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Berry-producing shrubs are culturally, economically, and ecologically important for both people and animals in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. We examined huckleberry ( Vaccinium membranaceum) and serviceberry ( Amelanchier alnifolia) productivity across the Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear recovery zone in Northern Idaho and Western Montana. An index of annual berry productivity was measured at field plots from 1989 to 2010. Temperature, precipitation, and snow indices were derived from nearby Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations. Huckleberry production was highest during cool springs with high July diurnal temperature ranges. April-June growing-degree days and July temperature range explain 70% of the inter-annual variability in huckleberry productivity. Serviceberry production was correlated with maximum snow-water equivalent and April-June growing-degree days, which explained 86% of the variance in annual serviceberry production. These models show potential to forecast annual berry production and to anticipate potential bear-human interactions. Further development of models is essential to better predict the potential changes in important wildlife resources in the context of climate change. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high precision high-order curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) compatible with standard BiCMOS process is presented in this paper that is capable of working down to input voltages of 1.6 V with 1.285 V output voltage. High-order curvature correction for this reference is accomplished by a novel piecewise technique, which realizes exponential curvature compensation in temperature range, and a logarithmic compensation term proportional to VT In T in higher temperature range through simple structures. Experimental results of the proposed BGR implemented in 0.5-μm BiCMOS process demonstrate that a temperature coefficient (TC) of 5 ppm/°C is realized at 3.6 V power supply, a power-supply noise attenuation (PSNA) of 70 dB is achieved without filtering capacitors, and the line regulation is better than 0.47 mV/V from 1.6 V to 5 V supply voltage while dissipating a maximum supply current of 25 μA. The active area of the presented BGR is 180 μm × 220 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]