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Abstract Reactions of crushed wastes from lithium tantalate (niobate) production with lithium carbonate were studied by thermal and X-ray analyses. Conditions for their most complete conversion into lithium orthotantalate (orthoniobate) were determined.

Reactions of iron, manganese(II), manganese(IV), copper, and zinc oxides with ammonium hydrogen difluoride were studied by thermogravimetry, X-ray phase analysis, IR spectrometry, and chemical analysis.

Thermal gravimetric, X-ray phase, IR spectroscopic, and chemical analyses were applied to study the reaction of yttrium and neodymium oxides with NH4HF2.

Volcanic clastic rocks comprise various rocks of clastic texture, formed as a result of volcanic activity. Classification of these rocks should be based, in the first place, on petrographical characteristics, which are possible to determine macro- and microscopically. In the suggested classification volcanic clastic rocks are subdivided into four groups, according to the composition of cementing mass and to the relative contents of pyroclastic and sedimentary material, namely: lava breccias, pyroclastic rocks (welded tuffs, tuffs, volcanic breccias), essentially pyroclastic rocks (tuffites) and pyroclastic-sedimentary (tuffogenic-sedimentary) rocks. Further subdivision of the rocks depends on their granulometric composition, chemico-petrographical composition and also on homogeneity or heterogeneity of the clastic material. In some cases there are also taken into account the relative contents of vitric, crystal and lithic pyroclastic material and the degree of abrasion and sorting of the fragments.Research International

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The reaction between Nb2O5and CoO in a melt of NH4HF2is investigated by DTA, IR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis.