the knee joint. Prophylactic knee orthoses are the lateral knee guard worn by athletes taking part in contact sports to protect against valgus stresses on the MCL. Functional knee braces are a class of knee orthoses designed for corrective action after an injury has occurred, while rehabilitative knee braces are worn in postoperative recovery, to protect the healing ligaments and meniscus from any reinjury. The effectiveness of prophylactic knee braces on MCL injuries varies widely among users; more so, functional knee braces help athletes during both the early and late stages of postoperative recovery. Generally, knee braces are considered a potential cost saving approach in treating knee-related injuries, considering the ever-increasing healthcare cost associated with knee surgeries and rehabilitation programs. Purpose/Research Question: Many clinical results and experimental studies published up-to-date on knee braces remain largely inconclusive on their clinical efficacy, nonetheless, making it challenging for clinicians to recommend their use to for patients. This review offers to discuss three types of knee orthoses, namely prophylactic, functional, and rehabilitative. In this review, we aim to provide a detailed account of different knee bracing solutions to educate the clinician, patient, and the researcher on common knee orthoses used for the management of ligament injuries and knee instabilities. In doing so, we discuss the most significant question regarding their clinical efficacy, duration of use, and whether postoperative functional bracing during rehabilitation is effective.  Results/Synthesis: This reports indicated that discrepancies in the effectiveness and benefits of prophylactic knee brace have led to issues with its generalizability and recommendation about continuous use, which have remained unfavorable. Prophylactic braces can be presumed anecdotal with little to no scientific support, though their earlier use claims to decrease knee injuries. Theoretically, functional knee braces impart stability to the knee joint during rotation or when anteroposterior movement is a concern or the need for support after an ACL injury repair. Functional knee braces aim to correct valgus and varus misalignment—generally utilizing an external valgus force to reduce load on the medial compartment of the knee joint. A series of studies that investigated subjective and clinical assessments of ligamentous injuries in ACL-deficient subjects using functional knee braces showed mixed results. Rehabilitative knee braces are typically used to protect healing ligamentous grafts after ACL reconstruction, typically for no longer than few months due to their cumbersome nature. Rehabilitative braces are beneficial for their protective effect during the early stages of postoperative recovery through their restriction of range of motion. Conclusion: Important findings on the three knee orthotic models indicated mixed results. The clinical efficacy as well as their validity are yet to be understood due to different approaches being employed by investigators. Layman Summary: Knee orthoses also known as knee braces are commonly used for knee support and stability. The types of knee braces discussed in this review aim to protect the medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint from adverse conditions. These categories of knee braces augment the knee against ligament injuries, meniscus tear, muscle laxity, and knee instability. Prophylactic knee braces are designed to protect the knee and are frequently worn by athletes involved in contact or high-impact sports that predisposed the knee to potential injuries.

This study introduces cow hoof as a novel biomass for producing activated carbon aimed at cyanide removal from cassava wastewater. It uniquely evaluates how in-situ and ex-situ activation methods impact the cyanide adsorption capacity of the synthesized activated carbons. The effects of impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature, and carbonization time on the cyanide adsorption capacity of cow hoof-derived activated carbons (ACs) produced via these activation methods were investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Functional and morphological characterizations revealed that both ACs possess highly porous surfaces with well-developed adsorption-active functional groups. The high correlation coefficients of the derived models (R² of 0.9681 for in-situ and 0.9961 for ex-situ activation) demonstrate the models' accuracy in predicting the activation process. Optimization results indicated that the in-situ-derived AC achieved a maximum cyanide adsorption capacity of 92.67 % at an impregnation ratio of 1.676 g/g, a carbonization temperature of 707 °C, and a carbonization time of 175 min. The ex-situ-derived AC achieved a comparable adsorption capacity of 93.12 % at an impregnation ratio of 1.526 g/g, an activation temperature of 655 °C, and an activation time of 162 min. Given the marginal difference in adsorption capacities, both activation methods are effective, but the ex-situ activation method is preferable as it produced AC with comparable cyanide adsorption capacity while requiring a shorter activation time and lower activation temperature than the in-situ method. This results in reduced energy consumption and faster processing, making the ex-situ method a more efficient and cost-effective option for producing high-performance activated carbon for cyanide removal.

Developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) are key regulatory endpoints for the protection of human health. DART assessments require large numbers of animals, are expensive and often run at late stages of drug development. Therefore, new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being developed to transition away from animal testing. These NAMs (including in silicomodels) can be used to screen for DART hazards at the early stages of compound development and may in the future be used for regulatory DART assessments. Due to the implications of a mischaracterised developmental toxicant, both high confidence and understanding of the assessments made using NAMs will be required; it is likely that multiple NAMs will be needed in order to replace the current animal-based assessments. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) serve as a pragmatic tool for documenting mechanisms of toxicity. NAMs can be associated to key events (KEs) along an AOP, providing context to their outputs, and therefore increasing confidence in their use. It is likely that networks of pathways will be required for a specific toxicity endpoint in order to confidently apply an AOP-based approach to safety assessments. An insufficient number of DART AOPs are currently described within the public domain; therefore, using a literature-based approach, a network consisting of 340 KEs (including 68 MIEs) was developed. This foundation of pathways was made chemically aware through the association of relevant assays, data and expert rule-based structural alerts to appropriate KEs. The use of the network as a hazard screening tool was assessed, and the application of this to aid an ICH S5 workflow investigated. The knowledge captured within this AOP network can also guide the further development and use of DART-relevant NAMs and integrated approaches to testing and assessments (IATAs).

This study is on the modeling of fermentable sugar production process; obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of Colocynthis vulgaris Shrad seeds shell (CVSSS) using the response surface methodology (RSM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The sugar was hydrolysed from the CVSSS using Aspergillus Niger isolated from soil. The RSM and ANFIS models were evaluated by considering the hydrolysing temperature, time and pH as input variables, whereas the percentage yield of sugar was the response factor or the output factor. Four statistical error tasks were additionally, applied to relate the adequacy of the two models. The result showed that, fermentable sugar can be obtained from the CVSSS with A. nigeras a biocatalyst. The ANFIS and RSM tools presented a nigh perfection, in predicting the yield of fermentable sugar from CVSSS with R squared value of 0.9986 and 0.9975, correspondingly. Additional statistical guides gave acceptance to ANFIS as a better predictive tool, in the enzymatic hydrolysis of CVSSS. Optimization result with ANFIS tool, presented an optimum hydrolysis efficiency of 60.65%.

In this work, process simulation, techno-economic study and Neuro-Fuzzy (NF) production rate prediction of colourant extract production from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Leaf Shealth (SBLS) were studied. The Base Case Simulation (BCS) material and energy balance, economic and sensitivity analyses were carried out in Aspen Batch Process Developer (ABPD) V10® simulator. NF codes for the production rate forecasting were written and executed in MATLAB 9.2 software. For BCS, the plant was designed to process 683,000 kg of SBLS with 1,966 batches/annum at production rate of 1.81 kg/minute for 30 years lifetime. The BCS gave annual total capital investment US$ 1,279,078 and annual production cost US$ 18,391,821; while annual net profits US$ 658,960, Return on Investment (ROI) US$ 51% and Payback Time (PT) 1.94 years with US$ 19,124,000/yr as minimum selling price of the biocolourant. The sensitivity analysis revealed that increase in plant capacity and sales price increased ROI and decrease in PT to less than 365 days. NF results gave correlation coefficient 0.998 and root mean square error 0.000075 with linear output and triangular input membership function. The techno-economic analysis revealed that biocolourant production from the biomass is economically feasible and NF is capable of predicting the production rate

The use of natural fibres in fibre-reinforced composites comes with drawbacks. They are highly hydrophilic, leading to high moisture absorption and poor interfacial adhesion in matrix-reinforcement bonds. This affects the fibres’ thermal stability as well as mechanical properties, hence limiting their wider application. This paper reviewed different ways in which natural fibres have been treated to improve hydrophobicity, reinforcement-matrix interfacial adhesion and thermal stability. It will investigate. among others, treatments like alkali, acetylation, bleaching, silane, benzoylation and plasma, which have been found to improve fibre hydrophobicity. The literature reviewed showed that these methods work to improve mechanical, chemical, and morphological properties of natural fibres by removing the amorphous surface, thus allowing for more efficient load transfer on the fibre-matrix surface. Studies in the literature found alkali treatment to be the most common surface modification treatment due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, plasma treatment has emerged due to its lower processing time and chemical consumption. A comparative analysis of other improved properties was also investigated.

Purpose: The knee joint is prone to osteoarthritis (OA) due to its anatomical position, and several reports have implicated the imbalance between catabolic and anabolic processes within the joint as the main culprit, thus leading to investigations towards attenuation of these inflammatory signals for OA treatment. In this review, we have explored clinical evidence supporting the use of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), known for its anti-inflammatory characteristics for the treatment of OA. Methods: Searches were made on PubMed, PMC, and Google Scholar with the keywords “adipose fraction knee regeneration, and stromal vascular fraction knee regeneration, and limiting searches within 2017–2020. Results: Frequently found interventions include cultured adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), SVF, and the micronized/microfragmented adipose tissue-stromal vascular fraction (MAT-SVF). Clinical data reported that joints treated with SVF provided a better quality of life to patients. Currently, MAT-SVF obtained and administered at the point of care is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but more studies including manufacturing validation, safety, and proof of pharmacological activity are needed for SVF. The mechanism of action of MAT-SVF is also not fully understood. However, the current hypothesis indicates a direct adherence and integration with the degenerative host tissue, and/or trophic effects resulting from the secretome of constituent cells. Conclusion: Our review of the literature on stromal vascular fraction and related therapy use has found evidence of efficacy in results. More research and clinical patient follow-up are needed to determine the proper place of these therapies in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Lay Summary: Reports have implicated the increased inflammatory proteins within the joints as the main cause of osteoarthritis (OA). This has attracted interest towards addressing these inflammatory proteins as a way of treatment for OA. The concentrated cell-packed portion of the adipose product stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from liposuction or other methods possesses anti-inflammatory effects and has been acclaimed to heal OA. Thus, we searched for clinical evidence supporting their use, for OA treatment through examining the literature. Data from various hospitals support that joints treated with SVF provided a better quality of life to patients. Currently, there is at least one version of these products that are obtained and given back to patients during a single clinic visit, approved by the FDA.

•Viable route for WGB catalyzed waste Mutton methanolysis is presented.•WGBC has high purity, stability, sufficient porosity and homogeneous structure.•WGBC showed high reusability after 5th cycle and yield of biodiesel (87 %).•WGBC contains mainly of apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2).•The 800oC calcination temperature gave the highest biodiesel.•GC-MS and FTIR confirmed the biodiesel as fit for diesel engine.

The effectiveness of using complex salt–Luffa cylindricaseed extract (CS-LCSE) in a coagulation/flocculation (CF) method for the treatment of textile wastewater was investigated. Jar test procedure was used at different pH (2–10), dosage (1000–1800 mg/L) and stirring time (10–30 min). The optimum condition for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color/total suspended solids (CTSS) from textile wastewater was determined. Response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models were used to predict COD and CTSS removal efficiencies from textile wastewater under different conditions. The adequacy and predictive relevance of the three optimization methods were assessed using regression coefficient (R2), and mean square error (MSE). ANFIS (R20.9997, MSE 0.0002643), ANN (R20.9955, MSE 0.0845014) and RSM (R20.9474, MSE 1.049412) are the model indicators for CTSS removal, while for COD removal, the indicators are: ANFIS (R20.9996, MSE 0.0038472), ANN (R20.9885, MSE 0.0160658) and RSM (R20.9731, MSE 0.9083140). The suitability of ANFIS models over ANN and RSM in predicting COD and CTSS removal efficiency is demonstrated by the results obtained.

The interest in conventional, non-nuclear submarines has not decreased since the end of the East-West confrontation. These submarines are considered assets for cover operation and as deterrents to potential adversaries.

The article focuses on the 150th edition of the periodical focusing on Bavarian literature.

Nigerian Elefun Kaolinite Clay is a potential precursor for Zeolite-Y-based catalyst production, a raw material that is very useful during oil refining operation. However, fundamental process engineering studies that are necessary for the zeolite production scale-up and process design have not been investigated. Therefore, this study is based on ASPEN batch simulation and comparative study between response surface methodology and neural-fuzzy modelling with optimization of Zeolite-Y synthesis from Nigerian Elefun Metakaolin (NEM). Base case simulation model of Zeolite-Y production from NEM was performed in ASPEN Batch Process Developer (ABPD) V10 environment. Box Behnken Design (BBD) in Design Expert Software V10 was used to develop predictive model for optimization study and its prediction was compared with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model in MATLAB environment. Optimal conditions that maximized batch throughput of Zeolite-Y production were achieved using numerical optimization algorithm in BBD. ASPEN base case batch simulation gave batch size 0.00821 kg, cycle time 36.1 h and production rate 0.000352 kg/h. The correlation coefficients (R2) of predictive BBD and ANFIS models gave 0.9976 and 1, respectively. Optimum conditions of factors used for Zeolite-Y production via numerical optimization are 0.00854 kg zeolite per batch, sulphuric acid concentration 0.201539, sodium hydroxide concentration 2.00057 and partition coefficient of 0.010001 with desirability of 0.991. Thus, this study shows that ABPD, ANFIS and BBD are capable of simulating, predicting and optimizing Zeolite-Y production from NEM. The data obtained from this study serve as precursors to scale-up study, techno-economic feasibility and uncertainty analysis of the zeolite production.

It is well known that materials of same indentation hardness do not necessarily exhibit the same wear behaviour. A nanomechanical test is required, to describe the behaviour more accurate. The Mohs minerals define a relative hardness scale by scratch testing samples. They are used as a reference. This set of standard minerals is tested by conventional quasistatic nano-indentation testing as well as by nanoscratch testing. The objective is to define whether the scratch resistance and wear behaviour of the minerals is better tested by indentation testing or rather by scratch testing.

Purpose: This study aims to perform biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina(V. amygdalina) (bitter leaf) and determine their therapeutic effects on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a rat model. Methods: In a reaction involving V. amygdalinaplant extract and a silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution, the resultant biogenic AgNPs were characterised by Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometric, SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction analysis. Animal experiments involved thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into six groups (A to F; n = 5). Group A received only subcutaneous injection of olive oil daily while the other groups got 3 mg/kg/daily of testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously plus 50 mg/kg/daily of AgNPs intraperitoneally (B), TP plus 25 mg/kg/daily of AgNPs (C), TP only (D), 25 mg/kg/daily of AgNPs only (E) and TP plus 10 mg/kg/daily of Finasteride orally (F). The animals were sacrificed after 14 days, serum collected and assayed for four reproductive hormones, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine while the prostate was collected for histological analysis. Results: Biogenic AgNPs with an average diameter of 34 nm were synthesized. Biogenic AgNPs ameliorated hormone-induced prostate enlargement with significant increase in prostate weight (p &lt; 0.0001) compared to placebo and finasteride treatment. Administration of biogenic AgNPs significantly increased body weight and serum testosterone level. Liver function parameters appear normal while nephrotoxicity appears to be present. Conclusion: Biogenic AgNPs is beneficial in the treatment of BPH. Safety and long term effects should however be properly evaluated.

AbstractPurposeCoconut water is used in folklore medicine for oral rehydration, treatment of childhood diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and cholera, and is also known to possess antioxidant properties.ObjectiveIn this study, we examined the ameliorative potentials of coconut water on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity in rats.Materials and methodsRats were randomly assigned into separate cages according to the sex of 5 groups. Groups 2–5 were intraperitoneally injected a single dose of 1 mL/kg CCl4diluted in olive oil. Only 3, 4 and 5 were orally given 2, 4, 6 mL/kg coconut water respectively, whereas groups 1 and 2 received distilled water.ResultsTreatment with coconut water significantly (p < 0.05) increased red blood cell, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, total protein, and albumin compared to the negative control in both sexes of the rats. Furthermore, platelets, white blood cells, urea, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, malondialdehyde, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control in both male and female rats.ConclusionThus, coconut water supplementation may reverse CCl4induced toxicity and distortions on haematological parameters, lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes, liver and kidney biomarkers in rats.

Medicines related problems (MRPs) can be common in frail older people due to age-compromised body systems and a propensity to be on multiple drugs concurrently. This group of people can also succumb to a rapid deterioration in health. Thus, it is important to investigate MRPs in frail older people. The objectives of the study were to evaluate prevalence of MRPs, types of MRPs, risk factors and deterioration that can be associated with MRPs in frail older people admitted to an English teaching hospital from primary care.

In an effort to understand the biological capability of polyphosphazene-based polymers, three-dimensional biomimetic bone scaffolds were fabricated using the blends of poly[(glycine ethylglycinato)75(phenylphenoxy)25]phosphazene (PNGEGPhPh) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and an in vivo evaluation was performed in a rabbit critical-sized bone defect model. The matrices constructed from PNGEGPhPh–PLGA blends were surgically implanted into 15 mm critical-sized radial defects of the rabbits as structural templates for bone tissue regeneration. PLGA, which is the most commonly used synthetic bone graft substitute, was used as a control in this study. Radiological and histological analyses demonstrated that PNGEGPhPh–PLGA blends exhibited favorable in vivo biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, as the newly designed matrices allowed new bone formation to occur without adverse immunoreactions. The X-ray images of the blends showed higher levels of radiodensity than that of the pristine PLGA, indicating higher rates of new bone formation and regeneration. Micro-computed tomography quantification revealed that new bone volume fractions were significantly higher for the PNGEGPhPh–PLGA blends than for the PLGA controls after 4 weeks. The new bone volume increased linearly with increasing time points, with the new tissues observed throughout the defect area for the blend and only at the implant site’s extremes for the PLGA control. Histologically, the polyphosphazene system appeared to show tissue responses and bone ingrowths superior to PLGA. By the end of the study, the defects with PNGEGPhPh–PLGA scaffolds exhibited evidence of effective bone tissue ingrowth and minimal inflammatory responses. Thus, polyphosphazene-containing biomaterials have excellent translational potential for use in bone regenerative engineering applications.

Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the most common synovial joint disorder worldwide, with a growing incidence due to increasing rates of obesity and an aging population. A significant amount of research is currently being conducted to further our understanding of the pathophysiology of knee osteoarthritis to design less invasive and more effective treatment options once conservative management has failed. Regenerative engineering techniques have shown promising preclinical results in treating OA due to their innovative approaches and have emerged as a popular area of study. To investigate these therapeutics, animal models of OA have been used in preclinical trials. There are various mechanisms by which OA can be induced in the knee/stifle of animals that are classified by the etiology of the OA that they are designed to recapitulate. Thus, it is essential to utilize the correct animal model in studies that are investigating regenerative engineering techniques for proper translation of efficacy into clinical trials. This review discusses the various animal models of OA that may be used in preclinical regenerative engineering trials and the corresponding classification system. Lay Summary: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the most common synovial joint disease worldwide, with high rates of occurrence due to an increase in obesity and an aging population. A great deal of research is currently underway to further our understanding of the causes of osteoarthritis, to design more effective treatments. The emergence of regenerative engineering has provided physicians and investigators with unique opportunities to join ideas in tackling human diseases such as OA. Once the concept is proven to work, the initial procedure for the evaluation of a treatment solution begins with an animal model. Thus, it is essential to utilize a suitable animal model that reflects the particular ailment in regenerative engineering studies for proper translation to human patients as each model has associated advantages and disadvantages. There are various ways by which OA can occur in the knee joint, which are classified according to the particular cause of the OA. This review discusses the various animal models of OA that may be used in preclinical regenerative engineering investigations and the corresponding classification system.

Abstract: Metallosis is defined as the accumulation and deposition of metallic particles secondary to abnormal wear from prosthetic implants that may be visualized as abnormal macroscopic staining of periprosthetic soft tissues. This phenomenon occurs secondary to the release of metal ions and particles from metal-on-metal hip implants in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis. Ions and particles shed from implants can lead to local inflammation of surrounding tissue and less commonly, very rare systemic manifestations may occur in various organ systems. With the incidence of total hip arthroplasty increasing as well as rates of revisions due to prosthesis failure from previous metal-on-metal implants, metallosis has become an important area of research. Bodily fluids are electrochemically active and react with biomedical implants. Particles, especially cobalt and chromium, are released from implants as they abrade against one another into the surrounding tissues. The body’s normal defense mechanism becomes activated, which can elicit a cascade of events, leading to inflammation of the immediate surrounding tissues and eventually implant failure. In this review, various mechanisms of metallosis are explored. Focus was placed on the atomic and molecular makeup of medical implants, the component/surgical associated factors, cellular responses, wear, tribocorrosion, joint loading, and fluid pressure associated with implantation. Current treatment guidelines for failed implants include revision surgery. An alternative treatment could be chelation therapy, which may drive future studies. Lay Summary: Arthroplasty is an invasive procedure which disrupts surrounding joint tissues, and can greatly perturb the joint’s immune homeostasis. In some instances, this may pose a difficult challenge to implant integration. Particles released from implants into the surrounding joint tissues activate the body’s defense mechanism, eliciting a cascade of events, which leads to biotribocorrosion and electrochemical attacks on the implant. This process may lead to the release of even more particles. Besides, implant makeup and designs, frictions between bearing surfaces, corrosion of non-moving parts with modular junctions, surgical mistakes, patient factor, comorbidities, and loosened components can alter the expected function of implants. High accumulations of these ions and particulates result in metallosis, with accompanying adverse complications. Current recommended treatment for failed prosthesis is revision surgeries. However, chelation therapy as a prophylactic intervention may be useful in future efforts but more investigation is required.

Robots are no longer stand-alone systems on the factory floor. The demand for industrial robots (market) is anticipated to be growing to 65 billion euros by the year 2023. Within all areas of robotics, the demand for collaborative and more flexible systems is rising as well. The level of desired collaboration and increased flexibility will only be reached if the systems are developed as a whole, e.g. perception, reasoning and physical manipulation. The rising need for collaborative robots in the automation industry is acting as a driver for this market and is expected to serve as a market opportunity for future growth. However, at the same time especially smaller companies have difficulties to formulate a concrete vision and strategies for the uptake of robotics, finding skilled workforce to develop and deploy the robot systems and/or work in the manufacturing industry. A number of Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) have been developed to enhance the knowledge and technology transfer from laboratories to factory floors, mitigating the skills gap and supporting the formulation of innovation ecosystems with the specific focus on small and medium-sized companies around Europe. The main aim of this paper is to introduce the concept and approach taken in H2020 TRINITY-project that aims to develop a Robotics Innovation Hub focused on Agile Production. The paper will introduce the concept and technical approach of the project, and discusses the preliminary results, challenges and opportunities of these kind of DIHs.

The central argument of this article is that there is a remarkable conceptual parallel between Hegel’s famous notion of the “cunning of Reason” and the philosophically profound concept of Chiin Igbo metaphysics. By way of establishing this parallel, the article advances the following subsidiarybut complementarypoints: Chiis also “cunning” in its dynamics; both principles (i.e. Chiand Reason/Spirit) are non-deterministic because they try to maintain a dialectic balancebetween destiny and individual responsibility; both possess divine attributes; and community serves as an invaluable medium of operation for both. The scholarly significance of the article lies in its attempt not only to systematise the Igbo thought on Chiby eliminating the vestiges of discredited “ethno-philosophy”, but also to open up a constructive dialogue between Hegel and elements of African philosophy, using Igbo metaphysics as a placeholder. This is against the backdrop of certain discontents generated by Hegel’s famous uncomplimentary and racist remarks on Africa. Seen in this light, the article may well be an exercise in “rapprochement”.

This study predicted three-leaved yam starch drying using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). The input and output variables were drying temperature, time, air velocity and exergy efficiency (EE) as well as sustainability index (SI), respectively. The EE performance indices are: ANN (R2= 0.999, MSE = 7.40038E-13), ANFIS (R2= 0.251, MSE = 0.001) and SVM (R2= 0.999, MSE = 3.25E-06). The SI prediction indices are: ANN (R2= 0.99, MSE = 1.0E-10), ANFIS (R2= 0.41, MSE = 0.010) and SVM (R2= 0.61, MSE = 0.051). The results indicated that ANN and SVM gave the best prediction for exergy efficiency (EE); while only ANN model is capable of predicting TLYS sustainability index (SI).

To analyse and document anthropometric parameters of the normal human auricle among Nigerians of Cross River State origin as well as to evaluate sexual dimorphism and auricular growth variation among the age groups of this population.