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ABSTRACTIntroduction: It is well known that cancer cells have an altered metabolism both to meet the energy needs and to provide initial molecules for the synthesis of macromolecules. To cope with the new metabolic state, different forms of certain enzymes are expressed in extreme amounts. These enzymes are seen as very attractive targets to deal with cancer. Pyruvate kinases isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) is a key enzyme that determines whether glucose is used for energy or synthesis of biosynthetic molecules. The dimeric form of PKM2 main form in several cancer cells serves the formation of synthetic precursors required for the cell growth and proliferation from glycolytic intermediates.Areas covered: This article reviews appropriate publications on PKM2 activators from the points of view of synthesis and biological activities between 2011–2017. Herein, based on the chemical structure, PKM2 activators are classified into sulfonamide, phenolic, carboxamide and pyridopyrimidinone derivatives.Expert opinion: PKM2 activation inhibits cell growth and proliferation by decreasing a number of biomolecules required for cell building. Therefore; PKM2 activators are considered as an ideal drug for or the treatment of many cancer pathogens. It is necessary to discover new, more active and selective compounds for PKM2 activation.

In the present study, the purpose is to develop an application within the context of active learning methods and techniques by using educational games to teach the topic “cell” in elementary school science and technology course and evaluate its impacts on academic achievement. In the study, “Achievement Test” was used in line with pretest-posttest design to collect data. The control group consists of 72 sixth grade students and the experimental group consists of 121 sixth grade students, totally 193 students make up the study group. In the analysis of the data, Two-Way ANOVA for Mixed Measures test was employed. The analysis revealed a significant difference between the mean achievement score of the experimental group and that of the control group favoring the experimental group.

In this study it is aimed to determine preservice science teachers’ and elementary teachers’ level of understanding about measurement units, and devices; and misconceptions about basic science concepts (mass, weight, density, heat, temperature, energy, specific heat etc.). The sample included 92 undergraduate students who are second year preservice elementary teacher; and first and second year elementary science teacher. In this study the data was collected through data meaning-analysis table, which is one of the types of related diagram. In order determine the cause of the problems they encounter while learning measurement devices and units, 12 participants were interviewed using open-ended questions as well. It has been found that preservice teachers have misconceptions in the concepts and units about mass, weight, heat, temperature, energy and specific heat. Interview showed that more attention should be given to related courses which focus on measurement devices and units.