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The extent and impacts of biological invasions on biodiversity are largely shaped by an array of socio-economic and environmental factors, which exhibit high variation among countries. Yet, a global analysis of how these factors vary across countries is currently lacking. Here, we investigate how five broad, country-specific socio-economic and environmental indices (Governance, Trade, Environmental Performance, Lifestyle and Education, Innovation) explain country-level (1) established alien species (EAS) richness of eight taxonomic groups, and (2) proactive or reactive capacity to prevent and manage biological invasions and their impacts. These indices underpin many aspects of the invasion process, including the introduction, establishment, spread and management of alien species. They are also general enough to enable a global comparison across countries, and are therefore essential for defining future scenarios for biological invasions. Models including Trade, Governance, Lifestyle and Education, or a combination of these, best explained EAS richness across taxonomic groups and national proactive or reactive capacity. Historical (1996 or averaged over 1996–2015) levels of Governance and Trade better explained both EAS richness and the capacity of countries to manage invasions than more recent (2015) levels, revealing a historical legacy with important implications for the future of biological invasions. Using Governance and Trade to define a two-dimensional socio-economic space in which the position of a country captures its capacity to address issues of biological invasions, we identified four main clusters of countries in 2015. Most countries had an increase in Trade over the past 25 years, but trajectories were more geographically heterogeneous for Governance. Declines in levels of Governance are concerning as they may be responsible for larger levels of invasions in the future. By identifying the factors influencing EAS richness and the regions most susceptible to changes in these factors, our results provide novel insights to integrate biological invasions into scenarios of biodiversity change to better inform decision-making for policy and the management of biological invasions.

As countries in Europe gradually relaxed lockdown restrictions after the first wave, test–trace–isolate strategies became critical to maintain the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at low levels1,2. Reviewing their shortcomings can provide elements to consider in light of the second wave that is currently underway in Europe. Here we estimate the rate of detection of symptomatic cases of COVID-19 in France after lockdown through the use of virological3and participatory syndromic4surveillance data coupled with mathematical transmission models calibrated to regional hospitalizations2. Our findings indicate that around 90,000 symptomatic infections, corresponding to 9 out 10 cases, were not ascertained by the surveillance system in the first 7 weeks after lockdown from 11 May to 28 June 2020, although the test positivity rate did not exceed the 5% recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO)5. The median detection rate increased from 7% (95% confidence interval, 6–8%) to 38% (35–44%) over time, with large regional variations, owing to a strengthening of the system as well as a decrease in epidemic activity. According to participatory surveillance data, only 31% of individuals with COVID-19-like symptoms consulted a doctor in the study period. This suggests that large numbers of symptomatic cases of COVID-19 did not seek medical advice despite recommendations, as confirmed by serological studies6,7. Encouraging awareness and same-day healthcare-seeking behaviour of suspected cases of COVID-19 is critical to improve detection. However, the capacity of the system remained insufficient even at the low epidemic activity achieved after lockdown, and was predicted to deteriorate rapidly with increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases. Substantially more aggressive, targeted and efficient testing with easier access is required to act as a tool to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The testing strategy will be critical to enable partial lifting of the current restrictive measures in Europe and to avoid a third wave.

This paper is devoted to the modeling of finite deformations of elastic bodies under contact/impact conditions. In this kind of applications, it is well known that the total energy will be reduced versus time because of frictional effects. However, how to identify the dissipated energy in a quantitative way remains an open question. The aim of this work is to propose a numerical solution to this question. The proposed Bi-First algorithm combines the bi-potential method for contact modeling in dynamic cases and the first order algorithm for integration of the equation of motion. Numerical examples involve the impact of an elastic plate onto a rigid surface and the impact between two hyperelastic blocks and a rigid wall. The dissipated energy versus time will be plotted and the influence of friction coefficient on the dissipated energy will be discussed.

Background In a context of controversy about influenza antiviral treatments, this study assessed primary healthcare physicians’ prescription of neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) in France during pandemic and seasonal influenza between 2009 and 2013.Methods This observational study, using data recorded in three national databases, estimated the rate of NI prescription among influenza-like illness (ILI) patients seen in GP and paediatrician consultations, and determined factors associated with this prescription according to a multivariate analysis. NI delivery by pharmacists was also evaluated.Results Rates of NI prescription were estimated to be 61.1% among ILI patients with a severe influenza risk factor seen in GP consultation during the A(H1N1)pdm2009 pandemic versus an average rate of 25.9% during the three following seasonal influenza epidemics. Factors associated with NI prescription were a chronic disease in patients under 65 years (OR 14.85; 95% CI 13.00, 16.97) and in those aged 65 and older (OR 7.54; 5.86, 9.70), an age =65 years in patients without chronic disease (OR 1.35; 1.04, 1.74), a pregnancy (OR 10.63; 7.67, 15.76), obesity (OR 4.67; 3.50, 6.22) and a consultation during the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm2009 (OR 3.19; 2.93, 3.48). The number of antiviral treatments delivered by pharmacists during the A(H1N1)pdm2009 pandemic was 835 per 100,000 inhabitants, and an average of 275 per 100,000 inhabitants during the three following seasonal influenza epidemics.Conclusions Although physicians seem to follow the recommended indications for NIs in primary health-care practice, this study confirms the low rate of NI prescription to ILI patients with a severe influenza risk factor, especially during seasonal epidemics.

The ongoing influenza epidemic is characterized by intense activity with most influenza infections due to the A (H3N2) viruses. Using the screening method, mid-season vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing influenza-like illness in primary care was estimated to 32% (95% CI; 23 to 40) among risk groups and was 11% (95% CI; −4 to 23) among the elderly (≥ 65 y). The VE in ≥ 65 y was the lowest estimate regarding the 4 previous seasonal influenza epidemics.

Nous rapportons un cas d’angio-œdème bradykinique grave avec atteinte des voies aériennes supérieures suite à une interaction médicamenteuse entre un inhibiteur de l’enzyme de conversion et un traitement immunosuppresseur.

Most of the methods used for estimating the influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) target the individuals who have an influenza-like illness (ILI) rather than virologically-proven influenza and access the healthcare system.The objective of this study was to estimate the 2012–2013 IVE in general French population, using a cohort of volunteers registered on GrippeNet.fr, an online surveillance system for ILI.The IVE estimations were obtained through a logistic regression, and analyses were also performed by focusing on at-risk population of severe influenza, and by varying inclusion period and ILI definition. Overall, 1996 individuals were included in the analyses. The corrected IVE was estimated to 49% (20 to 67) for the overall population, and 32% (0 to 58) for the at-risk population. Three covariables appeared with a significant effect on the occurrence of at least one ILI during the epidemic: the age (P= 0.045), the presence of a child in the household (P< 10−3), and the frequency of cold/flu (P< 10−3). Comparable results were found at epidemic peak time in the hypothesis of real-time feed of data.In this study, we proposed a novel, follow-up, web-based method to reveal seasonal vaccine effectiveness, which enables analysis in a portion of the population that is not tracked by the health care system in most VE studies.

Objective.Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a complex inflammatory disorder. We investigated the influence of environmental factors on SpA disease activity.Methods.A prospective cohort of adults with SpA was followed for 3 years. Patients logged on to a secured Website every 3 months to complete a questionnaire. They reported whether they had been exposed to environmental factors such as stressful or traumatic life events, infections, or vaccinations. Outcome variables included the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), and pain and patient global assessment (PGA) on visual numerical scales (each rated 0–10). Analyses were performed using a generalized estimating equation for repeated measures, adjusted for the outcome variable collected by the previous questionnaire.Results.In total, 272 patients were included in the analysis, completing the questionnaire on 2240 occasions. The average time (mean ± SD) between 2 connections to the Website was 4.0 ± 2.0 months. Occurrence of life events was followed by an increase of 0.5 (95% CI 0.4–0.7) in the BASDAI, 0.5 (95% CI 0.3–0.6) in the BASFI, 0.7 (95% CI 0.5–0.9) in the PGA, and 0.8 (95% CI 0.6–1.0) for pain (p < 0.0001 for all variations). A moderately statistically significant link was found between vaccination and an elevation of the BASDAI of 0.3 (95% CI 0.0–0.5; p = 0.032). No influence of other factors was detected.Conclusion.This prospective study in a dedicated SpA cohort shows for the first time a link between stressful events and disease activity. Although this link was statistically highly significant, its clinical meaning remains to be determined because the average magnitude of variation of the different variables studied was rather mild.

This study investigated the influence of egocentric and allocentric viewpoints on a comparison task of length estimation in children and adults. A total of 100 participants ranging in age from 5 years to adulthood were presented with virtual scenes representing a park landscape with two paths, one straight and one serpentine. Scenes were presented either from an egocentric or allocentric viewpoint. Results showed that when the two paths had the same length, participants always overestimated the length of the straight line for allocentric trials, whereas a development from a systematic overestimation in children to an underestimation of the straight line length in adults was found for egocentric trials. We discuss these findings in terms of the influences of both bias-inhibition processes and school acquisitions.

This paper is devoted to the modeling of finite deformations of elastic bodies under contact/impact conditions. In this kind of applications, it is well known that the total energy will be reduced versus time because of frictional effects. However, how to identify the dissipated energy in a quantitative way remains an open question. The aim of this work is to propose a numerical solution to this question. The proposed Bi-First algorithm combines the bi-potential method for contact modeling in dynamic cases and the first order algorithm for integration of the equation of motion. Numerical examples involve the impact of an elastic plate onto a rigid surface and the impact between two hyperelastic blocks and a rigid wall. The dissipated energy versus time will be plotted and the influence of friction coefficient on the dissipated energy will be discussed.

Pour contenir la propagation de l’épidémie de coronavirus en France, des mesures strictes de distanciation sociale et barrières (masque, lavage de mains) ont été promues et deux périodes de confinement instaurées. Dans ce contexte, il était intéressant de mesurer en France Métropolitaine la circulation des maladies infectieuses, vues en médecine générale, au cours de la première année de propagation de la COVID-19.

A technical variant of the end-to-end colorectal anastomosis performed with the EEA stapler is described. It realizes a side-to-end anastomosis, performed via the oral-aboral route. In this manner, indications for stapled anastomoses can be extended to patients with discrepancy in bowel size, and where operative findings involve low anterior resection, with the patient not in the lithotomy—Trendelenburg position. The technique has been used with safety in 17 patients with colorectal and ileorectal anastomoses.

Dans la surveillance des maladies communautaires à partir de réseaux de professionnels des soins primaires volontaires, les estimations produites en population générale peuvent être biaisées par défaut de représentativité ou de caractérisation précise de la population surveillée, d’autant plus dans les pays où l’enregistrement des patients auprès des médecins n’est pas obligatoire.

La vaccination universelle des enfants contre la varicelle n’est pas recommandée en France, par crainte principalement d’un déplacement des cas vers l’âge adulte où elle est plus sévère. Cependant, la vaccination post-exposition est recommandée chez les adultes sans antécédent connu de varicelle. L’objectif est de quantifier les cas de varicelle évitables par cette vaccination.