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February marks the end of summer in Chile, and the landscape is parched. Yellowed grasses are dying back, revealing ever-increasing patches of bare ground between the trees and shrubs. The [...]

The departure and return of migratory species have signaled the turn of the seasons for millennia. Migrating birds may have helped sea-faring Polynesians discover the isles of Aotearoa (New Zealand). [...]

The management of extensive bone loss remains a clinical challenge. Numerous studies are underway to develop a combination of biomaterials, biomolecules, and stem cells to address this challenge. In particular, the systemic administration of antibodies against sclerostin, a regulator of bone formation, was recently shown to enhance the bone repair efficiency of dense collagen hydrogels (DCHs) hosting murine dental pulp stem cells (mDPSCs). The aim of the present study was to assess whether these antibodies, encapsulated and released from DCHs, could promote craniofacial bone repair by the local inhibition of sclerostin. In vitro studies showed that antibody loading modified neither the hydrogel structure nor the viability of seeded mDPSCs. When implanted in a mouse calvaria critical-size bone defect, antibody-loaded DCHs showed repair capabilities similar to those of acellular unloaded DCHs combined with antibody injections. Importantly, the addition of mDPSCs provided no further benefit. Altogether, the local delivery of antisclerostin antibodies from acellular dense collagen scaffolds is highly effective for bone repair. The drastic reduction in the required amount of antibody compared to systemic injection should reduce the cost of the procedure, making the strategy proposed here a promising therapeutic approach for large bone defect repair.

L’exercice de la kinésithérapie offre de nombreuses possibilités, dans différents champs cliniques, mais aussi dans différentes structures d’exercice. Les rapports démographiques indiquent qu’environ 85 % des kinésithérapeutes exercent en pratique libérale. On observe par ailleurs des déficits de kinésithérapeutes en pratique salariée. L’attractivité des différents modes d’exercice est souvent discutée pour justifier cette répartition. L’objectif de cette étude était d’observer si l’ingénierie de la formation initiale par les formateurs peut orienter vers un mode d’exercice de la kinésithérapie.

Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, reduces the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in people with overweight or obesity, but the effects of this drug on outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure are unknown. We report a prespecified analysis of the effect of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2·4 mg on ischaemic and heart failure cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to investigate if semaglutide was beneficial in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with a history of heart failure compared with placebo; if there was a difference in outcome in patients designated as having heart failure with preserved ejection fraction compared with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and if the efficacy and safety of semaglutide in patients with heart failure was related to baseline characteristics or subtype of heart failure.

In the Gulf of Guinea, off the west coast of Africa, there is a string of islands that stretches out toward the Equator. These islands are formed by the emergent [...]

Apes possess two sex chromosomes—the male-specific Y chromosome and the X chromosome, which is present in both males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for male reproduction, with deletions being linked to infertility1. The X chromosome is vital for reproduction and cognition2. Variation in mating patterns and brain function among apes suggests corresponding differences in their sex chromosomes. However, owing to their repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies, ape sex chromosomes have been challenging to study. Here, using the methodology developed for the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome, we produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (bonobo (Pan paniscus), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)) and a lesser ape (the siamang gibbon (Symphalangus syndactylus)), and untangled the intricacies of their evolution. Compared with the X chromosomes, the ape Y chromosomes vary greatly in size and have low alignability and high levels of structural rearrangements—owing to the accumulation of lineage-specific ampliconic regions, palindromes, transposable elements and satellites. Many Y chromosome genes expand in multi-copy families and some evolve under purifying selection. Thus, the Y chromosome exhibits dynamic evolution, whereas the X chromosome is more stable. Mapping short-read sequencing data to these assemblies revealed diversity and selection patterns on sex chromosomes of more than 100 individual great apes. These reference assemblies are expected to inform human evolution and conservation genetics of non-human apes, all of which are endangered species.

Chile's Tiny Dragons is an article that explores the diversity and distribution of lizards in central Chile. The region, known as the Chilean Matorral, is home to a wide range of lizard species, with three-quarters of the country's lizard diversity belonging to the smooth-throated swifts genus, Liolaemus. These lizards can be found in various habitats, from the Atacama Desert to the high Andes and even the shores of the Atlantic. The article highlights the unique characteristics and adaptations of these lizards, as well as the factors that have contributed to their exceptional species richness. [Extracted from the article]

Effective management of tomato pests such as Bemisia tabaci and Tuta absoluta requires the integration of more sustainable control methods. Applying integrated pest management (IPM) approaches using combinations of biocontrol agents with agronomic practices such as the modulation of fertilisation offers opportunities toward more efficient pest control, all the more so since the underlying bottom-up and top-down regulations are interdependent. We investigated the relative influence of the bottom-up effects of reduced fertilisation (by 47%) and the use of the mirid predators Dyciphus errans or Macrolophus pygmaeus in combination with Nesidiocoris tenuis on the control of B. tabaci and T. absoluta. Densities of B. tabaci and T. absoluta population decreased more rapidly when fertilisation was reduced. The presence of D. errans caused reduction in N. tenuis densities and in the number of necrotic rings caused by N. tenuis. The negative effects of bottom-up forces triggered by reduced fertilisation on B. tabaci, T. absoluta and N. tenuis populations and damage were greater in the presence of D. errans. Our study shows that interactions between predators and fertilisation management are important in agro-ecosystems and should be considered in the development of sustainable IPM strategies.

Hypertension affects more than one billion people worldwide. Here we identify 113 novel loci, reporting a total of 2,103 independent genetic signals (P< 5 × 10−8) from the largest single-stage blood pressure (BP) genome-wide association study to date (n= 1,028,980 European individuals). These associations explain more than 60% of single nucleotide polymorphism-based BP heritability. Comparing top versus bottom deciles of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) reveals clinically meaningful differences in BP (16.9 mmHg systolic BP, 95% CI, 15.5–18.2 mmHg, P= 2.22 × 10−126) and more than a sevenfold higher odds of hypertension risk (odds ratio, 7.33; 95% CI, 5.54–9.70; P= 4.13 × 10−44) in an independent dataset. Adding PRS into hypertension-prediction models increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) from 0.791 (95% CI, 0.781–0.801) to 0.826 (95% CI, 0.817–0.836, ∆AUROC, 0.035, P= 1.98 × 10−34). We compare the 2,103 loci results in non-European ancestries and show significant PRS associations in a large African-American sample. Secondary analyses implicate 500 genes previously unreported for BP. Our study highlights the role of increasingly large genomic studies for precision health research.

Peruvians often divide their country into three broad regions: Costa, Sierra, and Selva. The Costa is where the Pacific Ocean meets parched deserts and ancient spiny forests growing along dry [...]

In many languages, desert is essentially synonymous with the absence of life. We know this is not true--images of moonlit struggles between small furry mammals and lightning-fast snakes come to [...]

Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are an attractive platform for studying exchange bias due to their defect-free and atomically flat interfaces. Chromium thiophosphate (CrPS4), an antiferromagnetic material, possesses uncompensated magnetic spins in a single layer, rendering it a promising candidate for exploring exchange bias phenomena. Recent findings have highlighted that naturally oxidized vdW ferromagnetic Fe3GeTe2exhibits exchange bias, attributed to the antiferromagnetic coupling of its ultrathin surface oxide layer (O-FGT) with the underlying unoxidized Fe3GeTe2. Anomalous Hall measurements are employed to scrutinize the exchange bias within the CrPS4/(O-FGT)/Fe3GeTe2heterostructure. This analysis takes into account the contributions from both the perfectly uncompensated interfacial CrPS4layer and the interfacial oxide layer. Intriguingly, a distinct and nonmonotonic exchange bias trend is observed as a function of temperature below 140 K. The occurrence of exchange bias induced by a “preset field” implies that the prevailing phase in the polycrystalline surface oxide is ferrimagnetic Fe3O4. Moreover, the exchange bias induced by the ferrimagnetic Fe3O4is significantly modulated by the presence of the van der Waals antiferromagnetic CrPS4layer, forming a heterostructure, along with additional iron oxide phases within the oxide layer. These findings underscore the intricate and complex nature of exchange bias in van der Waals heterostructures, highlighting their potential for tailored manipulation and control.

For energy-efficient magnetic memories, switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torque (SOT) appears to be a promising solution. This SOT switching requires the assistance of an in-plane magnetic field to break the symmetry. Here, we demonstrate the field-free SOT switching of a perpendicularly magnetized thulium iron garnet (Tm3Fe5O12, TmIG). The polarity of the switching loops, clockwise or counterclockwise, is determined by the direction of the initial current pulses, in contrast with field-assisted switching where the polarity is controlled by the direction of the magnetic field. From Brillouin light scattering, we determined the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) induced by the Pt–TmIG interface. We will discuss the possible origins of field-free switching and the roles of the interfacial DMI and cubic magnetic anisotropy of TmIG. This discussion is substantiated by magnetotransport, Kerr microscopy, and micromagnetic simulations. Our observation of field-free electrical switching of a magnetic insulator is an important milestone for low-power spintronic devices.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.

Gout is a chronic disease that is caused by an innate immune response to deposited monosodium urate crystals in the setting of hyperuricemia. Here, we provide insights into the molecular mechanism of the poorly understood inflammatory component of gout from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 2.6 million people, including 120,295 people with prevalent gout. We detected 377 loci and 410 genetically independent signals (149 previously unreported loci in urate and gout). An additional 65 loci with signals in urate (from a GWAS of 630,117 individuals) but not gout were identified. A prioritization scheme identified candidate genes in the inflammatory process of gout, including genes involved in epigenetic remodeling, cell osmolarity and regulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity. Mendelian randomization analysis provided evidence for a causal role of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential in gout. Our study identifies candidate genes and molecular processes in the inflammatory pathogenesis of gout suitable for follow-up studies.

Microbial aerosols can be used as model particles for examining the dispersion and deposition of particles as well as assessing the reliability of the simulation methods. For example, the computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) can be used in the evaluation of indoor microbial contamination and the possible spread of harmful microbes in spaces with high densities of people or in special hermetic environments. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the CFD simulation, which predicts the deposition of biological particles on the surfaces of a spacecraft, and real particle deposition, using Bacillus licheniformis/aeriusbacterium particles as the model organism. The results showed that the particles were mainly deposited on floor surfaces, but also onto the supply air diffusers, where bacterial concentrations were higher than on the wall and ceiling surfaces. The CFD simulation showed similar trends with actual particle dispersal, conducted in this experiment with Bacillusparticles.

Near-explicit chemical mechanisms representing toluene SOA formation are reduced using the GENOA algorithm and used in 3D simulations of air quality over Greater Paris and in the streets of a district near Paris. The SOA concentrations formed by the toluene photo-oxidation are found to mostly originate from molecular rearrangement with ring opening of a bicyclic peroxy radical (BPR) with an O–O bridge (45%), followed by OH-addition on the aromatic ring (22%), Highly Oxygenated organic Molecules (HOM) formation without ring opening (13%), condensation of methylnitrocatechol (8%), irreversible formation of SOA from methylglyoxal (6%), and ring-opening pathway (3%). The concentrations simulated using the most comprehensive reduced chemical scheme (rdc. Mech. 3) are also compared to those simulated with a SOA scheme based on chamber measurements, and one reduced from the Master Chemical Mechanism. Using rdc. Mech 3 leads to between 50% and 75% more toluene SOA concentrations than the other schemes, mostly because of molecular rearrangement. The SOA compounds from rdc. Mech. 3 are more oxidized and less volatile, with molecules of different functional groups. Concentrations of methylbenzoquinones, which may be of particular health interest, represent about 0.5% of the toluene SOA concentrations. Those are slightly higher in streets than in the urban background (by 2%).

Determining toughness properties is crucial for the development of components made of brittle materials, especially at the microscale. Numerous methods rely on establishing a limit load that triggers the propagation of a pre-cracked specimen. The primary challenge lies in accurately and repeatably determining this limit load value. In this study, we introduce a coupled numerical-experimental approach to determine the stress intensity factor at the microscale using a micro-bending test on pre-notched cemented carbide micro-cantilevers. Specimens are fabricated through micro-electrical-discharge milling, and the initial crack is generated using a focused ion beam process to ensure a repeatable crack shape. Geometries are defined to validate beam theories.

Traditional wet markets are the main source of fresh food and the largest source of daily nutrient intake for citizens of Hanoi. Nevertheless, due to the lack of traceability and sales registration systems, food flows within these markets remain largely invisible. This makes it challenging to assess the impact of shocks, such as pandemics, on these markets. In this paper, we characterize the impact of COVID-19 by analyzing data from 25 Wi-Fi access points installed in five formally established wet markets. The study timeframe covers a pre-pandemic period from July 2019 to the end of the initial stage of the pandemic in November 2020. While providing free Internet access, data were continuously collected about devices in close vicinity to the access points. Based on this information, we tested five hypotheses about the number, frequency, time, and duration of visits to the markets as well as changes in inter-market activities. The results show that during the shock (February to mid-April 2020) and aftershock (mid-April to July 2020) periods, market actors significantly decreased the total number of market visits (-26% P < 0.001) and the frequency of market visits (up to -47% for very frequent market users, P < 0.001). The number of inter-market visits dropped sharply during the shock period (66% ±17% of the baseline level, P < 0.001), and the peak time for market shopping shifted significantly by 90 min later in the day, P < 0.001. No change was observed in visit duration. Several factors identified in existing literature as affecting consumer behaviors provide possible explanations for the changes observed. We present a set of recommendations to limit the negative impact of the pandemic in terms of food security and livelihoods in Hanoi and to mitigate consumers’ negative perception of wet markets in terms of food safety.

Purpose: To assess the prognostic value of subretinal (SRF) and intraretinal fluid (IRF) localizations in type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Subjects: Eyes were prospectively treated with anti-vascular epithelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections (IVT) according to a Pro-Re-Nata (PRN) or Treat and Extend (TAE) regimen during 24 months. A total of 211 eyes with treatment-naïve type 1 MNV secondary to AMD were consecutively included. Eyes were divided between 2 groups according to the fluid localization: presence of SRF alone (SRF group), or presence of IRF associated or not with SRF (IRF ± SRF group). Results: At baseline the mean BCVA was 66.2 letters. SRF was present in 94.8% of eyes, IRF in 30.8%, and both in 25.6%. Data were available for 201 eyes at 12 months, and 157 eyes at 24 months. The presence of IRF at baseline was associated with lower baseline BCVA and significantly lower BCVA at 12 months (p &lt; 0.001) and 24 months (p &lt; 0.001). Eyes with SRF alone displayed better visual outcomes (BCVA at month 12, SRF = 74.3 letters, IRF ± SRF = 56.9 letters). In the presence of baseline IRF, fibrosis (p = 0.03) and atrophy (p &lt; 0.001) were more frequently found at 24 months. In a multivariate model, the presence of baseline IRF was significantly associated with lower BCVA at month 12 but not at month 24. Conclusion: In type 1 MNV, the presence of baseline IRF was associated with worse visual outcomes compared to SRF alone, and more frequent atrophy and fibrosis.

Tuta absolutaposes a serious threat to tomato production worldwide as it can cause important yield losses. Its control is currently mainly based on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides, which unfortunately selects resistant populations and entails public health risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and sublethal effects of Carapa proceraseed oil on all stages of T. absoluta. Larvicidal (by contact and by ingestion), ovicidal and anti-feeding effects were evaluated by testing 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, 6% and 7.5% concentrations of oil. Larvicidal and ovicidal effects were tested by direct application of Carapa solutions on larvae and eggs but also by feeding the larvae leaves dipped in solutions. The adult repellent effect was investigated by identifying the preferred area on filter paper partly non-treated versus fully treated using LC10, LC50et LC90of larvae after ingestion. LC50was also used on 2-day-old larvae to evaluate the sublethal effects on larval and pupal duration, longevity and adult morphology. Results showed that, regardless of the mode of application, all concentrations had larvicidal effects with a higher dose-response effect and a higher mortality rate via ingestion than via topical application. The ovicidal effect varied with the concentrations tested, the highest mortality rate was obtained at a concentration of 7.5%. At the same dose, Carapa oil reduced large feeding galleries from 92.22 ± 5.02% in controls to 3.33 ± 3.65% at the highest dose and had a repellent effect on 80% of adults. Carapa oil increased larval and pupal duration by 2.14 and 1.35 days, respectively, and reduced adult female longevity by 2.2 days and male longevity by 1.1 days. A deformation rate of 28.33% was observed in newly emerged adults. This study demonstrated insecticidal and insect repellent effects of Carapa oil on different stages of T. absoluta. This botanical oil is a very promising biopesticide to control this major new pest of Solanaceous crops. Its use in an agroecological pest management strategy is discussed.

Purpose To evaluate the time required to complete a cataract training program for first-year ophthalmology residents using the EyeSi simulator. In addition, evaluate whether the simulator improves virtual performance of cataract surgery during the program.Methods We prospectively included first-year ophthalmology residents who had no experience of cataract surgery. The EyeSi simulator was used, and residents were able to follow the cataract training program, including course A (the easiest) through to course D (the hardest). In course B and above, a “cataract challenge” is proposed to the trainee every hour of simulation.Results A total of 24 participants were included in the study. During the study period, the mean (SD) total time spent on the surgical simulator was 815.6 (174.7) minutes. All the participants completed courses A and B within a mean (SD) of 366.7 (108.0) minutes. A total of 22 residents (91.7%) residents completed course C, and 5 (20.8%) course D. The mean (SD) best score on cataract challenge was 445.6/500 (40.2; range: 330–493) and was obtained in a mean (SD) 7.6 (2.6) attempts. All the residents obtained a score ≥ 60%. The best score in cataract challenge was not correlated to the time spent to achieve courses A and B (r = -0.37, p = 0.0726).Conclusions The time required to complete a basic cataract training program is possible during the first-year residency. The scores obtained in the cataract challenge also increased during the training program and should lead to better surgery skills in these young ophthalmologists.

Byline: Aditya. Sudhalkar, Alper. Bilgic, Shail. Vasavada, Laurent. Kodjikian, Thibaud. Mathis, Fransesc. de Ribot, Thanos. Papakostas, Viraj. Vasavada, Vaishali. Vasavada, Samaresh. Srivastava, Deepak. Bhojwani, Pooja. Ghia, Anand. Sudhalkar To determine [...]

SUMMARY * There is a severe shortage of raw material * The volume of French softwood logs imported by China rose more than 50% in Q1 * The UK is [...]

The presence of intracrystalline mesopores in hierarchical zeolites is often difficult to prove with standard and even advanced characterization techniques. Zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs) develop within the zeolite microporosity and are hence a negative copy of their porous structure. Textural characterization of the ZTCs allows for circumventing the difficulty in assessing the presence of intracrystalline mesoporosity in the presumed hierarchical zeolite. A set of surfactant-templated USY zeolites was prepared using surfactants with increasing chain lengths, and the corresponding ZTCs were synthesized. The textural characterization of the hybrid materials (zeolite/ZTC) and of the ZTCs (after zeolite dissolution) achieved from surfactant-templated zeolites allowed us to conclude the absence of intracrystalline tailored mesoporosity. Zeolites achieved upon surfactant-templating should hence rather be described as composite materials. The difficulty in assessing the composite nature of these surfactant-templated zeolites is due to the formation of the tailored mesoporosity within the larger (steamed) mesoporosity of the parent zeolite.

Purpose To describe the effectiveness of the XEN®63 gel stent in a refractory uveitic glaucoma after failure of an Ahmed Glaucoma Valve.Case description We report the case of a 54-year-old man with a history of uveitic glaucoma on his left eye due to Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis and neovascular glaucoma after a central retinal vein occlusion. Pre-operative intraocular pressure was 30 mmHg despite a QD (once-daily) dosed bimatoprost 0.3 mg and timolol 5 mg topical medication. At week 1, the eye exam showed an intraocular pressure of 6 mmHg with a well-formed bleb, a very mild hyphema and a localized choroidal detachment. At month 1, intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg with a formed bleb. Both hyphema and choroidal detachments had resolved. After a year, intraocular pressure was 16 mmHg without any medication and the bleb was still well-formed.Conclusion The XEN®63 gel stent provides a good intraocular pressure reduction and can be an efficient alternative for tube and filtration surgery in refractory glaucoma. Its long-term effectiveness needs to be evaluated.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.This study compared the functional and anatomical outcomes of DEX-implant for DME according to the lens status. We showed that mean change in BCVA from baseline was never significantly different between phakic versus pseudophakic eyes.

•SP nanoparticles improve thrombus formation on collagen using blood from VWD murine models.•Treatment with SP nanoparticles reduces blood loss in murine models of VWD.

The aim of this review is to identify the common characteristics and prognoses of different subtypes of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). We also propose recommendations on how to tailor treatments to the subtype of neovessels to optimise patient outcomes. The authors, selected members of the Vision Academy, met to discuss treatment outcomes in nAMD according to macular neovascularisation (MNV) subtypes, using evidence from a literature search conducted on the PubMed database (cut-off date: March 2019). This review article summarises the recommendations of the Vision Academy on how the characterisation of MNV subtypes can optimise treatment outcomes in nAMD. The identification of MNV subtypes has been facilitated by the advent of multimodal imaging. Findings from fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography collectively help refine and standardise the determination of the MNV subtype. To date, three subtypes have been described in the literature and have specific characteristics, as identified by imaging. Type 1 MNV is associated with better long-term outcomes but usually requires more intense anti-vascular endothelial growth factor dosing. Type 2 MNV typically responds quickly to treatment but is more prone to the development of fibrotic scars, which may be associated with poorer outcomes. Type 3 MNV tends to be highly sensitive to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment but may be associated with a higher incidence of outer retinal atrophy, compared with other subtypes. Accurately assessing the MNV subtype provides information on prognosis and helps to optimise the management of patients with nAMD.

Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die gemeinsamen Merkmale und Prognosen verschiedener Subtypen der neovaskulären altersbedingten Makuladegeneration (nAMD) zu identifizieren. Wir schlagen zudem Empfehlungen vor, wie Behandlungen auf den Subtyp der Neogefäße angepasst werden können, um die Ergebnisse bei den Patienten zu optimieren. Die Autoren sind ausgewählte Mitglieder der Vision Academy und trafen sich, um die Behandlungsergebnisse bei nAMD je nach Subtyp der makulären Neovaskularisation (MNV) zu besprechen, wobei Ergebnisse einer Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank PubMed (Abrufdatum: März 2019) herangezogen wurden. Dieser Übersichtsartikel fasst die Empfehlungen der Vision Academy dahingehend zusammen, wie die Charakterisierung von MNV-Subtypen die Behandlungsergebnisse bei nAMD verbessern kann. Die Identifizierung der MNV-Subtypen wurde durch die Einführung multimodaler Bildgebung erleichtert. Zusammengenommen ermöglichen die Ergebnisse der Fluoreszein-Angiografie, der Indocyaningrün-Angiografie und der optischen Kohärenztomografie im Spektralbereich es, die Bestimmung des MNV-Subtyps zu verbessern und zu standardisieren. Bisher wurden in der Literatur 3 Subtypen beschrieben, die bei der Bildgebung spezifische Charakteristika aufweisen. Die Typ-1-MNV weist bessere langfristige Ergebnisse auf, benötigt jedoch in der Regel eine höhere Dosierung des Wirkstoffs gegen den vaskulären endothelialen Wachstumsfaktor (VEGF). Die Typ-2-MNV spricht in der Regel schnell auf die Behandlung an, ist jedoch anfälliger für die Entwicklung fibrotischer Narben, die zu schlechteren Ergebnissen führen können. Die Typ-3-MNV reagiert sehr empfindlich auf die Behandlung mit Anti-VEGF-Wirkstoffen, wird jedoch im Vergleich zu anderen Subtypen mit einer höheren Inzidenz einer äußeren Netzhautatrophie assoziiert. Die genaue Bestimmung des MNV-Subtyps liefert Informationen zur Prognose und hilft, den Umgang mit Patienten mit nAMD zu optimieren.