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AbstractOutdoor field experiences have long been part of the traditional curriculum in geoscience-related disciplines and are considered a key aspect of professional development in these areas. When the COVID-19 pandemic forced the cancelation of many field excursions around the world, geoscience departments were forced to make abrupt changes to the ways students would be introduced to field study. Virtual field experiences, which were often utilized prior to COVID-19 in a variety of ways, including preparation for in-person fieldwork, increasing student interest, and increasing student accessibility, were developed and employed as alternative options to in-person field experiences. This embedded mixed-methods study used open, hierarchical coding schemes with referential category structure to code open-ended survey responses from 89 department heads and 27 instructors in geoscience-related departments across the U.S. The study was aimed at better understanding acceptance and familiarity with VFEs, motivations for use, and the benefits and barriers encountered during development and implementation. Binary quantitative data was collected to identify institution type, familiarity with, and motivation for the use of VFEs. Opportunities for student diversity, inclusion, and access for students from historically underrepresented groups (BIPOC, disabled students, women, and LGBTQ + students) were the most immediate benefits recognized. The most often cited barriers were time, skills, and resources needed to create VFEs and put them to use. As VFEs have been utilized in a variety of ways before and during COVID-19, it has become increasingly necessary to discuss the roles they will play going forward in academic and professional geoscience-related spaces.

Reaction of the ruthenium carbene complex Cp*(IPr)RuCl (1) (IPr = 1,3-bis(Dipp)imidazol-2-ylidene; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) with sodium phosphaethynolate (NaOCP) led to intramolecular dearomatization of one of the Dipp substituents on the Ru-bound carbene to afford a Ru-bound phosphanorcaradiene, 2. Computations by DFT reveal a transition state characterized by a concerted process whereby CO migrates to the Ru center as the P atom adds to the π system of the aryl group. The phosphanorcaradiene possesses ambiphilic properties and reacts with both nucleophilic and electrophilic substrates, resulting in rearomatization of the ligand aryl group with net P atom transfer to give several unusual metal-bound, P-containing main-group moieties. These new complexes include a metallo-1-phospha-3-azaallene (Ru─P═C═NR), a metalloiminophosphanide (Ru─P═N─R), and a metallophosphaformazan (Ru─P(═N─N═CPh2)2). Reaction of 2with the carbene 2,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe4) produced the corresponding phosphaalkene DippP═IMe4.

•The use of HCT to treat malignant conditions in children has risen over 5 decades, with increased long-term survival rates.•Childhood HCT survivors have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to the general population.•HCT survivors are significantly less insulin sensitive and have adverse cardiovascular disease risk profiles compared to sibling controls.•Body mass index provides a less accurate depiction of adiposity in HCT survivors, with more accurate insights from dual X-ray absorptiometry scans.•Total body irradiation-containing conditioning regimens leads to notable body composition changes in HCT survivors, such as decreased lean body mass and increased percent fat mass.

IntroductionThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued proposed product standards banning menthol as a characterising flavour in cigarettes and cigars. The public health benefits of these product standards may be attenuated by the role of plausible substitutes in the marketplace. Therefore, the present study examined the addiction potential of plausible combustible menthol alternatives compared with usual brand menthol cigarettes (UBMC).MethodsNinety-eight adult menthol cigarette smokers completed four visits, smoking their UBMC at the first session and three menthol cigarette alternatives in random order at the subsequent visits: (1) a preassembled menthol roll-your-own (mRYO) cigarette using menthol pipe tobacco and mentholated cigarette tube, (2) a menthol filtered little cigar (mFLC) and (3) a non-menthol cigarette (NMC). Measures of smoking topography, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), craving and withdrawal, subjective effects and behavioural economic demand indices were assessed.ResultsCompared with UBMC, menthol cigarette alternatives resulted in different puffing topography and CO exposure (except mRYO), and lower levels of positive subjective experience and behavioural economic demand indices. Among the alternative products, participants reported the highest level of positive subjective experience and higher demand for mRYO, compared with mFLC and NMC. Similarly, participants were significantly more likely to want to try again, purchase and use the mRYO product regularly compared with mFLC and NMC.Conclusions and relevancemRYO cigarettes were the most highly rated cigarette alternative among study products, suggesting their potential appeal as a menthol cigarette substitute and needed inclusion of menthol pipe tobacco and cigarette tubes in FDA’s proposed ban.

Penetrating injury to the head and neck accounts for a minority of trauma but significant morbidity in the US civilian population. The 3-zone anatomical framework has historically guided evaluation and management; however, the most current evidence-based protocols favor a no-zone, systems-based approach. In stable patients, a thorough physical examination and noninvasive imaging should be prioritized, with surgical exploration of the head and neck reserved for certain circumstances. Diagnostic and management decisions should be tailored to the mechanism of injury, history, physical examination, experience of personnel, availability of equipment, and clinical judgment.

The field of behavior analysis has experienced marked growth in the number of credentialed professionals over the last decade. This growth may have implications for the quality of staff training, performance management, and supervision practices provided in human service settings. The purpose of this survey was to extend DiGennaro Reed and Henley (2015) by surveying credentialed and aspiring behavior analytic professionals on the staff training, performance management, and supervision practices available at their current place of employment. Three main differences were observed in relation to the findings of DiGennaro Reed and Henley. The current findings indicate notable changes in the demographic characteristics of survey respondents. In addition, we observed modest increases in the use of best practices for initial and ongoing training and performance management. Results also indicate several areas of concern regarding the provision of supervisory skills training.

Objective(s):Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users are subject to health care disparities resulting from communication and language barriers. Currently, few resources on advance care planning and end-of-life care exist in ASL. This study explores Deaf ASL users’ perceptions and experiences with end-of-life care and advance care planning. Methods:Semi-structured 1:1 interviews with Deaf signers were translated, and transcribed into English by a bilingual researcher. Investigators inductively coded transcripts and identified themes of barriers, facilitators, knowledge, and sources of information regarding end-of-life care. Participants’ knowledge of advance care planning and completion of advance care planning documents were evaluated using a brief assessment. Results:Eleven Deaf ASL users participated in the study with two deaf interviewers. Participants reported barriers to end-of-life care including poor provider communication, inaccessible sources, and inadequate provision of accommodations, leading to patient distrust. Participants’ understanding of advance care planning was facilitated by accessible forms of communication and their social networks, such as family, friends, and Deaf peers. Participants primarily gained information on end-of-life care from first-hand familial experience, peers, and media. Participants’ mean advance care planning knowledge was 4.6 out of 15 (SD  =  2.6). Conclusions:Deaf ASL users face scarce accessible resources around end-of-life care, lowering their ability to understand and proceed with advance care planning. Implementation of ASL accessible advance care planning educational tools in health care settings is needed.

In February 2014, I deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) as a rifle platoon leader in Chosen Company, 2nd Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment, which was assigned to Combined [...]

Over the past 5 years, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Department of Surgery has taken a keen interest in the practice of surgery in rural Alabama and has established the UAB surgery community network. Our goal is to improve the delivery of surgical care in rural areas through active recruitment of rural surgeons, the development of research around rural surgery practice, and the expansion of a surgery network throughout the state. Here, we will present the challenges faced by rural surgery, our early work to address these challenges, and offer a plan for moving forward.

Objectives: Spindle cell neoplasms (SCN) share a single commonality of spindle-shaped cells on histopathology but are diverse in etiology. Expanding our collective knowledge of these neoplasms could further research in targeted therapies. We present a case of pediatric cutaneous SCN with a novel etiology, and the methods used to identify its origination.Case Presentation and Results: A 1.5-year-old child presented with a 7-month history of a rapidly enlarging, erythematous, non-painful scalp mass without ulceration or bleeding. The child underwent ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, revealing a 2.9 × 3 × 2 cm vascular mass without intracranial connections. The mass was successfully resected at surgery. Subsequent histopathologic and genetic testing indicated a SCN harboring a previously undescribed gene rearrangement between adenylate kinase 5 (AK5)and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). The patient received close clinical follow-up and at 6 months post-surgery had no recurrent disease.Conclusions: ALKrearrangements are common amongst many tumor types, but to our knowledge, AK5::ALKrearrangement has never been reported in SCN. Considering the rapid development of targeted clinical therapies, including those targeting ALKactivity, this finding could be significant in the treatment of future patients with similar clinicopathologic and genetic presentation.

The United States is currently in the fourth wave of the overdose crisis wherein stimulants together with fentanyl are the major drivers of overdose deaths. To date, there has been limited effort outside the US Veterans Administration Health System health system to disseminate evidence-based treatment for people with stimulant use disorder. Contingency management, a behavioral intervention in which positive reinforcement is provided for a target behavior indicating treatment progress, has decades of empirical support but limited implementation in real-world, non-US Veterans Administration Health System settings. The purpose of the report is to provide an overview of contingency management, the barriers to adoption, and recommendations for overcoming these barriers.

IMPORTANCE: Controversy exists regarding management of the clinically node-negative neck in patients with recurrent larynx or hypopharynx cancers who received total laryngectomy after definitive radiation with or without chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical and oncologic outcomes after elective neck dissection vs observation in patients who received clinically node-negative salvage total laryngectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study was performed from January 2009 to June 2021 at a single, high-volume tertiary care center. Follow-up was conducted through June 2021 for all patients. Survival outcomes were based on at least 2 years of follow-up. Patients aged 18 years or older with recurrent, clinically node-negative larynx or hypopharynx tumors after definitive nonsurgical treatment who were treated with a salvage total laryngectomy were included. Data were analyzed from October 2021 through September 2022. EXPOSURES: Elective neck dissection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Presence and location of occult nodal metastasis in electively dissected necks, along with differences in fistula rates and overall and disease-free survival between patients receiving elective neck dissection vs observation. RESULTS: Among 107 patients receiving clinically node-negative salvage total laryngectomy (median [IQR] age, 65.0 [57.8-71.3] years; 91 [85.0%] men), 81 patients underwent elective neck dissection (75.7%) and 26 patients underwent observation (24.3%). Among patients with elective neck dissection, 13 patients had occult nodal positivity (16.0%). Recurrent supraglottic (4 of 20 patients [20.0%]) or advanced T classification (ie, T3-T4; 12 of 61 patients [19.7%]) had an occult nodal positivity rate of 20% or more, and positive nodes were most likely to occur in levels II and III (II: 6 of 67 patients [9.0%]; III: 6 of 65 patients [9.2%]; VI: 3 of 44 patients [6.8%]; IV: 3 of 62 patients [4.8%]; V: 0 of 4 patients; I: 0 of 18 patients). There was a large difference in fistula rate between elective neck dissection (12 patients [14.8%]) and observed (8 patients [30.8%]) groups (difference, 16.0 percentage points; 95% CI, −3.4 to 35.3 percentage points), while the difference in fistula rate was negligible between 50 patients undergoing regional or free flap reconstruction (10 patients [20.0%]) vs 57 patients undergoing primary closure (10 patients [17.5%]) (difference, 2.5 percentage points; 95% CI, −12.4 to 17.3 percentage points). Undergoing elective neck dissection was not associated with a clinically meaningful improvement in overall or disease-free survival compared with observation. Recurrent hypopharynx subsite was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.81 to 10.09) and distant recurrence (hazard ratio, 7.94; 95% CI, 2.07 to 30.48) compared with glottic subsite. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, patients with recurrent supraglottic or advanced T classification tumors had an increased occult nodal positivity rate, elective neck dissection was not associated with survival, and patients with recurrent hypopharynx subsite were more likely to have a distant recurrence and die of their disease. These findings suggest that underlying disease pathology rather than surgical management may be associated with survival outcomes in this population.

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) people are at higher risk than their non-DHH counterparts of experiencing adverse birth outcomes. There is a lack of research focusing on social, linguistic, and medical factors related to being DHH which may identify groups of DHH people who experience more inequity.

The professionalization of the fields of health education and health promotion has largely coincided with the completion of job task analysis conducted by major organizations in the field (e.g., the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Society for Public Health Education). The process through which these job task analyses and skill-based competencies are implemented in professional preparation programs poses a risk to stifle advancement and innovation in health education and promotion. In this perspective, we discuss Competency Focused Practice (the current state of the field) to a goal of Philosophically Grounded Practice. We provide comparisons of the implications of these two schools of thought with respect to ethics, social determinants of health, and practical methods in health education and promotion.

In the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and 2,6-lutidine, α,α-disubstituted aldehydes condense with electron-rich aromatic aldehydes to yield β,β-disubstituted styrenes. More electron-rich aromatic aldehydes react more rapidly and in higher yield. Preliminary results suggest that the reaction may proceed via the ionization and formal deformylation of an aldol intermediate.

We previously reported that administration of Cryptococcus neoformansΔsgl1mutant vaccine, accumulating sterylglucosides (SGs) and having normal capsule (GXM), protects mice from a subsequent infection even during CD4+T cells deficiency, a condition commonly associated with cryptococcosis. Here, we studied the immune mechanism that confers host protection during CD4+T deficiency. Mice receiving Δsgl1vaccine produce IFNγ and IL-17A during CD4+T (or CD8+T) deficiency, and protection was lost when either cytokine was neutralized. IFNγ and/or IL-17A are produced by γδ T cells, and mice lacking these cells are no longer protected. Interestingly, ex vivo γδ T cells are highly stimulated in producing IFNγ and/or IL-17A by Δsgl1vaccine, but this production was significantly decreased when cells were incubated with C. neoformansΔcap59/Δsgl1mutant, accumulating SGs but lacking GXM. GXM modulates toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR2. Importantly, neither Δsgl1nor Δcap59/Δsgl1stimulate IFNγ or IL-17A production by ex vivo γδ T cells from TLR2−/−mice. Finally, TLR2−/−animals do not produce IL-17A in response to Δsgl1vaccine and were no longer protected from WT challenge. Our results suggest that SGs may act as adjuvants for GXM to stimulate γδ T cells in producing IFNγ and IL-17A via TLR2, a mechanism that is still preserved upon CD4+T deficiency.

Over the past two decades, there has been increasing recognition of the importance and merits of increasing representation of historically underrepresented minorities in the health professions. However, people with disabilities are less discussed in these efforts. More than one in four of U.S. adults have a disability; yet it seems that these individuals are less represented in the field of health education. This commentary discusses the merits of increasing representation of people with disabilities in the health education/promotion profession and calls for preparation programs and professional organizations to reduce systemic barriers and facilitate increased representation.

Objectives Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users comprise a linguistic and cultural minority group that is understudied and underserved in health education and health care research. We examined differences in health risk behaviors, concerns, and access to health care among Deaf ASL users and hearing English speakers living in Florida.Methods We applied community-engaged research methods to develop and administer the first linguistically accessible and contextually tailored community health needs assessment to Deaf ASL users living in Florida. Deaf ASL users (n = 92) were recruited during a 3-month period in summer 2018 and compared with a subset of data on hearing English speakers from the 2018 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 12 589). We explored prevalence and adjusted odds of health behavior, including substance use and health care use.Results Mental health was the top health concern among Deaf participants; 15.5% of participants screened as likely having a depressive disorder. Deaf people were 1.8 times more likely than hearing people to engage in binge drinking during the past month. In addition, 37.2% of participants reported being denied an interpreter in a medical facility in the past 12 months.Conclusion This study highlights the need to work with Deaf ASL users to develop context-specific health education and health promotion activities tailored to their linguistic and cultural needs and ensure that they receive accessible health care and health education.

Sedentary behavior is an emerging public health issue. Frequent, brief bouts of walking are recommended by experts to reduce the health risks correlated with physical inactivity and prolonged sedentary periods. The purpose of the current study was to extend the literature by evaluating a remote, technology‐based contingency management (CM) intervention that reinforced frequent, brief bouts of walking to decrease prolonged periods of sitting during the workday. A packaged intervention consisting of a contingency contract, monetary incentives, goal setting, textual prompts, and performance feedback was implemented with individuals with sedentary job responsibilities working from home during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The intervention increased the number of physically active intervals to mastery for 4 participants, thereby disrupting prolonged periods of sedentary time. For 2 participants, the intervention did not meaningfully increase the number of physically active intervals. Results suggest that a remote, digital CM intervention can decrease sedentary behavior in home office environments.

Both 1,4-phenlyene diisocyanide (PDI) and 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) have been found to oligomerize on Au(111) to form one-dimensional molecular conductors. Here, the structure of an asymmetric version of these molecules, 4-isocyanophenyl disulfide (ICPD), is studied on a Au(111) single crystal in ultrahigh vacuum using reflection–absorption infrared (RAIRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The vibrational modes of ICPD are assigned with the help of Gaussian 09 calculations. ICPD multilayer structures adsorb randomly in a cis conformation at ∼130 K before transforming to the trans conformer on heating to ∼220 K and subsequently transforms to a more ordered structure at ∼270 K prior to multilayer desorption. Three regimes are identified for monolayer ICPD adsorption on Au(111) at 300 K. The first region is identified by XPS and RAIRS as adsorbing by S–S bond scission in a flat-lying geometry. In the second region, free isocyanide modes are detected and XPS results show the presence of surface-bound sulfur species indicating the formation of a more perpendicular structure. As the exposure increases further to saturation, the XPS spectra indicates the presence of an intact S–S bond, while the RAIRS results show a bound isocyanide mode, implying the presence of an intact disulfide bond remote from the surface in a species that is bound to the surface through the isocyanide functional group.

Following interpersonal transgressions, both victims and offenders can experience psychological loss owing to threatened needs for agency and moral-social identity. Moral repair is the process by which these losses are restored. Rather than involving only intraindividual static processes, research is starting to recognize that moral repair is dyadic, reciprocal, and interactionist. It involves the victim and offender coengaging with one another, reciprocally responding to the other's psychological needs, and coconstructing a shared understanding of what has occurred, their relationship, and a way forward. Each of these steps represents periods of vulnerability where the losses of a transgression can be repaired — or exacerbated.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems enable firms to attain information technology integration. Such integration results in a uniform information system across the entire organization, thus augmenting performance. In this article, the issues and performance of Oracle ERP are discussed based on perspicacious exploratory analyses conducted in two manufacturing firms located in Ohio and Wisconsin. The factors of influence to implement Oracle ERP systems, various issues involved in the process of implementation, and performance of the systems are discussed in detail. The triangulation technique was used to make sure that the qualitative and quantitative findings were congruent. The results of the quantitative analysis and details of the constructs and items identified to measure the constructs are explained elsewhere by the first author. Oracle ERP systems enabled these firms to perform better by simplifying and streamlining their information retrieval and dissemination processes. Oracle's Web-based network computing architecture (NCA) offers many advantages, such as higher scalability and better coordination with suppliers and customers. These case studies provided a foundation for future research to build theoretical models.

The human chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 bind to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CCR7 and play an important role in the trafficking of immune cells as well as cancer metastasis. Conserved binding sites for sulfotyrosine residues on the receptor contribute significantly to the chemokine/GPCR interaction and have been shown to provide promising targets for new drug-discovery efforts to disrupt the chemokine/GPCR interaction and, consequently, tumor metastasis. Here, we report the first X-ray crystal structure of a truncated CCL19 (residues 7–70) at 2.50 Å resolution, revealing molecular details crucial for protein–protein interactions. Although the overall structure is similar to the previously determined NMR model, there are important variations, particularly near the N terminus and the so-called 30’s and 40’s loops. Computational analysis using the FTMap server indicates the potential importance of these areas in ligand binding and the differences in binding hotspots compared to CCL21. NMR titration experiments using a CCR7-derived peptide (residues 5–11, TDDYIGD) further demonstrate potential receptor recognition sites, such as those near the C terminus and 40’s loop, which consist of both positively charged and hydrophobic residues that may be important for receptor binding. Taken together, the X-ray, NMR, and computational analysis herein provide insights into the overall structure and molecular features of CCL19 and enables investigation into this chemokine’s function and inhibitor development.

Objectives: Direct support professionals (DSPs) play a critical role in health-related outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) who reside in congregate living settings. Large behavioral healthcare organizations often rely on staff to function as peer trainers for newly hired DSPs. Organizations should adopt empirically supported training techniques to prepare peer trainers for their role and develop systems to ensure ongoing integrity of the training system. The purpose of this program description is to summarize consultation activities that attempted to create these systems. Methods: Staff members were trained to function as peer trainers, an assessment was conducted to determine the barriers to training in the natural environment, and a systems-level intervention informed by the assessment was implemented to improve peer trainer integrity. Results: The assessment revealed peer trainers were often unaware when they were expected to train and did not receive feedback or programmed consequences for training newly hired DSPs. A systems-level intervention containing a prompt (reminder) about upcoming training and feedback plus a monetary incentive produced improvements in trainer integrity. Conclusions: A systems-level intervention based on an assessment can improve peer trainer integrity. Ensuring peer trainer integrity increases the likelihood that newly hired DSPs will implement health-related protocols with individuals with IDD.

Aging increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease which is associated with arterial senescence; however, the mechanisms responsible for the development of cellular senescence in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remain elusive. Here, we study the effect of aging on arterial DNA damage and telomere dysfunction. Aging resulted in greater DNA damage in ECs than VSMCs. Further, telomere dysfunction–associated DNA damage foci (TAF: DNA damage signaling at telomeres) were elevated with aging in ECs but not VMSCs. Telomere length was modestly reduced in ECs with aging and not sufficient to induce telomere dysfunction. DNA damage and telomere dysfunction were greatest in atheroprone regions (aortic minor arch) versus non-atheroprone regions (thoracic aorta). Collectively, these data demonstrate that aging results in DNA damage and telomere dysfunction that is greater in ECs than VSMCs and elevated in atheroprone aortic regions.

American beaver (Castor canadensis) have been translocated for population restoration, reduction of human‐wildlife conflict, and enhancement of ecosystem function. Yet few studies have assessed dispersal of beaver, making it difficult to determine at what scale translocations are appropriate. Genetic studies can provide inferences about gene flow, and thus dispersal. We used a landscape genetic approach to evaluate whether landscape features influenced gene flow among beaver in the Coast Range of western Oregon, USA, using samples collected April–September 2014. We collected genetic samples from live‐captured (n= 232), road‐killed (n= 2) and trapper‐provided (n= 58) tissue samples and genotyped them at 10 microsatellite loci. We mapped records of beaver translocations into or within the study area during the twentieth century to consider the effect of those movements on genetic structure. We used population assignment tests to delimit genetic clusters, evaluated correspondence of those clusters with watershed boundaries and translocation history, and then estimated differentiation between clusters and between watersheds using model‐based and model‐free approaches. We evaluated how individual genetic differences varied with geographic distance, and investigated related pairs within clusters. We developed landscape resistance models incorporating slope, distance to water, and watershed boundaries at 2 scales, and estimated effective distances between sample locations with least cost path and circuit theoretic analyses. We evaluated the correlation of individual genetic distances with effective distances using a pseudo‐bootstrapping approach. Landscape genetic models did not explain spatial variation in genetic structure better than geographic distance, but hierarchical genetic structure corresponded with watershed boundaries and suggested influences from historical translocations. Pairwise individual genetic distances were positively correlated with geographic distances to 61 km; highly‐related pairs mostly were detected <1 km apart (median = 1.0 km, x¯= 14.6 ± 2.3 [SE] km, n= 77). We concluded that slope and distance to water did not strongly limit dispersal and gene flow by beaver in this system, but concordance of genetic structure with watershed boundaries suggests that dispersal is more common within than between watersheds. Genetic differentiation of beaver within this topographically complex system was much greater than reported in a study at similar spatial scales in relatively flat topography. We recommend that translocation efforts of American beaver in topographically complex landscapes occur within watersheds when possible but conclude that dispersal can occur across watersheds. © 2021 The Wildlife Society. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. We detected relatively strong genetic differentiation of American beaver in the Coast Range of Oregon, USA, 2014, apparently shaped by watersheds and translocation history. We recommend that translocation efforts of beaver in topographically complex landscapes occur within watersheds when possible but conclude that dispersal can occur across watersheds.

•We introduce the correlative components of sexism and sexual prejudice.•Religiously situated gender inequality and sexual prejudice is detrimental to health.•Conservativism partially mediates the relationship between religion and prejudice.•Not all religious environments foster sexism/sexual prejudice.

The current study evaluated the efficacy of a video‐based training to teach 4 staff working in a human service setting to use behavioral skills training (BST) to teach job‐related skills to others. Low levels of BST integrity were observed during baseline. Immediately after viewing a 13‐min training video, 2 participants implemented BST at mastery (i.e., 100% integrity). The remaining 2 participants required brief supplemental performance feedback to reach criterion performance. The effects of the training generalized to training 2 novel skills and maintained in follow‐up probes conducted 1 to 4 weeks posttraining. A social validity measure indicated high levels of satisfaction with the video‐based training and high acceptability of BST. Implications of these findings for organizational training practices and directions for future research are discussed.

The world is now believed to be operating in a no-analogue state, exceeding the norms of any point in documented history. Substantial disturbance of our natural environmental systems threatens life on Earth. Innovation and change are critical. Social science has historically played a vital role in amassing a body of knowledge implicating potential avenues for change. As a field, behavior analysis must keep pace with this ongoing sustainability agenda. The goal of the present review is to provide a summary of empirical works published by behavior analytic outlets to date focused on target variables of interest regarding environmental sustainability. We examined 50 experiments in their historical context and with respect to various methodological qualities. Results reveal a renewed interest in this area by behavior analysis within the most recent 5 years. We then address gaps in the literature and the means by which new efforts might be maximally contributive toward the advancement of global sustainability.

Background: Many surgeons rely on the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Community Forums for advice on managing complex patients. Our objective was to assess the safety and usefulness of advice provided on the most popular surgical forum. Methods: Overall, 120 consecutive, deidentified clinical threads were extracted from the General Surgery community in reverse chronological order. Three groups of three surgeons (mixed academic and community perspectives) evaluated the 120 threads for unsafe or dangerous posts. Positive and negative controls for safe and unsafe answers were included in 20 threads, and reviewers were blinded to their presence. Reviewers were free to access all online and professional resources. Results: There were 855 unique responses (median 7, 2–15 responses per thread) to the 120 clinical threads/scenarios. The review teams correctly identified all positive and negative controls for safety. While 58(43.3%) of threads contained unsafe advice, the majority (33, 56.9%) were corrected. Reviewers felt that a there was a standard of care response for 62/120 of the threads of which 50 (80.6%) were provided by the responses. Of the 855 responses, 107 (12.5%) were considered unsafe/dangerous. Conclusion: The ACS Community Forums are generally a safe and useful resource for surgeons seeking advice for challenging cases. While unsafe or dangerous advice is not uncommon, other surgeons typically correct it. When utilizing the forums, advice should be taken as a congregate, and any single recommendation should be approached with healthy skepticism. However, social media such as the ACS Forums is self-regulating and can be an appropriate method for surgeons to communicate challenging problems.

Context: With increased use of cannabis-based products by the public for both recreational and medical use, sports medicine clinicians should be informed of historical context, current legal considerations, and existing evidence with regard to efficacy, safety, and risks in the athletic community.Evidence Acquisition: A review of ClinicalTrials.gov, MEDLINE, and CINAHL from 2015 to present was conducted with emphasis on the most recent literature using search terms, cannabis, nabiximols, cannabinoids, pain management, THC, CBD, and marijuana. Bibliographies based on original search were utilized to pursue further literature search.Study Design: Clinical review.Level of Evidence: Level 3.Results: At present, limited high-quality studies exist for use of cannabinoids for acute pain, chronic pain, or concussion. None of the trials involving cannabinoids included the athletic population. Thus, results from this clinical review are extrapolated to conditions of the sports medicine population. For acute pain, 2 small-randomized double-blinded crossover trials concluded no immediate effect of cannabinoid therapy. More robust evidence exists for treatment of chronic pain conditions through meta-analysis and systemic reviews. Cannabinoid therapy exhibits moderate efficacy as a treatment for some chronic pain conditions. Investigations included a broad spectrum of chronic pain conditions, including neuropathic, musculoskeletal, inflammatory, and central pain conditions, and reveal reduction in pain and improvement of quality of life with limited adverse effects. For concussion, evidence is based on preclinical in vitro and animal models revealing possible neuroprotective effects as well as 2 clinical studies involving the presence of cannabinoids for concussion (some sports-related), but there are no high-quality trials evaluating efficacy for treatment with cannabinoids at this time.Conclusion: Although various biochemical explanations exist on the use of cannabinoid therapy through modulation of the endocannabinoid system for several medical issues affecting athletes, recommendations from clinicians must be extrapolated from a majority of research done in the nonathletic population. Lack of strong-quality clinical evidence, coupled with inconsistent federal and state law as well as purity issues with cannabis-based products, make it difficult for the sports medicine clinician to widely recommend cannabinoid therapeutics at present. Future larger, higher quality clinical research studies with standardized pure extracts will better guide appropriate medical use going forward. At present, evidence for a multitude of therapeutic applications is emerging for cannabinoid treatment approaches. With emphasis placed on patient-centered clinical decisions, cannabinoids hold promise of treatment for athletes with chronic pain conditions. Clinicians who treat the athletic community must consider legal and ethical issues when discussing and recommending the use of cannabinoids, with acknowledgment of inconsistencies in purity of various formulations and concerns of drug testing.

The ability to differentiate between highly similar C–H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in organic chemistry. In particular, the lack of sufficient steric and electronic differences between C–H bonds located distal to functional groups has prevented the development of site-selective catalysts with broad scope. An emerging approach to circumvent this obstacle is to utilize the distancebetween a target C–H bond and a coordinating functional group, along with the geometryof the cyclic transition state in directed C–H activation, as core molecular recognition parameters to differentiate between multiple C–H bonds. In this Perspective, we discuss the advent and recent advances of this concept. We cover a wide range of transition-metal-catalyzed, template-directed remote C–H activation reactions of alcohols, carboxylic acids, sulfonates, phosphonates, and amines. Additionally, we review eminent examples which take advantage of non-covalent interactions to achieve regiocontrol. Continued advancement of this distance- and geometry-based differentiation approach for regioselective remote C–H functionalization reactions may lead to the ultimate realization of molecular editing: the freedom to modify organic molecules at any site, in any order.

Purpose: This paper examines how informal knowledge transfer processes unfold during the repatriation of Malaysian executives. The goal is to develop a repatriate knowledge transfer process model, explaining the informal process through which repatriates make decisions about and transfer newly acquired knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: Given the unexplored nature of the informal knowledge transfer process the study investigates, this research adopts an exploratory qualitative research approach using interview data from 10 Malaysian corporate executives over a period of 14 months, covering prerepatriation and postrepatriation stages. Findings: The findings indicate that from the repatriates' perspectives, the process flows during repatriates' knowledge transfer depend on the ability and motivation of repatriates, as well as their opportunity to communicate the newly acquired knowledge to their home country organization. We likewise learned that the repatriates' ability to overcome repatriate adjustment and knowledge transfer challenges is crucial in order for them to proactively initiate informal knowledge transfer. Practical implications: This research is significant as it will assist current and future expatriates to plan and prepare for repatriation and eventual knowledge transfer. The findings will also be useful to organizations that employ repatriates in preparing action plans for repatriation rather than solely focusing on expatriation. Originality/value: Research and practice formally argue that expatriates are expected to transfer knowledge from the home country organization to the host country organization. While on assignment, expatriates become exposed to various types of new knowledge during the assignment, setting them up to disseminate this newly acquired knowledge to their home country organization upon repatriation – however, knowledge transfer upon repatriation is largely informal. This paper examines how this informal knowledge transfer process unfolds in the repatriation context over a period of 14 months by qualitatively tracing the experiences of 10 Malaysian corporate executives.

This brief review summarizes recent research on technology‐based antecedent staff training procedures, highlights key methodological components, and concludes with potential directions for future research.

The threat of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), assured by their ease of synthesis and effectiveness as a terrorizing weapon, will persist long after the once-tremendous stockpiles in the U.S. and elsewhere are finally destroyed. As such, soldier and civilian protection, battlefield decontamination, and environmental remediation from CWAs remain top national security priorities. New chemical approaches for the fast and complete destruction of CWAs have been an active field of research for many decades, and new technologies have generated immense interest. In particular, our research team and others have shown metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and polyoxometalates (POMs) to be active for sequestering CWAs and even catalyzing the rapid hydrolysis of agents. In this Forum Article, we highlight recent advancements made in the understanding and evaluation of POMs and Zr-based MOFs as CWA decontamination materials. Specifically, our aim is to bridge the gap between controlled, solution-phase laboratory studies and real-world or battlefield-like conditions by examining agent–material interactions at the gas–solid interface utilizing a multimodal experimental and computational approach. Herein, we report our progress in addressing the following research goals: (1) elucidating molecular-level mechanisms of the adsorption, diffusion, and reaction of CWA and CWA simulants within a series of Zr-based MOFs, such as UiO-66, MOF-808, and NU-1000, and POMs, including Cs8Nb6O19and (Et2NH2)8[(α-PW11O39Zr(μ-OH)(H2O))2]·7H2O, (2) probing the effects that common ambient gases, such as CO2, SO2, and NO2, have on the efficacy of the MOF and POM materials for CWA destruction, and (3) using CWA simulant results to develop hypotheses for live agent chemistry. Key hypotheses are then tested with targeted live agent studies. Overall, our collaborative effort has provided insight into the fundamental aspects of agent–material interactions and revealed strategies for new catalyst development.

Privacy has been identified as a primary concern among stakeholders (i.e., service recipients, advocates, administrators, family) when using technology to provide residential services to individuals in need. This paper summarizes a study that distributed a survey to agencies that provide services (e.g., clinical, recreational) and resources (e.g., advocacy groups) to people with various types of disabilities (e.g., physical, sensory, intellectual, developmental) across the United States. The results led to several recommendations about how smart-home service providers can use technology in a way that promotes client privacy. In addition, we make several suggestions for how remote staff (i.e., individuals monitoring the information gathered by technology) can assist in the process of ensuring client privacy.

Background: Social media is a growing medium for disseminating information among surgeons. The International Hernia Collaboration Facebook Group (IHC) is a widely utilized social media platform to share ideas and advice on managing patients with hernia-related diseases. Our objective was to assess the safety and utility of advice provided. Methods: Overall, 60 consecutive de-identified clinical threads were extracted from the IHC in reverse chronological order. A group of three hernia specialists evaluated all threads for unsafe posts, unhelpful comments, and if an established evidence-based management strategy was provided. Positive and negative controls for safe and unsafe answers were included in seven threads and reviewers were blinded to their presence. Reviewers were free to access all online and professional resources (except the IHC). Results: There were 598 unique responses (median 10, 1–26 responses per thread) to the 60 clinical threads/scenarios. The review team correctly identified all seven positive and negative controls. Most responses were safe (96.6%) but some were unhelpful (28.4%). For sixteen threads, the reviewers believed there was an established evidence-based answer; however, only six were provided. In addition, 14 responses were considered unsafe, but only four were corrected. Conclusions: The vast majority of responses were considered helpful; however, evidence-based management is typically not provided and unsafe recommendations often go uncontested. While the IHC allows wide dissemination of hernia-related surgical advice/discussions, surgeons should be cautious when using the IHC for clinical advice. Mechanisms to provide evidence-based management strategies and to identify unsafe advice are needed to improve quality within online forums and to prevent patient harm.

Higher problem severity contraindicates moderation drinking in treatment samples, but has not been well investigated in natural recovery samples with more prevalent moderation outcomes, nor have single studies assessed multiple severity indicators. Therefore, we integrated 5 prospective studies of recent natural recovery attempts to identify multi‐indicator profiles that distinguished moderation from abstinence or unstable resolution involving relapse. The study evaluated whether moderation was distinguished by a generalized lower severity profile or whether more complex profiles better differentiated outcomes. Community‐dwelling problem drinkers in the southeastern United States (N= 616, 67% male, 65% white, mean age = 46.5 years) enrolled soon after stopping alcohol misuse without treatment were followed prospectively for a year. Outcome predictors assessed at enrollment included preresolution drinking practices, alcohol‐related problems, alcohol dependence, and a behavioral economic measure of the reward value of drinking based on preresolution spending on alcohol versus saving for the future. Latent profile analysis of severity indicators supported a 4‐profile solution: (i) global low risk on all indicators, (ii) global high risk on all indicators, (iii) high risk limited to drinking practices only, and (iv) high risk limited to alcohol dependence and alcohol‐related problems only. Outcomes differed by profile membership (p < 0.01). Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that the global low risk and heavy drinking risk only profiles were associated with stable moderation during the 1‐year follow‐up. The high dependence and alcohol problems risk profile was associated with both abstinence and relapse during the follow‐up (ps < 0.05). Consistent with prior research, moderation was associated with lower alcohol dependence, problems, and reward value. Participants who simply drank heavily and did not have elevated risk on other indicators also had a higher probability of moderation. Results support using multidimensional severity indicators that encompass functional variables in addition to drinking practices to predict outcomes. Five prospective natural recovery studies were integrated (N= 616) to identify latent profiles based on four preresolution problem severity indicators that predicted 1‐year drinking outcomes. Stable moderation was associated with membership in the Global low risk (P1) and Drinking risk only (P3) profiles. Stable abstinence or relapse was associated with membership in the Global high risk (P2) and High ADS/DPSrisk (P4) profiles. Thus, alcohol dependence, problems, and reward value distinguished drinking outcomes, whereas drinking practices lacked predictive utility.

Glaucoma, a disease characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration, can be prevented through timely diagnosis and treatment. We characterize optic nerve photographs of 67,040 UK Biobank participants and use a multitrait genetic model to identify risk loci for glaucoma. A glaucoma polygenic risk score (PRS) enables effective risk stratification in unselected glaucoma cases and modifies penetrance of the MYOCvariant encoding p.Gln368Ter, the most common glaucoma-associated myocilin variant. In the unselected glaucoma population, individuals in the top PRS decile reach an absolute risk for glaucoma 10 years earlier than the bottom decile and are at 15-fold increased risk of developing advanced glaucoma (top 10% versus remaining 90%, odds ratio = 4.20). The PRS predicts glaucoma progression in prospectively monitored, early manifest glaucoma cases (P= 0.004) and surgical intervention in advanced disease (P= 3.6 × 10−6). This glaucoma PRS will facilitate the development of a personalized approach for earlier treatment of high-risk individuals, with less intensive monitoring and treatment being possible for lower-risk groups.

Organizational settings are replete with changing stimulus contexts and contingencies, which makes relapse a particularly relevant framework for understanding the ways in which controlling stimuli influence employee responding. The purpose of the current study was to develop a translational model to assess renewal of desirable behavior in a simulated workplace with neurotypical adults. Experiment 1 assessed renewal of desirable behavior using a computerized check processing task. Experiment 2 extended the findings and the translational utility of the experimental arrangement to implementation of a behavior‐analytic teaching procedure. Results across both experiments demonstrated renewal of desirable behavior. Overall, the current methodology and findings extend the human operant literature on renewal and demonstrate a translational model that brings together operant renewal and organizational behavior management.

This experiment used a pyramidal training model to evaluate the effects of behavioral skills training (BST), delivered in a 1‐time group‐training format, on the extent to which 25 human service staff implemented BST when training others how to implement behavioral procedures. Results indicated that (a) the training workshop increased BST integrity to mastery levels for the majority of participants with varying levels of education, organizational positions, and training experience, (b) the training effects generalized to teaching an untrained skill, and (c) high levels of BST integrity maintained at follow‐up 4 to 6 weeks after training for all 3 participants with whom probes were conducted. Moreover, participants indicated high levels of satisfaction with both the training workshop and BST as a training procedure.

Few studies have described the insights of frontline healthcare providers and patients on how the diagnostic process can be improved in the emergency department (ED), a setting at high risk for diagnostic errors. We aimed to identify the perspectives of providers and patients on the diagnostic process and identify potential interventions to improve diagnostic safety.

In response to calls for more public relations historical research in sectors outside business and before the 20th century, this research examines the communication efforts of American peace societies from the early to mid-1800s. It finds that peace societies demonstrated strategic intent, honored human agency, and employed full-time public relations practitioners. In addition, this research documents a nondenominational reform movement applying the strategic communication systems developed by American evangelical Christianity. Moreover, it pushes back the boundaries of the earliest known use of a religious public relations strategy by a social reform movement by 65 years.